Foundations Week 2

Front 1

primary lymphoid tissues

Back 1

thymus & bone marrow

sites where precursors of immune cells develop

Front 2

secondary lymphoid tissues

Back 2

adenoid tonsils, lymph nodes, appendix, thoracic duct, spleen, large intestine, and Peyer's patch on small intestine.

sites where the adaptive immune response is initiated.

Front 3

cells of the immune system

Back 3

Neutrophil: 40-60%

Lymphocyte: 20-40%

Monocyte: 2-8%

Eosinophil: 1-4%

Band neutrophil: 0-3%

Basophil: 0.5-1%

Front 4

Unique features of innate immunity

Back 4

receptors bind to common microbial structures

rapid response (hours)

numerous receptor types

Front 5

unique features of adaptive immunity

Back 5

receptors bind to unique pathogen structures

slow response (days to weeks)

single receptor type for pathogen

Front 6

Humoral immunity

Back 6

B cell

secretes pathogen-specific antibodies

fight extracellular microorganisms

Front 7

Cellular immunity

Back 7

T cell (helper and cytotoxic)

secrete non-specific cytokines and proteins

fight extracellular and intracellular microorganisms.

Front 8

Immunosenescence

Back 8

involution of the thymus with age

Front 9

different functions of thymus cells

Back 9

Cortex: T cell development

Medulla: immune tolerance

Front 10

how do mature T cells enter the blood?

Back 10

venules in the corticomedullary junction of the thymus

Front 11

how do mature B cells enter the blood?

Back 11

central sinus in the bone marrow. Cytokines act as signals to help them reach the central sinus.

Front 12

what types of cells contribute to genetic immunodeficiency?

Back 12

immune cells or reticular cells

Front 13

lifespan and production rate of neutrophils

Back 13

6-8 hours

100-200 billion neutrophils synthesized each day

Front 14

hassal's corpuscle

Back 14

located in the thymus

function unknown

Front 15

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

Back 15

the area surrounding central arterioles in the spleen. rich in T cells.

Front 16

lymphoid follicle

Back 16

in the spleen. outpocket of lymphocytes from PALS. Rich in B cells. Primary follicles have resting B cells, while secondary follicles have both resting and proliferating B cells.

Front 17

white pulp

Back 17

the region in the spleen where the adaptive immune response begins. contains lymphoid follicles.

Front 18

site of adaptive immune response to tissue-borne antigens

Back 18

lymph nodes

Front 19

how do dendritic cells get into lymph nodes?

Back 19

afferent lymphatic vessels

Front 20

subtypes of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Back 20

GALT- gut

BALT- bronchial/tracheal

NALT- nose

VALT- vulvovaginal

can be organized or diffuse structures

Front 21

how do naive lymphocytes (T & B cells) enter the lymph nodes?

Back 21

post-capillary High Endothelial Venules (HEV's)

Front 22

antigen

Back 22

any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or T cell antigen receptor

Front 23

Antibody or Immunoglobulin

Back 23

a protein produced by B cells that binds specifically to an antigen. They may be on the surface of B cells or secreted as soluble proteins. They consist of heavy and light chains, and "variable" and "constant" regions on those chains.

Front 24

Variable region on antibodies

Back 24

confers antigen binding specificity

comprised of the hypervariable, or complementarity-determining region, and the framework region

found on the arms (Fab region) of antibodies

Front 25

T cell antigen receptor

Back 25

a complex of proteins on the surface of T cells that binds specifically to peptide antigens that are bound to a major histocompatibility complex protein on the surface of other cells

Front 26

immunogen

Back 26

a substance that can elicit an immune response. Usually comprises multiple antigens. All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens.

Front 27

epitope

Back 27

the site on an antigen that directly contacts the antigen-binding pocket of an antibody or T cell receptor. Synonymous with antigenic determinant.

Front 28

hapten

Back 28

a compound, usually of low molecular weight, that can act as an epitope but is not immunogenic unless it is coupled to a larger carrier molecule

Front 29

immunogenicity

Back 29

the biological, chemical, and physical properties of an antigen effect. foreignness, molecular weight, and chemical complexity all contribute to the immunogenicity.

Front 30

affinity

Back 30

the strength of binding of an antigen to the antibody

Front 31

avidity

Back 31

the ability of other things to make an antigen bind better?

Front 32

isotype

Back 32

a class of antibodies that determines the effector functions

Front 33

allotype

Back 33

antibody polymorphisms- minor genetic differences among individuals in a population. does not affect antibody function

Front 34

idiotype

Back 34

unique sequence of antibody variable region. different for each clone of B cells. Determines antigen binding specificity.

Front 35

immunoglobulin types with extensive hinge regions

Back 35

IgG, IgD, IgA

Front 36

most common immunoglobulin

Back 36

IgG

Front 37

most synthesized immunoglobulin

Back 37

IgA

Front 38

hypersensitivity reactions

Back 38

exaggerated immune response to foreign antigen which causes indirect injury to normal tissue

Front 39

autoimmune response

Back 39

abnormal immune response to self molecules which causes direct injury to normal tissues.