Foundations Of Reading

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A kind of word puzzle sometimes used as a teaching tool in vocabulary development in which lines of verse or prose
are arranged so that words, phrases, or sentences are formed when certain letters from each line are used in a
certain sequence

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Acrostics

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The repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words or stressed syllables for aural effect

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Alliteration

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The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase usually at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or
paragraphs; for example, “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the
fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills” (Winston S. Churchill)

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Anaphora

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A symbol, theme, setting, or character-type that recurs in different times and places in literature so frequently or
prominently as to suggest that it embodies some essential element of “universal” human experience, such as
Frankenstein, Dracula, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the archetypes that have influenced horror stories.

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Archetype

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The repetition in words of identical or similar vowel sounds in closely positioned words, as /a/ in the mad hatter, for
aural effect

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Assonance

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A five-line stanza of syllabic verse. The five lines have, respectively, two, four, six, eight, and two syllables.

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Cinquain

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A syllable ending with one or more consonants

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Close syllable

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Student writer’s interpretations and inferences supported with concrete information

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Commentary Information

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Factual material from the text

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Concrete Information

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Prose selections taken from across the curriculum

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Content prose (text)

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A pair of rhyming verse lines, especially lines of the same length

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Couplet

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Provides details about an object, place, or person purposefully to make the experience depicted come alive for the
reader

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Descriptive Writing

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Poetry arranged in a diamond pattern using seven lines in the following manner: line 1, one word subject (noun); line
2, two adjectives describing line 1 noun; line 3, three participles ending in -ing or -ed to describe line I noun; line 4,
four words - two related to the noun in line 1 and two related to the noun in line 7 (they may be arranged concurrently
or alternately, as the originator of the poem wishes); line 5, three participles ending in -ing or -ed to describe line 7
noun; line 6, two adjectives describing line 7 noun; line 7, one word growing out of or opposite to line 1 noun (another
noun)

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Diamantes

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Two letters that represent one speech sound, such as ch for /ch/ in chin or ea for /e/ in bread

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Digraph

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Purposeful communication between people

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Discourse

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Deliberately misleading information announced publicly or leaked by a government or especially by an intelligence
agency for the purpose of influencing public opinion or the government in another nation: “He would be the
unconscious channel for a piece of disinformation aimed at another country's intelligence service” (Ken Follett).

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Disinformation

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Process of combining sentence in which one clause or phrase is contained inside another

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Embedding

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Judgment of performance as process or product or change

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Evaluation

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One of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing (expository, narrative, descriptive, and
persuasive), intended to set forth or explain

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Expository text/writing

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The clear, rapid, and easy expression of ideas in reading, writing, or speaking: movements that flow smoothly, easily,
and readily

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Fluency

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Freewriting that is restricted by time or topic

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Focused Freewriting

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Verse with an irregular metrical pattern and line length

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Free verse

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Writing that is unrestricted in form, style, content and purpose; a technique designed to aid the student-writer in
finding a personal voice through uninhibited expression

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Freewriting

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A form or style of writing, such as narrative (a story), informative (a report), or functional (instructions)

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Genre

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Words that are spelled the same but may sound different and have different meanings, such as minute (a minute of
time) and minute (very small)

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Homographs

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Words that sound the same and have the same spelling but have different meanings, such as table (a piece of
furniture) and table (a list of information)

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Homonyms

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Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings, such as hear and here

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Homophones

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Information conveyed by graphic elements, including charts, graphs, etc., often contained in print media

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Infographics

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An interchange of position of adjacent objects in a sequence, especially a change in normal word order, such as the
placement of a verb before its subject

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Inversion

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Declarative—makes a statement or expresses and opinion and ends with a period; imperative—makes a request or
gives a command and ends with either a period or an exclamation point; exclamatory—expresses strong feeling and
ends with an exclamation point; interrogative—asks a question and ends with a question mark

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Kind of Sentences

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A fixed form of light verse of five lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba and specific meter, used exclusively for
humorous or nonsense verse

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Limericks

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An all-purpose term used to describe any literary technique deliberately used to achieve a specific effect

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Literary Device

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Prose selections taken from novels, short stories, essays, etc.

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Literary Prose

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Includes the system of symbols and cuing devices a writer uses to help readers make meaning. Features are
capitalization, punctuation, formatting, and spelling.

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Mechanics

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The major types of written discourse: persuasive, expository, narrative; descriptive

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Mode of Writing

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Text in any form (print, oral, or visual) that recounts events or tells a story

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Narrative

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Any text that creates meaning through sounds or images or both, such as photographs, drawings, collages, films,
videos, computer graphics, speeches, oral poems and tales, and songs

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Nonprint text

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The consonants preceding the vowel of a syllable, as /str/ in strip and /c/ in cat

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Onset

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Compare/contrast, analyze cause/effect, chronological order, inference, and evaluation

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Organizational structure

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An assumed identity or fictional “I” assumed by a writer in a literary work; thus the speaker or narrator

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Persona

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In writing, the distinctive way in which the writer expresses ideas with respect to style, form, content, purpose, etc;
author’s voice

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Personal Voice

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The smallest units of sound in a given language (The phonemes in the words are not always the same as the letters
in a word. In the word dog, there are three phonemes [d-o-g] and three letters. In the word snow, there are three
phonemes [s-n-o] but four letters.)

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Phoneme

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A term generally used to refer to the system of sound-letter relationships used in reading and writing. Phonics begins
with the understanding that each letter (or grapheme) of the English alphabet stands for one or more sounds (or
phonemes).

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Phonics

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The angle of vision from which a story is told; the four basic points of view are 1) omniscient –the author tells the
story, using third person, and knows all and is free to tell anything, including what other characters think and feel and
why they act as they do; 2) limited omniscient—the author tells the story, using third person, but limits himself to a
complete knowledge of one character and tells only what that one character thinks, feels, see, or hears; 3) first
person—the story is told by one of the characters, using first person; 4) objective (or dramatic)—the author tells the
story, using third person, but is limited to reporting what his characters say or do and does not interpret their behavior
or tell their thoughts or feelings

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Point of View

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A systematic and purpose collection of a variety of materials related to student learning. Rather than an archive of all
the student’s work throughout the year, a portfolio can serve as both an instructional and an assessment tool. The
essential contents of both instructional and assessment portfolios are samples of student performance in important
learning activities, student, teacher, and parent reflections on those samples, and any other relevant information that
documents a student’s developmental status and progress over time.

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Portfolio

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Functional information useful in everyday applications, including manuals, handbooks, warranties, etc.

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Practical Text

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May be oral, written, graphic, or musical and include art, music, writing

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Presentation

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List, survey, read, discuss, freewrite (focused/unfocused), learning and reading log, gather data, conduct
experiments, debate, interview, observe, use visual aids including mapping, webbing, and formal outlining to gather
and organize material for writing

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Prewriting activities

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Firsthand information, including memoirs, interviews, letters, and public documents

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Primary sources

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The ordinary language of men in speaking or writing; language not cast in poetical measure or rhythm; distinguished
from verse or metrical composition. I speak in prose, and let him rymes make. --Chaucer.

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Prose

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A stanza or poem of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed

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Quatrain

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Use of language mainly by the arrangement of words to achieve special effects

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Rhetorical devices

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Plans used in arranging writing tasks or compositions, including comparison/contrast, narration, description, process
analysis, etc.

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Rhetorical strategies

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A vowel and any following consonants of a syllable, such as /ack/ in black (Not all words or syllables have an onset,
but they all have a rime. Out is a rime without an onset.)

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Rime

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A scoring guide used to evaluate the quality of a student performance; typically, a rubric lists criteria that describe
levels of proficiency on a task

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Rubric

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Works that have been collected, interpreted, or published by someone other than the original source

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Secondary Sources

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Reflects the writer’s ability to form competent, appropriately mature sentences to express thoughts. Features of this
writing domain are completeness, absence of fused sentences, expansion thorough standard coordination and
modifiers, embedding through standard subordination and modifiers, and standard word order.

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Sentence Formation

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S-V= Subject + Verb
S-V-DO= Subject + Verb + Direct Object
S-V-IO-DO= Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
S-LV-PN = Subject + Linking Verb + Predicate Nominative
S-LV-PA = Subject + Linking Verb + Predicate Adjective

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Sentence Patterns

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A technique in which a teacher does not give information directly but instead asks a series of questions, with the
result that the student comes either to the desired knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper awareness
of the limits of knowledge

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Socratic Discourse

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Words with meanings or functions that are indicated by their pronunciation, including onomatopoeia, alliteration,
consonance, etc.

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Sound Devices

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The characteristics of a work that reflect the author’s distinctive way of writing; an author’s use of language, its
effects, and its appropriateness to the author’s intent and theme

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Style

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The rules by which words are combined to form grammatically correct sentences (i.e., plurals, future tense, etc.); the
study of how sentences are formed and the grammatical rules that govern their formation

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Syntax

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Format, italics, headings, sub-headings, graphics, sequence, diagrams, illustrations

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Text Features

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The implied attitude toward the subject matter or audience of a text that readers may infer from the text’s language,
imagery, and structure

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Tone

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Simple—consists of one independent clause; compound—consists of two or more independent clauses; complex—
consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses; compound-complex—consists
of tow or more independent clauses and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses

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Types of Sentences

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Comprises the writer’s use of word-level features that cause written language to be acceptable and effective for
standard discourse. Features are standard inflections, agreement, word meaning, and conventions.

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Usage

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Presentational tools that appeal to the sight and are used for illustration and demonstration

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Visual Aids

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The process or result of mentally picturing objects or events that are normally experienced directly

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Visualization

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The many aspects of the complex act of producing a written communication, specifically, planning, drafting, revising,
editing, and publishing

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Writing Process