Foundations Of Nursing Quiz # 2

Front 1

Overview of the Legal Process:

Back 1

*Civil Litigation: A lawsuit in a civil court.
*Plaintiff:The complaining party.
*Complaint: Statement by a plaintiff.
*Defendant: The person alleged liable.
*Damages: Compensation sought by the plaintiff.
*Summons: A court order that notifies the defendant of the legal action.
*Answer: A detailed response to the charges outlined in the complaint.
*Discovery: A pretrial process allowing both sides to interview witnesses and look at documents.
*Depositions:Out-of-court statements made by a witness under oath.
*Interrogatories: Written questions that must be answered in writing.
*Verdict: A decision.
* Appeal: Request a review of the decision.
*Deliberate: Decide.
*Sentence: Penalty.
*Liability: Legal responsibility.

Front 2

Legal Relationships of Nurses:

Back 2

*Accountability: Being responsible for one's own actions.
*Advocate: One who defends or pleads a cause or issue on behalf of another. A nurse advocate has a legal and ethical obligation to safeguard the patient's interests.

Front 3

Accountability:

Back 3

Being responsible for one's own actions.

Front 4

Advocate:

Back 4

One who defends or pleads a cause or issue on behalf of another. A nurse advocate has a legal and ethical obligation to safeguard the patient's interests.

Front 5

Standards of Care:

Back 5

Define acts that are permitted to be performed or prohibited from being performed. These standards of care give direction to the practicing nurse, defining what should or should not be done for patients. Every nurse is obligated to know and follow the established standards of care; failure to adhere to these standards gives rise to legal liability.

Front 6

Malpractice:

Back 6

The nurse can be held legally liable for acts of commission (doing an act). Malpractice (professional negligence) is one legal action that a nurse may be be charged with for failing to meet the standards of care. The following elements must be present for a charge of malpractice:
1. Duty exists- The nurse-patient relationship establishes a duty.
2. Breach of the duty- Failure to perform the duty in a reasonable, prudent manner.
3. Harm occurs- This does not have to be physical injury.
4. The breach of duty was the proximate cause of the harm-without the breach the harm would not have happened.

Front 7

Patient's Rights:

Back 7

Patients have expectations regarding the the health care services they receive. In 1972 the American Hospital Association (AHA) developed the Patient's Bill of Rights.

Front 8

Informed Consent:

Back 8

The Patient's Bill of Rights includes the patient's right to make decisions regarding his or her health care. Informed consent doctrine is a person's agreement to allow a particular treatment based on full disclosure of the facts needed to make an intelligent (informed) decision.

Front 9

Reporting Abuse:

Back 9

The nurse is mandated to report abuse if abuse is present or nurse suspects abuse.

Front 10

Ethics/Values/Value Clarification:

Back 10

*Ethics: Refers to values that influence a person's behavior; it is an individual's feelings and beliefs about what is right or wrong.
*Values: Personal beliefs about the worth of an object, an idea, a custom, or an attitude.
*Value Clarification: The process of self-evaluation that helps a person gain insight into individually held values.

Front 11

Ethical Dilemmas:

Back 11

Situations that do not have a clear right or wrong answer.

Front 12

Ethical Principles:

Back 12

*Respect For People: The principle views all human life as sacred, with each individual having inherent worth as a person.
*Autonomy: Another ethical principle that refers to a personal freedom of choice, a right to be independent and make decisions freely.
*Beneficence: Doing what is good; this principle is one of primary importance to nurses. The nurse has an ethical duty to promote the well-being of all patients.
*Nonmaleficence: To do no harm.
*Justice: The concept of what is fair. For nursing, justice means that all patients have the same right to nursing interventions. The nurse must allocate time among all the assigned patients to meet their needs.

Front 13

Reporting Unethical Behavior:

Back 13

Each member of the nursing profession has a duty to report behavior that does not meet the established standards. Unethical behavior involves failing to perform the duties of a competent, caring, nurse. When reporting unethical behavior, the nurse should always follow the proper chain of command and should explain the facts as clearly as possible. Any documentation of the incident should be objective, accurately stating what occurred, when and where it occurred, and any other pertinent facts.

Front 14

Ethical Issues In Nursing:

Back 14

An ethical issue is difficult for the nurse because there is no absolutely no right or absolutely wrong answer to the question the issue presents. Some of the current ethical issues in nursing include practitioner-assisted suicide (PAS), the right to refuse treatment, death with dignity, the nurse's right to refuse care, and genetic research.

Front 15

Using Appropriate Body Mechanics:

Back 15

*The nurse must maintain a wide base of support (a stance with feet slightly apart) when standing.
*Equilibrium, or balance, is maintained by skeletal muscles and the nervous system and aids appropriate body alignment when lifting, bending, moving, and doing other activities. The back can be well protected when the nurse bends the knees and hips before attempting these activities.
*To avoid twisting the spine the nurse stands in front of the object.
*When stooping, the nurse flexes or bends the hips and maintains appropriate body alignment (keeping back straight).
*Adjusting the work level to one of comfort and ease helps prevent undue stress and strain of the back muscles. This can be accomplished by adjusting the height of the bed appropriate to the height of the nurse.
*Carrying objects close to the midline of the body, avoiding reaching too far, avoiding lifting when other means of movement are available (such as sliding, rolling, pushing, or pulling), using devices instead of or in combination with lifting, and using alternate periods of rest and activity are ways in which the patient and the nurse can be protected from injury.
*A nurse who weighs 130 pounds should not try independently to lift an immobilized 100-pound patient.

Front 16

Positioning Patients:

Back 16

*Dorsal (supine): Lying horizontally on the back.
*Dorsal Recumbent: Supine position with patient lying on back, head and shoulder with extremities moderately flexed, legs may be extended.
*Fowler's: Posture assumed by patient when bed of head is raised 45 to 60 degrees.
*Semi-Fowler's: Posture assumed by patient when head of bed is raised approximately 30 degrees.
*Orthopneic: The posture assumed by the patient sitting up in bed at 90-degree angle, sometimes resting forward supported by pillow on overbed table.
*Sim's: Position in which patient lies on side with knee and thigh drawn upward toward chest.
*Prone: Being in horizontal position when lying face down.
*Knee-Chest: Patient knees so that weight of body is supported by knees and chest, with abdomen raised, head turned to one side, and arms flexed.
*Lithotomy: Lying supine with hips and knees flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally.
*Trendelenberg: Position in which head is low and body and legs are on inclined plane.

Front 17

Complications of Immobility and Interventions:

Back 17

Complications:
*Muscle and bone atrophy
*Contractures
*Pressure ulcer
*Contipation
*Urinary tract infection
*Disuse osteoperosis-easily fractured
*Renal calculi (kidney stones)
*Hypostatic pneumonia
*Pulmonary embolism
*Postural hypotension
*Anorexia
*Insomnia
*Asthenia (muscular weakness)
*Disorientation

Interventions:
*Reposition at least every two hours.
*Adequate intake-encourage fluids.
*Prevent deformities.
*Antiembolism measures (thromboembolic deterrent TED hose/decompression boots).
*Dangle over side of bed.

Front 18

Culture and Subculture:

Back 18

*Culture:A set of learned values, beliefs, customs, and practices that are shared by a group and are passed from one generation to another.
*Subculture:Shares many characteristics with the primary culture, but has characteristic patterns of behavior and ideals that distinguish it from the rest of a cultural group.

Front 19

Ethnocentrism:

Back 19

Having an understanding of your personal beliefs will help you to be more aware and understanding of others. Most people look at the world from their own cultural viewpoint. The often believe that the beliefs and practices of their particular culture are best. Nurses must learn to value the beliefs of others and realize that practices of other cultures can be valuable in health care.

Front 20

Overview of the Legal Process:

Back 20

*Civil Litigation: A lawsuit in a civil court.
*Plaintiff: The complaining party.
*Complaint: Statement by a plaintiff.
* Defendant: The person alleged liable.
*Damages: Compensation sought by the plaintiff.
*Summons: A court order that notifies the defendant of the legal action.
*Answer: A detailed response to the charges outlined in the complaint.
*Discovery: A pretrial process allowing both sides to interview witnesses and look at documents.
*Depositions: Out-of-court statements made by a witness under oath.
*Interrogatories: Written questions that must be answered in writing.
*Verdict: A decision.
*Appeal: Request a review of the decision.
*Deliberate: Decide.
*Sentence: Penalty.
*Liability: Legal responsibility.

Front 21

Accountabilty:

Back 21

Being responsible for one's own actions.

Front 22

Advocate:

Back 22

One who defends or pleads a cause or issue on behalf of another. A nurse advocate has a legal and ethical obligation to safeguard the patient's interests.

Front 23

Standards of Care:

Back 23

Define acts that are permitted to be performed or prohibited from being performed. These standards of care give direction to the practicing nurse, defining what should or should not be done for patients. Every nurse is obligated to know and follow the established standards of care; failure to adhere to these standards gives rise to legal liability.