Foundations Of Neuroscience Objective 1

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Sensory Neuron

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A neuron that receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS

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Interneuron

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a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc.

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Dendritic Arbor

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The complex of dendrites that convey information to the soma

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Soma

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The Cell body of a neuron, sometimes called the perikaryon.

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Axon hillock

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The most proximal portion of the Axon and the section where decisions on firing are made

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Axon (Synaptic) Terminal

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The portion of the neuron where neurotransmitter is released onto a subsequent target.

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Astrocyte

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The most numerous glia in the brain, fill most of the space between neurons. They regulate the composition of the extracellular space. remove neurotransmitters and Form the Blood brain barrier. Have membrane K pumps that concentrate potassium in their cytosols. And because of the interconnectedness of Astrocytes they can diffuse K to other cells by Potassium spatial buffering.

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Oligodendrocytes

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these Provide layers of cell membrane that insulate axons. Called myelin Found in the CNS.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

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a Specialized wall of the brain capilaries that limits the movement of potassium and other blood borne substances into the extracellular fluid of the braine. Made up of astrocytes.

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Motor Neurons

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Neurons that control muscle contraction

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Effector Cell

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The cell to which a neuron synapses, may be a muscle, neurons or other cell, like a gland.

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Dendritic Spine

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Portions of the dendrites that may serve as areas of synapse for other neurons.

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Myelin

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Portions of the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells that wrap around neurons to insulate them from the loss of conductive signaling.

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Axon

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Portion of the Neuron that propagates the signal to the terminal. Site of the regenerative action potential.

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Glial Cells

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Cells of the nervous system that contribute to brain function mainly through insulating supporting and nourishing neighboring neurons. Glia means glue in greek.

types of glial cells

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Astrocytes

Microglia-phagocytes that remove debris

Ependymal cells-produce CSF

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Microglia

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Phagocytes that remove debris from the CNS.

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Schwaan Cells

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these Provide layers of cell membrane that insulate axons. Called myelin Found in the PNS.

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What are the Functional types of Neurons

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Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar.

Sensory Interneurons and motor neurons.

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Plasma Membrane

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Made of Phospholipid bilayer

The neuronal membrane consists of a sheet of phospholipids, two molecules thick. A cross section through the membrane reveals that the hydrophilic heads face the outer and inner watery environments and the hydrophobic tails face each other. This stable arrangement is called a phospholipid bilayer , and it effectively isolates the cytosol of the neuron from the extracellular fl uid

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rough ER

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In neurons, many ribosomes are attached to stacks of membrane. Rough ER is a major site of protein synthesis.If it is destined to residewithin the cytosol of the neuron, then the protein’s mRNA transcriptshuns the ribosomes of the rough ER and gravitates toward the free ribosomes

if the protein is destined to be insertedinto the membrane of the cell or an organelle, then it is synthesized onthe rough ER. As the protein is being assembled, it is threaded backand forth through the membrane of the rough ER, where it is trapped(Figure 2.11b). It is not surprising that neurons have so much rough ER

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mitochondria

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these sausageshaped structures are about 1 m long. Within the enclosure of their outer membrane are multiple folds of inner membrane called cristae (singular: crista). Between the cristae is an inner space called matrix

Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration.

pulls inside pyruvic acid (derived from sugars and digested proteins and fats) and oxygen, both of which are fl oating in the cytosol. Within the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, pyruvic acid enters into a complex series of biochemical reactions called the Krebs cycle , in another series of reactions within the cristae (called the electron-transport chain),

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lysosomes

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Membrane bound sack that contains enzymes that a lytic in nature.

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Microfilaments

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Microfilaments are braids of two thin strands that are polymers of the protein actin.

Like microtubules, actin microfi laments are constantly undergoing assembly and disassembly, and this process is regulated by signals in the neuron.

They are anchored to the membrane by attachments with a meshwork of fi - brous proteins that line the inside of the membrane like a spider web.

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Nucleus

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THe big thing in the middle

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Neurofibrillary Tangles

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The severity of the dementia in Alzheimer’s disease is well correlated with the number and distribution of what are now commonly known as neurofibrillary tangles, the “tombstones” of dead and dying neurons

Electron microscopy reveals that the major components of the tangles are paired helical filaments , long fibrous proteins braided together like strands of a rope (Figure B). It is now understood that these filaments consist of the microtubule-associated protein tau

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neurofilaments

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They exist in all cells of the body as intermediate fi laments ; only in neurons are they called neurofi laments. The difference in name refl ects differences in structure among different tissues. For example, a different intermediate fi lament, keratin, composes hair when bundled together. Of the types of fi brous structure we have discussed, neurofi laments most closely resemble the bones and ligaments of the skeleton. A neurofi lament consists of multiple subunits (building blocks) that are wound together into a ropelike structure. Each strand of the rope consists of individual long protein molecules, making neurofi laments mechanically very strong

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Camillo Golgi

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discovered a silver chromate stain that made a small percentage of neurons become darkly colored in their entirety. This revealed that the neuronal cell body, the region of the neuron around the nucleus that is shown with the Nissl stain, is actually only a small fraction of the total structure of the neuron

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Golgi Stain

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silver chromate solution makes a small percentage of neurons become darkly colored in their entirety

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Santiago Ramón y Cajal

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argued forcefully that the neurites of different neurons are not continuous with each other and communicate by contact, not continuity.

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Myelin Stain

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u

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Dye Injections

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enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is selectively taken up by axon terminals and then transported retrogradely to the soma

While some labled amino acids could be taken to the terminals

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receptor potential

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When an appropriate chemical activates a taste receptor cell, its membranepotential changes, usually by depolarizing

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Nernst Equation

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gives the equilibrium potential of a given ion. so it tells where the voltage would be if the membrane was only permeable to that ion.

It takes into account the charge of the ion then the log ([ion in]/[Ion out])

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Goldman equation

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A way to calculate the resting membrane potential. This takes into account the relative permeabilities of the membrane to different ions.

It's set up the same as the Nerst equation but with multiple ions. and the permeability of these ions.