Foundations Of Health. Chapter 1

Front 1

the state of complete mental, physical and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1947)

is a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interaction with and adaptations to his or her environment” (McKenzie et al., 2008, p. 6)

Back 1

Health

Front 2

the health status of a defined group of people and the interactions and conditions to protect and improve the health of the community” (Green & McKenzie, 2002, p. 247)

Back 2

Community Health

Front 3

what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy” (IOM, 1988, p. 7)

Back 3

Public Health

Front 4

any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality health decisions” (Joint Committee, 2001, p. 247)

Back 4

Health Education

Front 5

Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities” (Joint Committee, 2001, p. 101)

Back 5

Health Promotion

Front 6

The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress.

Back 6

Disease Prevention

Front 7

Population specific differnce in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to care

Back 7

Health disparity

Front 8

An organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well being of students and staff, thus improving a student's ability to learn. It includes:
- Health education
- Health services
- Helath school envionment
- Psycological and social services
- Physical educaiton
- Nutrition services
- Family and Community
- Helath promotion for staff

Back 8

Coordinated school health program (CSHP)

Front 9

An approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects, or dimensions, of a person's life through increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions

Back 9

Wellness

Front 10

_________ is neither a discipline or a profession but somewhere in between – an emerging profession

Back 10

Health Education

Front 11

a branch of knowledge or learning” (Agnes, 2001, p. 410)

Back 11

Discipline

Front 12

A vocation or occupation requiring advanced education and training, and involving intellectual skills” (Agnes, 2001, pp. 1145-1146) or “the sociological construct for an occupation that has special status” (Livingood, 1996, p. 421)

Back 12

Profession (Definition)

Front 13

- Prolonged training
- Accredited institutions & requirements for entry
- Specialized knowledge & expertise
- Standards of practice
- Autonomy
- Serving social value
- Code of ethics

Back 13

A profession

Front 14

- Not in agreement
- No requirement for such
- Synthesized from other disciplines
- Yes

This is emerging
- Yes
- Yes

Back 14

Health Education

Front 15

- They believe in what they are doing.
- They want to see a job done properly.
- They do their best.
- They feel a sense of responsibility for the quality of work done by others in the field.

Back 15

Professionals

Front 16

- More visible today than ever before
- More widely accepted by other health professionals
- Much notoriety came with beginning of the health promotion era of public health in 1974


Healthy People report in 1979; behavioral risk factors became more important

Back 16

Current Status of Health Education

Front 17

Behavioral patterns are the single most prominent domain of influence over health prospects in the United States” (McGinnis et al., 2002, p. 82).

Back 17

21st Century

Front 18

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems” (Dictionary of Epidemiology as cited in Last, 2007, p. 111)

Back 18

Epidemiology

Front 19

Collected at several levels to assist with the prevention of disease outbreaks or control those in progress and to plan and assess programs,
Rates – crude, adjusted, specific
Terms; morbidity, mortality, endemic, epidemic, pandemic

Back 19

Epidemiological data

Front 20

Number of death (all causes)/estimated midyear population * 100,000

Back 20

Crude Death Rate

Front 21

Number of deaths 45-54/estimated midyear population, 45-54 * 100,000

Back 21

Age specific death rate

Front 22

Number of deaths (HIV)/estimated midyear population* 100,000

Back 22

Cause specific mortality rate

Front 23

Life expectancy; at birth, at 65 yo, at 75 yo

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)

Back 23

Measuring Health or Health Status

Front 24

Conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
National Health Care Surveys (six surveys dealing with ambulatory care, hospitals, & long-term care)

Conducted by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS)
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)

Conducted by the American College Health Association
National College Health Assessment (NCHA)

Back 24

Health Surveys

Front 25

Improve the quality of life; difficulty to quantify

Back 25

Ultimate goal

Front 26

is to positively influence the health behavior of individuals and communities as well as the living and working conditions that influence their health” (New York State as presented at CNHEO, 2007, p. 1)

Back 26

Purpose

Front 27

_______________ is based upon the assumption “that beneficial health behavior will result from a combination of planned, consistent, integrated learning opportunities” (Green & Ottoson, 1999, pp. 93-94)


Evidence is data that can be used to make decisions about planning


Evidence-based practice is practice that is based on systematically finding, appraising, and using evidence as the basis for decision-making when planning health education/promotion programs (Cottrell & McKenzie, 2005)

Back 27

Health Education

Front 28

- Assessing needs
- Setting goals and objectives
- Developing an intervention
- Implementing the intervention
- Evaluate the results

Back 28

Generalized model for program planning

Front 29

Human biology (heredity) (19.8%)
Environment (20.1%)
Health care organization (10%)
Lifestyle (health behavior) (51.5%)

Back 29

The Health Field Concept (Laframboise, 1973; Lalonde, 1974)

Front 30

Gestational endowment (30%)
Social circumstances (15%)
Environmental conditions (5%)
Human behavior (40%)
Medical care (10%)

Back 30

The Determinants of health (IOM, 2001, McGinnis et al., 2001, USDHHS, 2000)

Front 31

- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary

Back 31

Levels of Prevention

Front 32

Preventive measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis period

disease, illness or injury

Back 32

Primary prevention

Front 33

Preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or an injury to limit disablity, or dependancy and prevent more severe pathogenesis

disability, impairment or dependance

Back 33

Secondary Prevention

Front 34

Preventive measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis

Death

Back 34

Tertiary prevention

Front 35

those inherited, environmental, & behavioral influences “which are known (or thought) to increase the likelihood of physical or mental problems” (Slee, Slee, & Schmidt, 2001, p. 545)

Back 35

Risk factors

Front 36

Modifiable (changeable or controllable)

Nonmodifiable (nonchangeable or noncontrollable)

Examples for heart disease
- Tobacco use, high BP, elevated cholesterol, diet, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol use, biological factors

Back 36

Types of Risk Factors

Front 37

- Pathogen
- Human Resevoir
- Portal of Exit
- Transmission
- Portal of entry
- Establishment of disease in new host

Back 37

Chain of infection model and strategies for disease prevention and control

Front 38

- Agent
- host
- Environment

Back 38

Risk reduction
For communicable (infectious) diseases.

Commincable disease model

Front 39

Participation – active involvement
Ownership – responsibility for
Ecological approaches – behavior is influenced by several environmental dimensions
Population-based approaches – group approaches
Advocacy – alter public opinion
Health advocacy – bring about change related to health
Empowerment – gaining control over own life
Cultural competence – work effectively with other cultures

Back 39

Other Selected Principles