Foundations Exam 1

Front 1

Leader

Back 1

Someone who influences others wok to work together to accomplish a specific goal

Front 2

Manager

Back 2

Someone who is an employee of an organization who is given authority, power, and responsibility for planning, organizing coordinating and directing the work of tother and for establish and evaluating standards.

Front 3

Formal Leader

Back 3

Appointed Leader

Front 4

Informal Leader

Back 4

Not officially appointed to direct the activity of others, but because of seniority, age, or special abilities is recognized by the group to be a leader and plays an important role in influencing colleagues, coworkers or other group members to achieve the group's goals.

Front 5

Leadership Style

Back 5

Describes traits, behaviors, motivations, and choirs used by individuals to effectively influence others.

Front 6

Autocratic (Authoritarian) Leader

Back 6

Like dictator

Leaders determines policies, gives orders and directions to group

Good when a decision needs to be made in emergency situation

Front 7

Democratic Leader

Back 7

Encourages group discussions and decision making.

Leader is a facilitator to actively guide group toward achieving its goals.

Front 8

Laissez-Faire (Permissive) Leader

Back 8

Recognizes the group's need for autonomy and self-regulation.

Assumes hands-off approach

Front 9

Situational Leader

Back 9

Does not trust self or others to make decisions

Relies on the organizational rules, policies and procedures to direct the group's work effort.

Front 10

Charismatic Leader

Back 10

Rare and is characterized by an emotional relationship between the leader and the group members

Front 11

Transactional Leader

Back 11

relationship with followers based on an exchange from some resources slued but he follower.

Front 12

Transformational Leader

Back 12

Fosters creativity, risk taking, commitment, and collaboration by empowering the group to share in the organization's vision.

Front 13

Shared Leadership

Back 13

Recognizes that a professional workforce is made up for many leaders.

No one is considered to have knowledge or ability beyond that of other members of the work group.

Front 14

Shared Goverance

Back 14

Method that aims to distribute making among a group of people.

Front 15

Vision

Back 15

Mental image of a possible and desirable future state

Front 16

Influence

Back 16

An informal strategy used to gain the cooperation of others without exercising formal authority.

Front 17

Role Model

Back 17

Demonstrating caring toward coworkers and clients

Front 18

First-Level Managers

Back 18

Responsible for managing the work or non managerial personnel and the day-to-day activities of a specific work group or groups.

Front 19

Middle-Level Managers

Back 19

Supervise a number of first-level managers and are responsible for the activities in the departments they supervise.

Front 20

Upper-Level (Top-Level) Managers

Back 20

Organizational executives who are primarily responsible for establishing goals and developing strategic plans.

Front 21

Planning

Back 21

an ongoing process that involves A) assessing a situation B) establishing goals and objectives based on assessment of a situation or future trend C) developing a plan of action that identifies priorities, delineates who is responsible, determines deadlines and describes how the intended outcome is to be achieved and evaluated.

Front 22

Risk Management

Back 22

Having a system in splice to reduce danger to clients and staff.

Front 23

Organizing

Back 23

Also an ongoing process that involves determining responsibilities, communicating expectations and establishing the chain of command for authority and communication.

Front 24

Directing

Back 24

process of getting the organization's work accomplished.

Involves assigning and communicating expectations about the task to be completed, proving instructions and guidance and ongoing decision making.

Front 25

Coordinating

Back 25

Process of ensuring that plans are carried out and evaluating outcomes.

Front 26

Authority

Back 26

legitimate right to direct the work of others

Front 27

Accontability

Back 27

ability and willingness to assume responsibility for one;s actions and to accept the consequences of one's behavior

Front 28

Responsibility

Back 28

obligation to perform a task

Front 29

Critical Thinking

Back 29

creative cognitive process that includes problem solving and decisioning making

Front 30

Networking

Back 30

Process whereby professional line are established through which people can share ideas, knowledge and information

Front 31

Mentors

Back 31

give their time, energy and material support to teach, guide, assist, counsel and inspire someone younger. Nurturing relationship

Front 32

Preceptor

Back 32

relationshops in which the experienced nurse assist the "new" nurse in improving clinical nursing skill and judgment

Front 33

Effectiveness

Back 33

measure of quality or quantity of services provided

Front 34

Efficiency

Back 34

measure of the resources used in the provision of nursing services

Front 35

Productivity

Back 35

performance measure of both the effectiveness and efficiency of nursing care

Front 36

Delegation

Back 36

act of transferring to a competent individual the authority to perform a selected nursing task in a selected situation

Front 37

Change

Back 37

process of making something different from what it was

Front 38

Change Agents

Back 38

individuals who initiate, motivate and implement change

Front 39

Planned Change

Back 39

an intended, purposeful attempt by an individual, group, organization, or larger social system to influence its on current status

Front 40

Unplanned change

Back 40

an alteration imposed by external events or persons

Front 41

Values

Back 41

enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person

Front 42

Values System

Back 42

basic to a way of life, giving direction to life and forms the basics of behavior

Front 43

Beliefs

Back 43

opinions, interpretations or conclusions that people accept as true

Front 44

Attitudes

Back 44

mental positions or feelings toward a person, object, or idea

Front 45

Professional Values

Back 45

acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers and peers

Front 46

Values Clarifications

Back 46

process by which people identify, examine and develop their own individual values

Front 47

Ethics

Back 47

-A method of inquiry that yeps people to understand the mortality of human behavior

-the practices or believes of a certain group

-The expected standards or moral behavior or a particular group as described in the group's formal code of professional ethics

Front 48

Bioethics

Back 48

this are applied to human life or health

Front 49

Nursing Ethics

Back 49

ethical issues that occur in the nursing practice

Front 50

Morality

Back 50

private, personal standard of what is right and wrong in conduct, character, and attitude

Front 51

Moral Development

Back 51

process of learning to tell the difference between the right and wrong and of learning what ought and ought not to be done.

Front 52

Consequence-based (teleological) theories

Back 52

look to the outcomes (consequences) of an action i judging whether that action is right or wrong

Front 53

Utilitarian

Back 53

one form of consequentalist theory, views a good act as one that is the most useful

Front 54

Principle-Based (deontological) theories

Back 54

involves logical and formal processes and emphasize individual rights, duties, and obligation

Front 55

Relationships-Based (caring) theories

Back 55

stress courage, generosity, commitment and the need to nurture and maintain relationships

Front 56

Moral Rules

Back 56

specific prescripts for actions

Front 57

Autonomy

Back 57

right to make one's own decisions

Front 58

Nonmaleficence

Back 58

duty to "do no harm"

Front 59

Beneficence

Back 59

"doing good"

Front 60

Justice

Back 60

fairness

Front 61

Fidelity

Back 61

means to be faithful to agreements and promises

Front 62

Veracity

Back 62

Telling the truth

Front 63

Accountability

Back 63

answerable to oneself and other for one's own actions

Front 64

Responsibility

Back 64

the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance or duties of a particular role

Front 65

Code of Ethics

Back 65

formal statement of a group's ideals and values

A) shared by members of the group

B) reflects their moral judgements over time

C) serves as a stander for their professional actions

Front 66

Moral Distress

Back 66

Clients best interest may be contrary to the nurse's personal belief system

Front 67

Active Euthanasia

Back 67

actions to bring about the client's death directly, with or without client consent

Front 68

Assisted Suicide

Back 68

giving clients the meanest to kill themselves if they request

Front 69

Passive Euthanasia

Back 69

More commonly referred to bow as withdrawing or withholding life-sstaingin therapy

Front 70

Advocate

Back 70

one who expresses and defends the cause of another

Front 71

Altruism

Back 71

a concern for the welfare and well-being of others

Front 72

Human dignity

Back 72

respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations.

Front 73

Integrity

Back 73

acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice.

Front 74

Social Justice

Back 74

acting in accordance with fair treatment regardless of iconic status, race, ethnicity, age, citizenship, disability, or sexual orientation.

Front 75

Creativity

Back 75

thinking that results in the development of new ideas and products

In problem solving and decision making it is the ability to develop and implement new and better solutions to health care outcomes

Front 76

Critical Analysis

Back 76

the application of a set of questions to a particular situation or idea to determine essential information and ideas and discard superfluous information and ideas

Front 77

Socratic Questioning

Back 77

technique one can use to look beneath the surface, recognize and examine assumptions, search for inconsistencies, examine multiple points of view and differentiate what one knows from what one merely believes

Front 78

Inductive Reasoning

Back 78

generalizations are formed from a set of facts or observations

Front 79

Deductive Reasoning

Back 79

is reasoning from the general premise to the specific conclusion

Front 80

Nursing Process

Back 80

systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care

Front 81

Phases of Nursing Process

Back 81

1. Assessing

2. Diagnosing

3. Planning

4. Implementing

5. Evaluating

Front 82

Problem Solving

Back 82

nurse obtains information that clarifies the nature of the problem and suggest possible solutions

Front 83

Trial and Error

Back 83

which a number of approaches are tried until a possible solution is found

Front 84

Intuition

Back 84

understanding or learning of things without a conscious use of reasoning

Front 85

Decision Making

Back 85

uses critical thinking to help choose the best action to meet a desirable goal

Front 86

Suspending Judegement

Back 86

tolerating ambiguity for a time

Front 87

Concept Mapping

Back 87

Technique that uses a graphic depiction of nonlinear and linear relationships to represent critical thinking

Front 88

Assessing

Back 88

systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation and documentation of data

Front 89

Database

Back 89

Contains all the information about a client, including the nursing health history, physical assessment, primary care provider's history and physical examinations, results of laboratory and diagnostic test and material contribution by other health professionals

Front 90

Interview

Back 90

planned communication or a conversation with a purpose.

EX. to get or give information, identify problems of mutual concern evaluate change, teach, provide support, or provide concealing or therapy

Front 91

Directive interview

Back 91

highly sturcuted and elicits specific information

Front 92

Non directive interview

Back 92

rapport or building interview, the nurse allows the client to control the purpose, subject matter and pacing

Front 93

Rapport

Back 93

an understanding between two or more people

Front 94

Open-ended questions

Back 94

associated with non directive interviews, invites clients to discover and explore, elaborate, clarify or illustrate their thoughts or feelings

Front 95

Close-ended questions

Back 95

used in directive interviews, are restrictive and generally require only yes or no or short factual answers giving specific information

Front 96

Neutral qustion

Back 96

question the client can answer without direction or pressure from the nurse, is open-ended and is used in non directive interviews

Front 97

Leading questions

Back 97

sally close, used in a directive interview, and this directs the clients answer

Front 98

Cephalocaudal

Back 98

head-to-toe approach for examination

Front 99

Screening examination

Back 99

also called Review of systems

Brief review of essential functioning of various body parts or systems

Front 100

Validation

Back 100

the act of "double-checking" or verifying data to confirm that it is accurate and factual

Front 101

Cues

Back 101

subjective or objective data that can be directly observed by the nurse, that is, what the client says or what the nurse can see, hear, feel, smell or measure

Front 102

Inference

Back 102

nurse's interpretation or conclusions made based on the cues

Front 103

Taxonomy

Back 103

Classification system or set of categories arranged bases on a single principle or set of principles

Front 104

Diagnosis

Back 104

statement or conclusion regarding the nature of a phenomenon

Front 105

Diagnostic Labels

Back 105

the standardized NANDA names for the diagnoses

Front 106

Etiology

Back 106

Casual relationship between a problem and its related or risk factors

Front 107

Nursing Diagnosis

Back 107

Casual relationship between a problem and its related or risk factors and client's problem statement, consisting of the diagnostic label

Front 108

Health Promotion Diagnosis

Back 108

relates to client's preparedness to implement behaviors to improve their health condition

Front 109

Risk Nursing Diagnosis

Back 109

Clinical judgement that a proRblem does not exist, but presence for risk factors indicate that a problem is likely to develop useless nurses intervene.

Front 110

Risk Factors

Back 110

Traits that put one at high chance of health problems

Front 111

Wellness Diagnosis

Back 111

Describes human responses to levels of wellness in an individual, family, or community

Front 112

Qualifiers

Back 112

words that have been added to some NANDA labels to I've additional meanings to the diagnostic statement

Front 113

Defining Characteristics

Back 113

the cluster of signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of a particular diagnostic label

Front 114

Independent functions

Back 114

areas of health care that are unique to nursing and separate and distinct from medical management

Front 115

Dependent functions

Back 115

regard to medical diagnoses, nurse are obligated to cary out physician-prescribed therapies and treatments

Front 116

Standard

Back 116

Also called Norm

generally accepted measure, rile, model, or pattern

Front 117

Syndrome Diagnosis

Back 117

diagnosis that is associated with a cluster of other diagnoses

Front 118

Nursing Intervention

Back 118

any treatment based upon clinical judgement and knowledge that a nurse performs to enhance patient/clinical outcomes

Front 119

Discharge Planning

Back 119

Begins when client enters hospital

the process of anticipating and planning for needs after the discharge, is a curical part of a comprehensive health care and should be addressed in each client's care plan

Front 120

Informal Nursing Care Plan

Back 120

strategy for action that exists in the nurse's mind

Front 121

Formal Nursing Care Plan

Back 121

A written or Computerized guide that organizes information about the client's care. The most obvious benefit of a formal written care plan is that is provides for continuity of care

Front 122

Standardized Care Plan

Back 122

formal plan that specifies the nursing care for groups of clients with common needs

Front 123

Individualized Care Plan

Back 123

Tailored to meet the unique needs of a specific client-needs that are not addressed by the standardized plan.

Front 124

Protocols

Back 124

redeveloped to indicate the actions commonly required for a particular group of clients

Front 125

Policies and Proceduresq

Back 125

Developed to govern the handling of frequently occurring situations

Front 126

Standing Order

Back 126

written document about policies, rules, regulations or orders regarding client care

Front 127

Rationale

Back 127

is the evidence-based principle given as the reason for selecting a particular nursing intervention

Front 128

Concept Map

Back 128

is visual tool in which ideas or data are enclosed in circles or boxes of shapes and relationships between these are indicated by connecting lines or arrows

Front 129

Multidisciplinary Care Plan

Back 129

standardized plan that outlines the care required for clients with common, predictable, usually medical conditions

Front 130

Collaborative Care Plans and Critical Pathways

Back 130

sequence of care that must be given on each day during the projected length of stay for the specific type of condition

Front 131

Priority Setting

Back 131

the process of establishing a preferential sequence for addressing nursing diagnoses and interventions

Front 132

Goals/ Desired Outcomes

Back 132

describe, in term of observable client responses, what the nurse hope to achieve by implementing the nursing interventions.

Front 133

Nursing Outcomes Classifications (NOC)

Back 133

are for describing client outcomes that respond to the nursing interventions

Front 134

Indicator

Back 134

specific patient state that is most sensitive to nursing interventions and for thick measurement procedures can be defined

Front 135

Independent Interventions

Back 135

those activities that nurses are licensed to initiate on the basis of their knowledge and skills

Front 136

Dependent Interventions

Back 136

Activities carried out under the orders or supervision of a licensed physician or other health care provider authorized to write orders to nurses

Front 137

Collaborative Interventions

Back 137

actions the nurse carries out in collaboration with other health team members, such as PT, social workers, dietitians, and primary care providers

Front 138

Nursing Interventions Classifications (NIC)

Back 138

taxonomy that consists of 3 levels

1: domains

2: classes

3: Interventions

Front 139

Implementing

Back 139

Consists of doing and documenting the activities that are specific nursing actions needed to carry out the interventions

Front 140

Cognitive Skills

Back 140

intellectual skills include problem solving, decision making, critical thinking and creativity.

Front 141

Interpersonal Skills

Back 141

are all of the activities, verbal and nonverbal, people use when interacting directing with one another.

Front 142

Technical Skills

Back 142

purposeful "hands-on" skills such as manipulating equipment, giving injections, bandaging, moving, lifting, and repositioning clients.

Front 143

Evaluating

Back 143

is a planned, ongoing, purposeful activity in which clients and health acre professional determine:

A) the clients progress toward achievement of goals/outcomes

B) the effectiveness of the nursing care plan

Front 144

Evaluation Statement

Back 144

consists of two parts: a conclusion and supporting data

Front 145

Quality Assurance (QA) Program

Back 145

is an ongoing, systematic process designed to evaluate and promote excellence is the health care provided to clients

Front 146

Structure Evaluation

Back 146

focuses on the setting in which care is given

Front 147

Process Evaluation

Back 147

focuses on how the care is given

Front 148

Outcome Evaluation

Back 148

focuses on demonstrable change in the client's health status as a result on nursing care

Front 149

Root Cause Analysis

Back 149

a process for identifying the factors the bring about deviations in practices that lead to the event

Front 150

Quality Improvement (QI)

Back 150

follows client care rather than organizational structure, focuses on process rather than individuals and uses a systematic approach with the intention or improving the quality of care rather than ensuring the quality care

Front 151

Retrospective Audit

Back 151

the evaluation of a client's record after discharge from an agency

Front 152

Concurrent Audit

Back 152

the evaluation of a client's health care while the client is still receiving care from the agency

Front 153

Discussion

Back 153

an informal oral consideration of a subject by two or more health care personnel to identify a problem or establish strategist to resolve a problem

Front 154

Report

Back 154

oral, written or computer-based communication intended to convey information to others.

Front 155

Record

Back 155

Also called Chart or client record

formal, legal document that provides evidence of a client's care and can be written or computer based

Front 156

Recording, Charting or documenting

Back 156

making entry on a clients record

Front 157

Narrative Charting

Back 157

traditional part of the source-oriented record

Consists of wtirteen notes that includes routine care, normal findings and client problems

Front 158

Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR) or problem-oreitned record (POR)

Back 158

data arranged according to the problems the client has rather than the source of information

A) encourages collaboration

B) problem list in the front of the chart alerts status of each problem

Disadvantage:

A) care givers differ in their ability to use the required charting format

B) takes constant vigilance to maintain an up-to-date problem list

C) is is somewhat inefficient because assessments and interventions that apply to more than one problem must be repeated

Front 159

Progress Note

Back 159

in the POMR is a chart entry made by all health professionals involved in the client's care;t hey all use the same type of sheet for notes

Front 160

SOAP or SOAPIER

Back 160

acronym

S-Subjective Data

O- Objective Data

A-Assessment

P- Plan

or

I-Interventions

E-Evaluations

R- Revision

Front 161

PIE

Back 161

documentation model groups information into three categories

Problems

Interventions

Evaluations

Front 162

Flow Sheet

Back 162

uses specific assessment criteria in a particular format such as human needs or functional health patterns

Front 163

Focus Charting

Back 163

inteded to make the client and client concerns and strengths the focus of care.

3 columns to record: D (data) A (action) R (response) referred to as DAR

Front 164

Charting by Expectation (CBE)

Back 164

is a documentation system in which only abnormal or significant findings or exceptions to norms are records

Flow sheets, standards or nursing care, bedside access to chart forms

Front 165

Variance

Back 165

a deviation from that is planed o the critical pathway-unexpected occurrence that affect the planned care or the client's response to care

Front 166

Kardex

Back 166

widely used, concise method of organizing and recording data about a client, making information quickly accessible to all health professionals

Series of card in portable index file or computer-generated form

Front 167

Graphic Record

Back 167

Record typically indicated body temperature, pulse, reparatory rate, BP, weight and in some agencies other significant data.

Front 168

Intake and Output data

Back 168

all routes of fluid intake and all routes of fluid loss or output are measured and recorded on this form

Front 169

Medication Administration Record

Back 169

include designated areas for the sate of the medication order, the expiration date, the medication name and does, the frequency of administration and route and the nurses signature

Front 170

Skin Assessment Record

Back 170

A skin or wound assessment record that has stage of skin injury, drainage, odor, culture information and treatments

Front 171

"Handoff" communication

Back 171

defined as a process in which information about patient/client/resident care is communicated in a consistent manner including an opportunity to ask and response to questions

Front 172

Change-of-shift Report

Back 172

given to all nurses on the next shift

purpose is to provide continuity of care for clients by providing critical information and to promote client safety and best practices

Front 173

Stress

Back 173

Condition in which the person experiences changes in the normal balanced state

Front 174

Stressor

Back 174

any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress

Front 175

Stimulus-based Stress Models

Back 175

stress is defined as a stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances that arouses physiological and/or psychological reactions that may increase the individual's vulnerability to illness

Front 176

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Back 176

stress syndrome

chain or pattern of psychological events

se the term stressor to denote any factor that produces stress and disturbs the body's equilibrium (WHOLE)

Front 177

Local Adaptation Syndrom (LAS)

Back 177

one organ or part of the body reacts alone to stressful event

Front 178

Alarm Reaction

Back 178

initial reaction of the body, alerts the body's defenses

Front 179

Shock phase

Back 179

the stressor may be perceived consciously or unconsciously by the person. Stressor stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which turn stimulates the hypothalamus.

Front 180

Stage of Resistance

Back 180

is when the body's adaptation takes place

Front 181

Stage of Exhaustion

Back 181

the adaptation that the body made during the second stage cannot be maintained

Front 182

Transactional Stress Theory

Back 182

encompasses a set of cognitive, affective, and adaptive (coping) responses tat arise out of person-environment transactions

Front 183

Anxiety

Back 183

a state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, dread, or foreboding or a feeling of helplessness related to an impending or anticipated unidentifiable threat to self or significant relationships

Front 184

Fear

Back 184

an emotion or feeling of apprehension aroused by the impending or seeming danger, pain or another perceived threat.

Front 185

Anger

Back 185

an emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity or strong displeasure

Front 186

Depression

Back 186

an extreme feeling of sadness, despair, dejection, lack of worth, or emptiness

Front 187

Ego Defense Mechanism

Back 187

unconscious physiological adaptive mechanisms or mental mechanisms that develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and calm inner tension

Front 188

Coping

Back 188

described as dealign with change-successfully or unsuccessfully

Front 189

Coping strategy (coping mechanism)

Back 189

a natural or learned way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem or situation

Front 190

Caregiver Burden

Back 190

long-term stress seen in family members who undertake the care of a person in the home for a long period

Front 191

Crisis Intervention

Back 191

a short-term helping process of assisting clients to

A) work through a crisis to its resolution

B) resort their pre crisis level of functioning

Front 192

Infection

Back 192

an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their growth there

Front 193

Burnout

Back 193

Complex syndrome of behaviors that can be likened to exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome

Front 194

resident flora

Back 194

collective vegetation in a given ara in one part of the body, yet produce infection in another

Front 195

Disease

Back 195

detectable alteration in normal tissue fucntion

Front 196

Virulence

Back 196

ability to produce disease

Front 197

Pathogenicity

Back 197

ability to produce disease, thus a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease

Front 198

Opportunistic Pathogen

Back 198

cause diseases only in a susceptible individual

Front 199

Sterile

Back 199

freedom from disease-causing microorganisms

Front 200

Medical Asespsis

Back 200

includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms

Front 201

Clean

Back 201

absence of almost all microorganisms

Front 202

Dirty

Back 202

soiled, contaminated

Front 203

Surgical Asepsis

Back 203

sterile technique, refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all organisms

Front 204

Sepsis

Back 204

the state of infection and can take many forms, including septic shock

Front 205

Bacteria

Back 205

are the far most common infection-causing microorganisms

Front 206

Viruses

Back 206

Contains primarily nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce

Front 207

Fungi

Back 207

includes yeast and molds

Front 208

Parasites

Back 208

lives on other organisms

Front 209

Colonization

Back 209

process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora.

Front 210

Local Infection

Back 210

limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain

Front 211

Systemic Infection

Back 211

infections where microorganism spread and damage different part of the body

Front 212

Bactermia

Back 212

culture of the person's blood reveals microorganisms

Front 213

Septicemia

Back 213

bacteria results in systemic infection

Front 214

Acute Infections

Back 214

generally appear suddenly and last a short time

Front 215

Chronic Infections

Back 215

may occur slowly, over a very long period and may last months or years

Front 216

Nosocomial Infection

Back 216

classified infections that originate in the hospital

Front 217

Health care-associated infections (HAIs)

Back 217

subgroup of Nosocomial infections; those that originate in any health care setting

Front 218

Endogenous

Back 218

infection that originates from the clients themselves

Front 219

Exogenous

Back 219

infection from the hospital environment

Front 220

Latrogenic Infections

Back 220

direct results of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

Front 221

Reservoirs

Back 221

source of mircroogranisms

Front 222

Carrier

Back 222

person or animal reservoir or a specific infectious agents that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease

Front 223

Direct Transmission

Back 223

involves immediate and indirect transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, biting, kissing or sexual intercourse

Front 224

Indirect Transmission

Back 224

either vehicle-borne or vector-borne

Front 225

Vehicle-borne transmission

Back 225

vehicle is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce and infectious agent not a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry

Ex. Blood, utensils, toys, soiled clothes

Front 226

Vector-Borne Transmission

Back 226

Vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infections agent.

Biting, depositing feces

Front 227

Airborne Transmission

Back 227

airborne transmission may involve droplets or dust

Front 228

Droplet Nuclei

Back 228

the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis can remain in the air for long periods

Front 229

Compromised Host

Back 229

a person at increased risk, an individual who from one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection

Front 230

Nonspecific Defences

Back 230

protect the person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

Front 231

Specific (Immune) defenses

Back 231

directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, pr other infectious agents

Front 232

Inflammation

Back 232

local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent

5 signs:

1. pain

2. Swelling

3. Redness

4. Heat

5. Impaired function of the part

Front 233

Leukocytes

Back 233

white blood cell that leak into interstitial spaces and cause swelling

Front 234

Leukocytosis

Back 234

boen marrow produces large numbers of leukocytes and releases them into the bloodstream

Front 235

Exudate

Back 235

produced, consisting of fluid that escaped from the blood vessels, dead phagocytic cells and dead tissue cells and products that they release

Front 236

Regeneration

Back 236

the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function

Front 237

Granulation Tissues

Back 237

early state of damaged tissues that are replaced wit the connective tissue elects of collagen, blood capillaries, lymphatic and other tissue-bound substances

Front 238

Antigen

Back 238

substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness (immunity)

Front 239

Autoantigen

Back 239

proteins originate in a person's own body

Front 240

Humoral (or circulating ) immunity

Back 240

antibody-mediated defenses

defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

Front 241

Antibodies

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immunoglobulines

are part of the body's plasma proteins

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Active Immunity

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the host produces antibodies in reposne to natural antigens or artificial antigens

Front 243

Passive ( or acquired) immunity

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the shot receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source

Front 244

Cell-meditated defenses

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Also called Cellular Immunity

occurred through the T-cell system

on exposure to an antigen the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into the lymph system

Front 245

Cultures

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laboratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium

Front 246

Antiseptics

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agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms

Front 247

Disinfectants

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agents that destroy pathogens other than spores

Front 248

Steralization

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process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses

Front 249

Bloodborne Pathogens

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organisms that live in blood

Front 250

Standard Precautions (SP)

Back 250

tier 1 of isolation guidelines

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Universal Precautions

Back 251

early terms that reflects their applicability in all client care situations

Front 252

Respiratory Hygiene/ Cough Etiquette

Back 252

calls for covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, proper disposal of tissues and separating potential infected person from there by at least 1 m or having them wear a surgical mask

Front 253

Isolation

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refers to measure designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors

Front 254

Airborne Precautions

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used for clients known to have or suspected of having serious illness transmitted airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns

Front 255

Dropelet Precautions

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used for clients known or suspected to have serious illnesses transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns

Front 256

Contact Precautions

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used for clients known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contract with items in the clients environment

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Sterile Field

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a microorganism-free area

Front 258

Occupational Exposure

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Defined as skin, eye, mucous membrane or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that my result from the performance of an employee's duties

Front 259

Scald

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burn from a hot liquid or vapor, such as steam

Front 260

Burn

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results from excessive exposure to thermal, chemical, electric, or radioactive agents

Front 261

Safety Monitoring Devices

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available to detect when clients are attempting to move or get out of bed

Front 262

Seizure

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a single temporary event that consists of an uncontrolled electrical neuronal discharge of the brain resulting in an interpretation of normal brain function

Front 263

Seizure Precautions

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safety measures taken by the nurse to protect clients from injury should have a seizure

Front 264

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that is very toxix

Front 265

Asphyxiation

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lack of oxygen due to interrupted breathing

Front 266

Heimlich Maneuver

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Abdominal thrust which can dislodge the foreign object and reestablish an airway

Front 267

Electric Shock

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occurs when a current trails through the body to the ground rather than through electric wiring or from static electricity that builds up in one's body

Front 268

Restraints

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protective devices used to limit the physical activity of the client or a part of the body

Front 269

Physical Restraints

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are any manual method or physical pr mechanical device, material, or equipment attached to the client's body

Front 270

Chemical Restraints

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medications such as anxiolytics and neuroleptic and psychotropic agents

Front 271

Hygiene

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self-care by which people attend to such functions as bathing, toiling, general body hygiene and grooming

Front 272

Sebum

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oily substance excreted

Front 273

Bactericidal

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bacteria-killing action

Front 274

Sudoiferous (sweat) glands

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are on all odd surfaces except the lips and parts of the genitals

Front 275

Apocrine Glands

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located largely in the axillae and anogential areas begin to function at puberty under the influence of androgens

Front 276

Eccrine Glands

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glands that are odorless, but when decomposed or acted on by bacteria they take on a musky unpleasant odor

Front 277

Cleansing Bath

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given primarily for hygiene purposes

Front 278

Complete Bed Bath

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nurse washes entire bodyS

Front 279

Self-help bed bath

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The client does most of bath with the nurse helping by washing back and possibly feet

Front 280

Partial Bath (abbreviated bath)

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only washing certain parts of the body

Front 281

Bag Bath

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commercially sold bath product that comes with 10-12 disposable bath washes to do bed bath

Front 282

Towel Bath

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bath that uses regular towels and for bedridden or dementia clients and keeps them covered in bath blanket and slowly move to large towel

Front 283

Tub Bath

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wash client in a bath tub because easier to rince

Front 284

Shower

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ambulatory clients are able to use shower facilities and require only minimal assitane from the nurse T

Front 285

Therapeutic Baths

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given for physical effects, such as to soothe irritated skin or to treat an area

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Callus

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thickened portion of epidermis , a mass of keratotic material

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Corn

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keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a shoe

Front 288

Plantar Warts

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appear on the sole of the foot and are causes by virus paovavirus hominis

Front 289

Fissures

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deep grooves frequently occur between the toes as a result of dryness and cracking of the skinI

Front 290

Ingrown Toenails

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growing inward of the nail into the soft rise around itt

Front 291

Tinea Pedis

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ringworm of the foot, athletes foot, and is scaling and cracking of the skin, particularly between the toes

Front 292

Gingiva

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swelling of the gum

Front 293

Periodontal Disease

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gum disease

Front 294

Dental Caries

Back 294

Cavities

Front 295

Plaque

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invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of the teeth

Front 296

Tartar

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visible, hard deposit or plaque and dead bacteria that forms on the gum lines

Front 297

Gingivitis

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red, swollen gingiva, bleeding, receding gum lines and the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums

Front 298

Pyorrhea

Back 298

Peridontal Disease

Front 299

Xerostomia

Back 299

occurs when the supply of saliva is reduced

Front 300

Alopecia

Back 300

hair loss

Front 301

Dandruff

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appears a diffuse scaling of scalp

Front 302

ticks

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transmits several diseases to people in particular Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Front 303

Pediculosis

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infestation of lice

Front 304

Scabies

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contagious skin infestation by the itch mite

Front 305

Hirsutism

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growth of excessive body hair

Front 306

Cerumen

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earwax

Front 307

Behind-the-ear (BTE) open fit

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newest hearing aids, no ear mold and is barely visible

Front 308

Behind-the-ear (BTE) with earmold

Back 308

widely used and it fits snugly behind ear

Front 309

In-the-ear (ITE) aid

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one piece aid, more visible, but more room for volume control

Front 310

In-The-Control (ITC) aid

Back 310

compact and barely visible, doesn't interfere with phone of glasses

Front 311

Completely-in-the-canal (CIC) aid

Back 311

custom fit to individual

Front 312

Eyeglasses Aid

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some components housed in temple of eyeglasses

Front 313

Body Hearing Aid

Back 313

pocket-sized aid and used for more severe cases

Front 314

Activity-Exercise Pattern

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refers to a person's routine of exercise, activity, leisure and recreation

Front 315

Mobility

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the ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically and purposefully in the environment, is an essential part of living.

Front 316

Line of gravity

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an imaginary vertical line drawn through the body's center of gravity

Front 317

Center of Gravity

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the point at which all of the body's mass os centered

Front 318

Base of Support

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the foundation on which the body rests

Front 319

Range of Motion (ROM)

Back 319

the maximum movement that is possible for that joint

Front 320

Proprioception

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used to describe awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium and the knowledge of position, weight, and resistance or objects in relation to the body

Front 321

Physical activity

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bodily movement that enhances health

Front 322

Exercise

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type of physical activity defined as a planned structured and repetitive bodily movement performed to improve health and maintain fitness to achieve an optimal state of health

Front 323

Functional Strength

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is another goal of exercise and is defined as the ability of the body to perform work

Front 324

Activity Tolerance

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Type and amount of exercise or daily living activities an individual is able to perform without experiencing adverse effect

Front 325

Isotonic (dynamic) exercises

Back 325

those in which the muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement

Front 326

Isometric (static or setting) exercises

Back 326

those in which there is muscle contraction without moving the joint (muscle length doesn't change)

Front 327

Isokinetic (resisteive) exercises

Back 327

involve muscle contraction or tension against resistance

Front 328

Aerobic Exercise

Back 328

activity during which the amount of oxygen taken into the body is greater than that used to perform the activity

Front 329

Anaerobic Exercise

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involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic pathways are used to proved additional energy for a short time

Front 330

Hypertrophy

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enlarge and the efficiency of muscular contraction increases

Front 331

Relaxation Response (RR)

Back 331

exercise is beneficial for counteracting some of the harmful effects of stress on the body and mind

Front 332

Osteoporosis

Back 332

condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile due to calcium depletion

Front 333

Individualized Exercise Prescriptions

Back 333

tailor exercise mode and does and address these varying states with each person will ensure greater adherence to an exercise program

Front 334

Bed Rest

Back 334

varies in meaning to some extent, in some agents

Can be "complete" bed rest and others allow use of bathroom

Front 335

Paralyzed

Back 335

paresis

Front 336

Spastic

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too much muscle tone

Front 337

Flaccid

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without muscle tone

Front 338

Atrophy

Back 338

decreases in size

Front 339

Contracture

Back 339

permanent shortening of the muscle

Front 340

Foot drop

Back 340

joint deformities

Front 341

Valsalva Maneuver

Back 341

refers to holding the breath and straining against a closed glottis

Front 342

Orthostatic Hypotension

Back 342

is a common result of immobilization

Front 343

Thrombophelebitis

Back 343

a clot that is loosely attached to an inflamed vein well

Front 344

Thrombus

Back 344

clot and is dangerous if breaks loose

Front 345

Embolus

Back 345

an object that has moved from its place of origin, causing obstruction to circulation elsewhere

Front 346

Vital Capactiy

Back 346

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled ager a maximum inhalation

Front 347

Metabolism

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Refers to the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living is formed and maintained and by which energy is made available for use by the body

Front 348

Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 348

the minimal energy expended for the maintenance of these processes, expressed in calories per hour per square meter of body surface

Front 349

Anabolism

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protein synthesis

Front 350

Catabolism

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protein breakdown

Front 351

Anorexia

Back 351

loss of appetite, decreased metabolic rate and increase catabolism

Front 352

Urinary stasis

Back 352

stoppage or slowdown of flow

Front 353

Calculi

Back 353

stones

Front 354

Urinary Retention

Back 354

accumulation of urine in the bladder

Front 355

urinary incontinence

Back 355

involuntary urination

Front 356

Urinary Reflux

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Backward flow

Front 357

Pace

Back 357

the number of steps take per minute

Front 358

Crepitation

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palpable or audible crackling or grating sensation produced by joint motion and frequently experienced in joints that have suffered repeated trauma over time

Front 359

Lifting Max Weight

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35 Pounds

Front 360

Fowler's Position

Back 360

semi-sitting position; bed position which the head and trunk are raised to 45 to 60 degree relative to bed

Front 361

Semi-Fowler's Position

Back 361

when the head and trunk are raised 15 to 45 degrees (30 degrees typically)

Front 362

High-Fowler's Position

Back 362

the head and trunk are raised 60-90 degrees, are sitting at right angle

Front 363

Orthopneic Position

Back 363

client sits either in bed or on the side of the bed with an overbid table across the lap; facilitates respiration

Front 364

Dorsal Recumbent Position

Back 364

(back-laying), clients head and shoulder are slightly elevated with small pillow

Suspine or dorsal posit the head and shoulders not elevate

Front 365

Prone Position

Back 365

the client lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side, helps prevent flexion contractors of the hips and knees thereby contracting problems form other bed positions

Front 366

Lateral Position

Back 366

Side-laying, client lies on one side of the body, flex top him and knee and place legs in front of body

Front 367

Sim's Position

Back 367

semiprone, clients assumes a posture halfway between lateral and the prone/ Lower arm positioned behind client and upper flexed at the shoulder and elbow, upper leg flexed at him and knee more than lower

Front 368

Active ROM exercise

Back 368

isotonic exercises in which the client moves each joint i the body through its complete range of movement, maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over the joint.

Front 369

Passive ROM exercises

Back 369

another person moves each of the client's joints through its complete range of movement maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over each joint

Front 370

Ambulation

Back 370

act of walking

Front 371

Tripod (triangle) position

Back 371

proper standing position with crutches when they are placed about 15 cm (6 in) in front of the feet and out laterally about 6 )in) creating a wide base of support