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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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Any thing that occupies space and has mass. E.g. air, mountain, ocean, microorganism, animals,
plants etc. composed of atoms. |
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Atoms
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-simplest form of matter
– not divisible into simpler substances – composed of sub atomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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electrons
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subatomic particle, negative charge.located in orbital or electron cloud.
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proton
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positive charge, a subatomic particle. location nucleus.
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neutron
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no charge/ neutral charge, subatomic particle. located in nucleus.
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elements
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–pure substances that are made of single type of atom
–with a characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and electrons and –predictable chemical behaviors –more than 100 types of elements – are arranged in columns and rows based on their chemical properties |
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atomic number
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number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom |
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mass number
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number of protons and
neutrons in an atom |
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orbital
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volumes of space
surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found |
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isotopes
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– variant forms of
an element –Same number of protons and electrons –Differ in number of neutrons –Same chemical properties ( same electrons ) 7 •E.g carbon 12, 13, 14 |
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Shell:
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location of individual pair of
electrons with varying energy. |
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–Several shells
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with varying energy
levels are found in an orbital |
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Valence electrons:
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Electrons that are found in
the last shell . Electrons found in the outer most shell participate in the bond formation • These electrons are referred to as valence shell electrons – 3 types: covalent, ionic, and hydrogenof the orbital |
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periodic table
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Important elements found in cells
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molecular/ formula weight
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sum of atomic masses of the
atoms found in a compound or a molecule – E.g. H2O = 18, CO2 = 44, O2 = 32 |
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molecule
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distinct chemical substance that results
from the combination of two or more atoms of the same element – E.g. O2, N2, O3 |
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organic compound
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large
compounds that have carbon and hydrogen. In addition has O, P, N: • fatty acids, sugars, etc |
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inorganic compound
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substances that have small and
simple • O N O H O CO 9 O2, N2, O3, H2O, CO2 |
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chemical bond
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when 2 or more atoms share, donate or accept
electrons to form molecules and compounds |
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ionic bond
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compounds formed as a
result of electrons are transferred completely • from one atom forming positively charged cations and • To another atom forming negatively charged anions • NaCl • Form crystals |
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polar covalent bond
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unequal sharing ex, H2O
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nonpolar covalent bond
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equal sharing ex O2
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covalent bond
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are formed as a
result of • electrons shared among atoms |
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hydrogen bond
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weak bonds
• Formed between molecules • Involving hydrogen and other atom. |
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oxidation
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the loss of electrons
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reduction
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the gaining of electrons
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solution
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a homogenous mixture of, solutes, solvents
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solute
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one or more substances
dispersed •Gas, liquid or solid |
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solvent
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in a dissolving medium
•liquid •Cannot separate solute and solvent by simple methods such as filtration |
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concentration
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amount of solute
present in a solvent •Expressed as percentage ( weight /volume) •molarity ( moles/lt) |
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aqueous solution
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water base solutions
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hydrophilic
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molecules – dissolve in water
• Sugar or salt in water |
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hydrophobic
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molecules – repel water
• Oil and water |
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amphiphathic
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molecules -have both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic properties • Phospholipids , amino acids |
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acid
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have Hydrogen ion concentration highAcidic : 0-6
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base
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have hydroxyl ion concentration highBasic: 8-14
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neutral
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have hydrogen ion concentration equal to
hydroxyl ion concentration. 7 |
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pH
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–expresses concentration of
H+ ions –pH is the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+ ions. –ranges from 0 to 14, expresses the |
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Reactants
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molecules entering a chemical reaction. C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O
Reactants products |
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products
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molecules formed after a chemical reaction. C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O
Reactants products |
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synthesis
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two or more molecules come together to
form a new molecule – 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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decomposition
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A large molecule is broken down to form
two or more smaller molecules – C6H12O6 |
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exchange reaction
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two or more molecules exchanges
to from new molecules 22 – NaOH + HCl |
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neutralization reaction
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It is generating water and neutral bi-products
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functional groups
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Carbon has the ability to bind
to molecular groups – Referred to as functional groups – Giving the carbon compound unique properties – Gives the carbon compound a unique property 25 – Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, ester, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carbonyl (ketone and aldehyde) |
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biochemistry
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study of organic molecules that are
produced by living cells. Four major types, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids/ |
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polymerization
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where subunits( repeating unit), called monomers are bound into
• chains called polymers |
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lipids(fat)
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triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids. • Long or complex, C - H chains
• Hydrophobic ( do not dissolve in water but dissolve in organic solvent) • Functional groups: carboxyl and methyl • formed by dehydration synthesis reaction • Three major types – Triglycerides, phospholipids in membranes, steroids like cholesterol 29 • Functions – triglycerides – energy storage – phospholipid – major cell membrane component – steroids – cell membrane component |
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phospholipids
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Made of glycerol, two
fatty acids and phosphate group • Fatty acids and phosphate group are linked to glycerol by – Ester bond • Form physical barrier in the membranes • Found in membranes |
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triglyceride
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Simple lipids
• Glycerol bound to three fatty acids • Bound by ester bond • Fatty acids vary in size from 4-24 carbon chain • Solid: saturated fats ( butter) 30 • Liquid: unsaturated fats ( oils) • Store energy |
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steroid
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Build from cholesterol
• Found in membranes • OH functional group – Testosterone, estrogen |
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carbohydrate
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monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides.general formula (CH2O)n – Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl ( ketone and aldehyde) – Soluble in water • In sugars that have more than one Monomer, – They undergo dehydration synthesis – linked by glycosidic bonds • Functions – structural support, nutrient and energy storage |
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mono
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single unit or monomer with 3-7carbons each
(glucose, fructose, galactose) |
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di
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two units ( lactose, sucrose, maltose)
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polysaccharide
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more than two units (starch, cellulose,
glycogen) |
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amino acids
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There are 20 different types of
amino acids. Protein. |
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proteins
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They form polymer called as polypeptide
• Bond is called peptide bond • The chemical reaction is dehydration synthesis • Polypeptide fold into very specific 3-D shapes • Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Functions - support, enzymes, transport, defense, movement • Monomer: amino acids • There are 20 different types of amino acids • Have common functional groups :amino group and carboxyl group • The R group is different |
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primary structure.
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is a polypeptide chain consisting of
– several amino acids bound by peptide bonds |
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secondary structure
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occurs when the amino acid
chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats. |
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tertiary structure
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occurs
– when the helix folds irregularly, – forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain. |
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quaternary structure of protein
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consists of
– two or more polypeptides. |
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DNA
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Polymer of nucleotides.The monomer nucleotides are bound by phosphodiester
bond – The back bone is made of phosphate and pentose sugar.deoxyribonucleic acid – nitrogenous bases: A,T,C,G – Sugar : deoxyribose – # of strands : 2 forming double helix • A base pairs with T by two hydrogen bonds • C base pairs with G by three hydrogen bonds – function - hereditary material |
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RNA
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Polymer of nucleotides.The monomer nucleotides are bound by phosphodiester
bond – The back bone is made of phosphate and pentose sugar.ribonucleic acid – Nitrogenous bases: A,U,C,G – Sugar: ribose – # of strand: 1 – Three types of RNA • mRNA: carries message for future protein • tRNA: transports amino acid to the site of protein synthesis and • rRNA: part of ribosome where protein synthesis takes place – function – participate in protein synthesis |
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nucleotide
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Monomer (Nucleic Acids)
– Pentose sugar, phosphate and nitrogeous base |
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nitrogenous base
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Purine: Adenine and Guanine
– Pyrimidine: Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil |
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ATP
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The Energy Molecule of Cells
• Adenosine triphosphate – nucleotide - adenine, ribose, three phosphates • Function –energy source ( usage and transfer) |
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ion
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is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge
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Redox Reactions
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Chemicals may participate in a transfer of electrons, called an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, between pairs of atoms or molecules. Oxidation is a reaction in which electrons are released, and reduction is a reaction in which these same electrons are received. Any atom or molecule that donates electrons to another atom or molecule is a reducing agent, and one that picks up electrons is an oxidizing agent.
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