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68 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Matter
Any thing that occupies space and has mass. E.g. air, mountain, ocean, microorganism, animals,
plants etc. composed of atoms.
Atoms
-simplest form of matter
– not divisible into simpler substances
– composed of sub atomic particles protons, neutrons,
and electrons
electrons
subatomic particle, negative charge.located in orbital or electron cloud.
proton
positive charge, a subatomic particle. location nucleus.
neutron
no charge/ neutral charge, subatomic particle. located in nucleus.
elements
–pure substances that are made of single type of atom
–with a characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons and
–predictable chemical behaviors
–more than 100 types of elements
– are arranged in columns and rows based on their
chemical properties
atomic number
number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom
mass number
number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
orbital
volumes of space
surrounding the atomic nucleus where
electrons are likely to be found
isotopes
– variant forms of
an element
–Same number of protons
and electrons
–Differ in number of neutrons
–Same chemical properties (
same electrons )
7
•E.g carbon 12, 13, 14
Shell:
location of individual pair of
electrons with varying energy.
–Several shells
with varying energy
levels are found in an orbital
Valence electrons:
Electrons that are found in
the last shell . Electrons found in the outer most shell participate in the bond
formation
• These electrons are referred to as valence shell electrons
– 3 types: covalent, ionic, and hydrogenof the orbital
periodic table
Important elements found in cells
molecular/ formula weight
sum of atomic masses of the
atoms found in a compound or a
molecule
– E.g. H2O = 18, CO2 = 44, O2 = 32
molecule
distinct chemical substance that results
from the combination of two or more atoms of the same
element
– E.g. O2, N2, O3
organic compound
large
compounds that have carbon and
hydrogen. In addition has O, P,
N:
• fatty acids, sugars, etc
inorganic compound
substances that have small and
simple
• O N O H O CO
9
O2, N2, O3, H2O, CO2
chemical bond
when 2 or more atoms share, donate or accept
electrons to form molecules and compounds
ionic bond
compounds formed as a
result of electrons are transferred
completely
• from one atom forming positively
charged cations and
• To another atom forming negatively
charged anions
• NaCl
• Form crystals
polar covalent bond
unequal sharing ex, H2O
nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing ex O2
covalent bond
are formed as a
result of
• electrons shared among atoms
hydrogen bond
weak bonds
• Formed between molecules
• Involving hydrogen and other atom.
oxidation
the loss of electrons
reduction
the gaining of electrons
solution
a homogenous mixture of, solutes, solvents
solute
one or more substances
dispersed
•Gas, liquid or solid
solvent
in a dissolving medium
•liquid
•Cannot separate solute and solvent by
simple methods such as filtration
concentration
amount of solute
present in a solvent
•Expressed as percentage ( weight
/volume)
•molarity ( moles/lt)
aqueous solution
water base solutions
hydrophilic
molecules – dissolve in water
• Sugar or salt in water
hydrophobic
molecules – repel water
• Oil and water
amphiphathic
molecules -have both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic properties
• Phospholipids , amino acids
acid
have Hydrogen ion concentration highAcidic : 0-6
base
have hydroxyl ion concentration highBasic: 8-14
neutral
have hydrogen ion concentration equal to
hydroxyl ion concentration. 7
pH
–expresses concentration of
H+ ions
–pH is the negative
logarithm of the
concentration of H+ ions.
–ranges from 0 to 14,
expresses the
Reactants
molecules entering a chemical reaction. C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O
Reactants products
products
molecules formed after a chemical reaction. C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O
Reactants products
synthesis
two or more molecules come together to
form a new molecule
– 6CO2 + 6H2O
decomposition
A large molecule is broken down to form
two or more smaller molecules
– C6H12O6
exchange reaction
two or more molecules exchanges
to from new molecules
22
– NaOH + HCl
neutralization reaction
It is generating water and neutral bi-products
functional groups
Carbon has the ability to bind
to molecular groups
– Referred to as functional
groups
– Giving the carbon compound
unique properties
– Gives the carbon compound a
unique property
25
– Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino,
ester, sulfhydryl, phosphate,
carbonyl (ketone and
aldehyde)
biochemistry
study of organic molecules that are
produced by living cells. Four major types, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids/
polymerization
where subunits( repeating unit), called monomers are bound into
• chains called polymers
lipids(fat)
triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids. • Long or complex, C - H chains
• Hydrophobic ( do not dissolve in water but dissolve in
organic solvent)
• Functional groups: carboxyl and methyl
• formed by dehydration synthesis reaction
• Three major types
– Triglycerides, phospholipids in membranes, steroids
like cholesterol
29
• Functions
– triglycerides – energy storage
– phospholipid – major cell membrane component
– steroids – cell membrane component
phospholipids
Made of glycerol, two
fatty acids and
phosphate group
• Fatty acids and
phosphate group are
linked to glycerol by
– Ester bond
• Form physical barrier in
the membranes
• Found in membranes
triglyceride
Simple lipids
• Glycerol bound to three
fatty acids
• Bound by ester bond
• Fatty acids vary in size
from 4-24 carbon chain
• Solid: saturated fats (
butter)
30
• Liquid: unsaturated fats
( oils)
• Store energy
steroid
Build from cholesterol
• Found in membranes
• OH functional group
– Testosterone, estrogen
carbohydrate
monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides.general formula (CH2O)n
– Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl ( ketone and
aldehyde)
– Soluble in water
• In sugars that have more than one Monomer,
– They undergo dehydration synthesis
– linked by glycosidic bonds
• Functions – structural support, nutrient and energy storage
mono
single unit or monomer with 3-7carbons each
(glucose, fructose, galactose)
di
two units ( lactose, sucrose, maltose)
polysaccharide
more than two units (starch, cellulose,
glycogen)
amino acids
There are 20 different types of
amino acids. Protein.
proteins
They form polymer called as polypeptide
• Bond is called peptide bond
• The chemical reaction is dehydration synthesis
• Polypeptide fold into very specific 3-D shapes
• Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Functions - support, enzymes,
transport, defense, movement
• Monomer: amino acids
• There are 20 different types of
amino acids
• Have common functional groups
:amino group and carboxyl group
• The R group is different
primary structure.
is a polypeptide chain consisting of
– several amino acids bound by peptide bonds
secondary structure
occurs when the amino acid
chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats.
tertiary structure
occurs
– when the helix folds irregularly,
– forming disulfide bonds,
hydrogen bonds, and ionic
bonds between amino acids in
the chain.
quaternary structure of protein
consists of
– two or more polypeptides.
DNA
Polymer of nucleotides.The monomer nucleotides are bound by phosphodiester
bond
– The back bone is made of phosphate and pentose sugar.deoxyribonucleic acid
– nitrogenous bases: A,T,C,G
– Sugar : deoxyribose
– # of strands : 2 forming double helix
• A base pairs with T by two hydrogen bonds
• C base pairs with G by three hydrogen bonds
– function - hereditary material
RNA
Polymer of nucleotides.The monomer nucleotides are bound by phosphodiester
bond
– The back bone is made of phosphate and pentose sugar.ribonucleic acid
– Nitrogenous bases: A,U,C,G
– Sugar: ribose
– # of strand: 1
– Three types of RNA
• mRNA: carries message for future
protein
• tRNA: transports amino acid to the
site of protein synthesis and
• rRNA: part of ribosome where

protein synthesis takes place
– function – participate in protein
synthesis
nucleotide
Monomer (Nucleic Acids)
– Pentose sugar, phosphate and nitrogeous base
nitrogenous base
Purine: Adenine and Guanine
– Pyrimidine: Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil
ATP
The Energy Molecule of Cells
• Adenosine triphosphate
– nucleotide - adenine, ribose, three phosphates
• Function –energy source ( usage and
transfer)
ion
is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge
Redox Reactions
Chemicals may participate in a transfer of electrons, called an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, between pairs of atoms or molecules. Oxidation is a reaction in which electrons are released, and reduction is a reaction in which these same electrons are received. Any atom or molecule that donates electrons to another atom or molecule is a reducing agent, and one that picks up electrons is an oxidizing agent.