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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Essential Fatty Acids
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Linoleic
Linolenic Arachidonic |
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Which molecules make up triglyceride?
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glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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How much cholesterol does our body synthesize?
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1000-1500 mg per day
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What are some functions of cholesterol?
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Nerve coatings, precursor for Vitamin D, bile salt formation, cell membrane integrity
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Fatty acids are different primarily because of 2 factors:
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Chain length and Degree of saturation
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How are the properties of fats affected by the differences in fatty acids?
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Saturated Fats- chain length increases, melting point increases
Unsaturated- as double bonds increase, melting point decreases |
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
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Molecule is completely surrounded or saturated with hydrogen
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What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
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Molecule has gaps and double bonds in certain regions of the fat
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Animal fats are _____ at room temperature.
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Solid
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Vegetable fats are _____ at room temperature.
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Liquid
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The conversion of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid is termed _____.
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Hydrogenation
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5 functions that dietary fat are involved in
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Energy
essential fatty acids source of fat soluble vitamins protection palatability |
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4 types of lipoprotein found in the body
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Chylomicron
VLDL (very low density) LDL (low density) HDL (high density) |
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Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting fat from the intestine to liver?
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Chylomicron via lymphatic system
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Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting fat to the cells?
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VLDL, LDL, and HDL
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Which lipoprotein is thought to protect you from cholesterol damage and atherosclerosis?
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HDL
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What is the term used to describe "visible hardened fat deposits"?
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Cellulite
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Name the tissue where fat is deposited and how many Kcal's of energy there are per pound of this tissue.
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Adipose Tissue
3500 kcal |
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How does ketosis result?
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Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids resulting in production of ketone bodies
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The 3 states of ketosis are:
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Untreated diabetes, low carb diet, fasting
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Name 3 ketone bodies produced during ketosis.
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Acetoacetic acid
Betahydroxy butyric acid acetone |
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Which ketone body is found in the breadth?
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Acetone
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Plaque formation is the pathological characteristic for what disease?
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Atherosclerosis/ Coronary Heart Disease
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What results when an artery is clogged to the heart? Brain? Limb? Blood Vessel?
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Heart attack
Stroke Gangrene Aneurysm |
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What 3 risk factors did the Framingham study show concerning coronary heart disease?
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Smoking
Cholesterol High BP |
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The level of cholesterol above which the risk of coronary heart disease increases is _____
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200 mg
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List the 4 factors of the "Prudent Diet"
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Reduce caloric intake
Limit dietary cholesterol to 300 mg/day Reduce total fat intake Sub polyunsaturates for saturates |
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Who formed U.S Dietary Goals?
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George McGovern
US senate committee in mid 70s |
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In terms of Kcal's, what was this committees recommendation for the ratio of Kcal's coming from Fat? Proteins? Carbs?
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30%
10% 60% |
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List the organs in the body that aid in digestion and transport
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Mouth, esophogas, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine
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Enzyme in saliva that helps breakdown carbs
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Salivary amylase
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Food swallowed at one time
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Bolus
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Peristalsis
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Two sets of muscles work opposite each other to move food down the esophagus or small intestine
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Muscles that close to keep food contained with the stomach
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Sphincter valves
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The valve at the beginning of the stomach is the ____ while the valve at the end of the stomach is called the _____.
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Cardiac
Pyloric |
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3 muscles that make up the stomach and briefly describe what happens
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Outer - longitudinal
Middle - circular Inner - Diagonal |
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Define the hydrolosis reaction
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Using water to break the bond
Major reaction in digestion |
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What is the function of the glycoprotein that is produced in the stomach and which enzyme is important in the digestion of food in the stomach?
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Glycoprotein protects B12
Pepsin breaks down protein |
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What is the approximate pH of stomach caused by HCL?
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2
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The enzymes responsible for breaking down: carbs? protein? lipid?
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Pancreatic amylase
Proteases Lipases |
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What is secreted into the small intestine to help adjust the pH to neutrality?
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Sodium bicarbonate
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Secreted from the gall bladder, this compound helps to emulsify fat for digestion
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bile
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What are the advantages of the large intestine?
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Thriving population of bacteria help to reduce infectious bacteria
Produce some vitamins colon reabsorbs most of the water and salts |
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Finger-like projections of the small intestine
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Villi
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Advantage of villi?
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Increase surface area of small intestine making it more a efficient process of digesting and utilizing the smaller units of protein, fat, and carbohydrates
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What 2 systems in the body are found in the villi and help to transport nutrients throughout the body?
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Blood and lymphatic
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Free movement of nutrients in and out of the cell
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Diffusion
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Requires a carrier or shuttle to move nutrients across the cell membrane
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Facilitated diffusion
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Pumps nutrients across the cell membrane by using a carrier and energy
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Active transport
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2 systems that regulate digestion, absorption, and transport
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Nervous and endocrine
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Which hormone stops the flow of acid to the stomach?
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Gastrin
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Which hormone signals the pancreas to produce bicarbonate?
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Secretin
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Which hormone is used to signal the gall bladder to secrete bile
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Which hormone slows gastrointestinal tract motility because fat needs more time to digest?
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Gatric-Inhibitory Peptide and CCK
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Vitamin
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Organic compound necessary for growth and maintenance
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What are the different forms that vitamins exist in foods?
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Natural vitamin and its vitamin precursor
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What are the chemicals called that hinder vitamin uptake and utilization?
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Antivitamin/Vitamin antagonist
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What is the difference between primary and secondary deficiency?
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Primary-nutrient lacking in diet
Secondary- unable to utilize |
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what is the difference between natural and synthetic?
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None, a chemical is a chemical
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Precursor to vitmain A
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carotenoids
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2 functions of Vitamin A
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Rhodopsin (Night Vision)
Epithelial Integrity (moisture) |
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What are 2 deficiency diseases for vitamin A?
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Night blindness
Xerophthalmia |
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What concentration is vitamin a toxic
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3 x RDA
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Precursors for vitamin d
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Calciferols and 7-dehydrocholesterol
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Important functions for vitamin d
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Promotes Ca utilization and uptake
Strong bones and teeth |
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Vitamin D deficiency diseases
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Juvi - Rickets
Adults - Osteomalacia |
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What concentration is vitamin d toxic?
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4x RDA
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Precursor for vitamin e
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Tocopherols
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2 functions for vitamin e
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biological antioxidant and blood forming
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2 deficiency diseases for Vitamin E
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Hemolytic anemia
Antisterility factor in rats |
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What concentration is vitamin E toxic?
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None
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Precursor to vitamin K
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Menadione, pseudoprecursor
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Important function of vitamin K
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blood clotting
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What concentration is vitamin k toxic?
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None
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Water soluble vitamins are _____ in a total enzyme system.
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Coenzymes
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What are the other terms in a total enzyme system?
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Apoenzyme - protein
Cofactor - mineral |
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Functions of vitamin c
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Synthesis of collagen - cements cells together
Water soluble antioxidant |
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Vitamin C deficiency
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Scurvy- follicular keratosis, bleeding gums, receding gums, teeth fall out, wounds open
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5 animals that require vitamin c
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Guinea pig
Fruit-eating bat Red-vented bul-bul bird Anthropoid Ape Man |
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What concentration does the body become saturated with vitamin c?
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200 mg/day
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Who was the individual responsible for large does of vit c curing the cold and preventing cancer?
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Dr. Linus Pauling
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What are the functions of Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
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Carbs to energy
Aids in nerve cell function |
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Vitamin B1 Deficiency
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Beriberi - polyneuritis, severe muscle wasting, anorexia, weakness, death, enlarged heart
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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Functions
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As a coenzyme it helps convert carbs and proteins to energy
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Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency
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Ariboflavinosis - magenta tongue, cheilosis, seborrhea, conjunctivitis, lacrimation
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What is the significance of yellow urine?
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Riboflavin is highly pigmented and demonstrated that the body tissues become saturated at high levels producing a very yellow urine
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Niacin functions
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As a coenzyme involved in carb, protein, and fat metabolism
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Niacin Deficiency
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Pellegra
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Symptoms of Pellegra
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3 D's
Dermatitis Diarrhea and Dementia |
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3 M's of Pellegra
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Maize meat and molasses
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What is enrichment?
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addition of one or more nutrients in order to increase consumption of these nutrients
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What 5 nutrients were described by the federal enrichment program?
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Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folate
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Restoration
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Addition of nutrients to a processed food to replace nutrients lost during processing
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Fortification
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Addition of nutrients that may or may not be naturally present in the food in order to increase consumption of those nutrients by general population
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Nutrification
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A general term for the addition of nutrients to food
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Functions of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
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Protein metabolism
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Pyridoxine Deficiency
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No disease just symptoms
Anemia, dermatitis, convulsions |
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Antagonist for pyridoxine
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deoxypyridoxine
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Functions of Pantothenate
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Release energy from carbohydrates, fat metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis
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Pantothenate Deficiency
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not recognized in humans
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Pantothenate Antagonist
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Omega-methyl pantothenate
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Biotin Functions
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Activates enzymes involved in metabolism of CO2
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Biotin deficiency
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Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, pallor, inflammation of tongue, depression, hair loss
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Biotin Antagonist
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Avidin
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Folic Acid Functions
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RBC production
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Folic Acid Deficiency
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Megaloblastic Anemia- malabsorption, anemia, infertility
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Folic Acid Antagonist
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Aminopterin
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Vitamin B12 Functions
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RBC Development
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Vitamin B12 deficiency
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Weakness, sore tongue, anemia
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B12 antagonist
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None
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B12 intrinsic an extrinsic factors
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in- stomach produces
ex- foods |
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Mineral
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Inorganic chemicals necessary in the diet for growth and maintenance
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3 other terms for minerals
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electrolytes, salts, trace nutrients
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Functions of minerals
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building blocks
soft tissue compounds essential to the body body regulations |
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Sodium Functions
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Osmotic pressure
Acid-Base balance Membrane Function |
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Na deficiency can be caused by:
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excessive sweating, vomiting, and urination
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Excessive intake of Na can lead to ____ which causes an increased risk in ______
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Hypertension
Coronary heart disease |
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What is gatorade made of?
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Bottled sweat
water, potassium, sodium, glucose, flavors |
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Potassium functions
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osmotic pressure
acid-base balance |
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potassium deficiency
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muscular weakness, intestinal distention, abnormal heart beat, respiratory failure
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Calcium functions
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Bones and teeth
muscle contraction blood clotting nerve excitability |
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Deficiency signs for calcium
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tetany(hyperexcitable nerves)
bleeding rickets osteoporosis |
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4 Excessive Ca diseases
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kidney stones
gall stones tarter on teeth plaque formation |
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What 2 compounds affect Ca utilization?
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Vitamin D
Oxalic acid/ oxalates |
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Phosphorus functions
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bones and teeth
cellular energy as ATP |
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Phosphorus deficiency
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weak bones
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Iron functions
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A part of the molecules hemoglobin and myoglobin
Carrier oxygen via RBCs |
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Iron Deficiency
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anemia
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What 3 factors affect iron utilization
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vit C promotes Fe utilization by converting Fe3+ to Fe2+, Fe2+ (ferrous) form is better utilized, phytic acid/phytates prevent Fe from being utilized
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Iodine Functions
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part of thyroxine which is found in thyroid
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Iodine deficiency
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Goiter, mental impairment, mental retardation
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Fluorine Functions
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Hardens bones and teeth, prevents tooth decay
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Flourine deficiency
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Dental carries
tooth decay |
