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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The face is derived from what 5 primordia:
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FP = frontal process
MNP = medial nasal process LNP = lateral nasal process MaxP = maxillary process ManP = mandibular process |
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What is FUSION?
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Joining of FREE processes; involves epithelial disintegraion.
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What is MERGING?
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Joining of incompletely separated processes b removing the intervening groove between them.
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Which of the face primordia has already joined prior to face formation?
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Mandibular processes
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What are the lateral/medial nasal processes?
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Elevations that surround the olfactory placodes; caused by growth of the Frontal Process.
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What are the 5 steps in face formation?
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1. MaxP fuses with LNP
2. MAXP merges with FP 3. 2 MNPs merge 4. MAXP fuses with MNP 5. Maxp merges with ManP |
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Where do the MNP and LNP arise from?
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Olfactory placodes on FP
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Where do MaxP and ManP arise from (what arch)?
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Arch 1
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What is dacryostenosis?
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Failure of the nasolacrimal duct to canalize
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What happens to the olfactory placode when the MNP/LNP form?
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It becomes the NASAL PIT floor
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What develops as a result of MaxP fusing with LNP and merging with FP? (steps 1/2)
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The nasolacrimal duct and sac.
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What is dacryostenosis again?
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Failure of canalization of the nasolacrimal duct.
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What happens after MaxP fuses w/ LNP and merges w/ FP? (Step 3) What is the result?
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The 2 MNP's merge to form the Intermaxillary segment
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What 3 things make up the intermaxillary segment?
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1. Middle upper lip (philtrum)
2. Incisor bridge of upper jaw 3. Primary Palate |
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What happens after forming the intermaxillary segment? (Step 4)
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MNP fuses w/ Max P to create the Nasal Fin
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What is the purpose of the nasal fin?
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It separates the nasal pit from the oral cavity.
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What is the last step of face formation?
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MaxP merges with ManP to form the CHEEKS.
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How does the nose develop?
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1. LNP makes the Nose Ala
2. MNP + FP make the bridge, top, and between external nares |
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Define Choanae:
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the openings between the nasal cavity and pharynx
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What direction does the nasal cavity enlarge in?
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Anterior-posterior
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How do the primitive choanae form?
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1. Oronasal membrane stretches
2. Membrane ruptures 3. Forms Primitive Choanae |
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What is Choanal atresia?
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Absence of one or both primitive choanae due to obstruction (usually bone)
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What does bone obstruction to choanae development result in?
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Failure of oronasal membrane to rupture by 38 days.
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What type of situation results in bilateral choanal atresia?
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Emergency! Respiratory distress immediately.
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What is the Ethmoid Bone responsible for?
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Orbital separation and nasal cavity growth.
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What 2 conditions can result from abnormal ethmoid devo?
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1. Hypotelorism
2. Hypertelorism |
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What causes hypotelorism? what is it?
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Small ethmoid - eyes too close
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What causes hypertelorism? What is it?
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Big ethmoid - eyes too wide
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By what week is human facial form achieved?
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Weke 8
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What does elongation and hypertrophy of Arch 1 accomplish?
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-Ears moving superdorsally
-Eyes moving toward midline |
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What is the ratio of cranium:face size in
-Newborn -Adult |
Newbie = 8:1
Acult = 3:1 |
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What do the 1' and 2' palates form together?
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The hard palate
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What causes the formation of the primary palate?
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The merging of the MNP's
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What forms the secondary palate?
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-Palatine processes - of the maxillary and palatine bones.
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What drives the apposition and fusion of the palatine plates?
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Shelf force - directed force that elevates the palatal processes to a horizontal pos.
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What is essential for proper palate fusion?
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Inferior movement of the tongue as the mandibular arch grows ant-posteriorly.
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What cell process allows fusion of the palatine processes?
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Apoptosis
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What is the last part of the palate to develop?
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Soft palate - from mesenchymal proliferation of the caudal 2' palate; LASTLY = uvula
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What causes a Lateral Cleft Lip?
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Failure of 1' and 2' palates to fuse
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What causes a median cleft lip?
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Failure of the MNPs to merge (to form the 1' palate)
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What causes an Oblique Facial Cleft?
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Failure of the MaxP and ManP to merge
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What causes a Cleft Palate?
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Failure of the 2' palate to fuse
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What is the most common type of cleft LIP?
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Lateral (uni or bi)
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What are the common characteristics of lateral cleft lip?
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-Left side
-Boys |
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What are the common qualities of cleft PALATE?
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-Seen w/ Cleft LIP
-Females 2x as often -Specific factors lead to it |
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What 3 morphogenic factors lead to cleft palate?
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1. Abnormal tongue devo (fails to move down during 2' fusion)
2. Cysts - remnants of fusion 3. Impediment of shelf force |
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What can impede the shelf force?
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Glucocorticoids at pharmocologic levels
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What is cleft palate by itself NOT influenced by?
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Race
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What is Cleft lip by itself not influenced by?
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Maternal Age
Parity |
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What are Cleft lip AND palate together not influenced by?
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Nothing
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What are 3 types of First Arch Syndromes?
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1. Mandibulofacial Dysostasis
2. Maxillary hypoplasia 3. Mandibular hypoplasia |
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What is another name for Mandib dysostasis?
What symptoms? |
Treacher Collins Syndrome
-Slanting eye crease -Clefts of arch 1 structures -Deaf, lower lid coloboma |
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What is another name for maxillary hypoplasia?
Symptoms: |
Crouzon
-Hypoplastic midface -Hypertelorism -Coronal suture synostosis -Malocclusion |
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What is another name for mandibular hypoplasia?
Symptoms: |
Pierre Robin Sequence
-Small jaw -Glossoptosis -Difficulty breathing -Cleft palate |
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What is CHARGE association?
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A set of anomalies that are often seen together.
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What does CHARGE stand for?
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-Coloboma of the eye
-Heart Defects -Atresia (of choana) -Retardation -Genital Hypoplasia -Ear anomalies |
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What determines if a patient has charge?
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4/6 anomalies must be present
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What is holoprosencephaly?
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All midline defects of forebrain and face.
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What are 3 associated "faces" assoc w/ holoprosencephaly?
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1. Cyclopia (maybe proboscis)
2. Ethmocephaly (Hypotelorism+) 3. Cebocephaly (Hypotelorism + single nostril + proboscis) |
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What is the mildest form of holoprosencephaly?
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Single maxillary incisor
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What 4 factors are associated with holoprosencephaly?
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1. Toluene inhalation
2. Maternal diabetes 3. Fetal alcohol syndrome 4. Trisomy conditions |
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What is Apert's syndrome?
Symptoms: |
Towering skull
-Flat midface area -Syndactyly -Cleft palate -Variable intelligence |
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Symptoms of Accutane induced facial dysplasia:
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-First arch defects
-Ear anomalies -Skin problems -Cleft lip and palate |
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What is Lateral Facial Dysplasia?
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Syndrome of the 1st/2nd arches; Affects one side only.
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What are the symptoms of lateral facial dysplasia?
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-Small mouth
-One side of face small -Microtia (small ear) -Hemivertebrae/hypoplastic vert. |
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What is a Proboscis?
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A blind end tube-like structure.
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