Form And Function Test 2

Front 1

catabolic pathways

Back 1

decompose glucose and other organic fuels to yield ATP energy by transferring electrons during chemical reactions

Front 2

oxidation reduction reactions

Back 2

transfer of electrons (redox for short)

Front 3

a molecule that loses electrons is ______

Back 3

oxidized

Front 4

a molecule that gains electrons is ______

Back 4

reduced

Front 5

the electrons in food molecules are transferred to _______ to form NADH

Back 5

NAD+

Front 6

glycolysis

Back 6

oxygen not required. glucose + 2NAD+ >> 2pyruvates; 2NADH and 2 net ATPs

Front 7

in cellular respiration, if oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH will ________

Back 7

enter the mitochondria

Front 8

In cellular respiration, as each crosses the mitochondria membrane,

Back 8

NAD+ is reduced to NADH and 2pyruvates > 2NADH +2 acetyl co A

Front 9

Kreb's Cycle

Back 9

2 acetyl col A molecules will be oxidizes, which reduces 6 NADH+ to 6 NADH and 2FAD+ to FADH2

Front 10

Kreb's cycle/ citric acid cycle results in:

Back 10

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATPs and CO2

Front 11

oxphos two parts:

Back 11

electron transport and chemiosmosis

Front 12

oxphos result

Back 12

10 NADH = 30 ATP and 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP and water

Front 13

final electron acceptor to form H2O

Back 13

O

Front 14

if oxygen is not present....

Back 14

pyruvate cannot enter the mitochondria. then fermentation happens.

Front 15

fermentation=

Back 15

pyruvate is converted into lactic acid or ethanol depending on the organism

Front 16

light reaction=

Back 16

taking light and splitting H2O, which releases oxygen. there are two parts.

Front 17

two parts of light reaction:

Back 17

1. photosystem II (makes ATP)

2. photosystem I (makes NADPH)

Front 18

calvin cycle=

Back 18

6 CO2 are used along with energy from ATP and NADPH from light reaction to make C6H12O6 (glucose)

Front 19

plants that need their stomata open in order to perform photosynthesis, problem with dehydration during hot days

Back 19

C3 Plants (oat, wheat, soy)

Front 20

in C3 plants, _______ enters the Calvn cycle as a 3 carbon sugar

Back 20

carbon dioxide

Front 21

plants that have a better way to store carbon dioxide, do not have to worry about dehydration

Back 21

C4 (sugar cane)

Front 22

plants that store carbon dioxide as molecule CAM. open their stomata only at night and store carbon dioxide as CAM and close their stomata during the day

Back 22

CAM plants (succulents, cacti)

Front 23

molecule oxidized to pyruvate during glycolysis:

Back 23

glucose

Front 24

what molecule enters the krebs cycle?

Back 24

acetyl co A

Front 25

what molecules enter the electron transport chain?

Back 25

10 NADH and 2 FADH

Front 26

what is the function of ATP synthase?

Back 26

to attach phosphate to ADP to form ATP using the energy from the electron transport chain

Front 27

the process by which millions of cells are made every second in an animals body. occurs to increase primary growth in shoots and roots and secondary growth in woody plants.

Back 27

mitosis

Front 28

_____ codes for all the proteins

Back 28

genes

Front 29

______ will condense (be packed tighter) to form chromosomes before the cell divides

Back 29

chromatin DNA

Front 30

before mitosis, all DNA is replicated by ____

Back 30

forming chromatids

Front 31

the two identical chromatids will...

Back 31

join together to form sister chromatids

Front 32

sister chromatids are attached to each other at

Back 32

the centromere

Front 33

humans have 23 pairs of ______

Back 33

homologous chromosomes

Front 34

humans have approximately ________ genes on the 23 pairs of chromosomes

Back 34

20,000

Front 35

I _____ you!

Back 35

love!

-stephen

Front 36

G1 (AKA Gap one/ growth one) is the ______ phase

Back 36

synthesis. DNA replicates

Front 37

G2 (growth or gap two) is when...

Back 37

DNA condenses

Front 38

G1, S, G2 =

Back 38

interphase

Front 39

the cell spends 90% of the time in ______

Back 39

interphase

Front 40

S phase=

Back 40

DNA replicates. S stands for synthesis of new DNA

Front 41

mitosis=

Back 41

cells divide into two daughter cells with identical chromosomes and genes that are genetically identical to the parent cell that divided

Front 42

four phases of mitosis:

Back 42

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 43

prophase=

Back 43

sister chromatids condense and are visible. nucleolus fragments and disappear. spindle of microtubules forms and attaches to the sister chromatids at the centromere

Front 44

the attachment point of the spindle on the sister chromatids is called the....

Back 44

kinetochore

Front 45

sister chromatids line up across the equator of the cell on the metaphase plate

Back 45

metaphase

Front 46

sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes during anaphase (they are no longer sister chromatids) the spindle pulls them towards the poles (each end) of the cell

Back 46

anaphase

Front 47

nucleus and nucleolus reform. the spindle disappears and cytokinesis occurs to form two daughter cells

Back 47

telophase

Front 48

cytokinesis

Back 48

the separation of two cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. in animals a cleavage furrow is formed during cytokinesis but in plant cells a cell plate from vesicles that carry cellulose fusing together. this forms the new cell wall in plants

Front 49

controls that set the timing of the cell cycle , these are proteins that signal the cell when to start the different parts of the cell cycle . they determine how long a cell spends in g1 and g2

Back 49

cyclin

Front 50

caused by a mutation in cell cycle proteins (cyclin)

Back 50

cancer

Front 51

the longest parts of the cell cycle

Back 51

g1 and g2

Front 52

normal looking cells just going through mitosis a little faster than normal cells, noninvasive to other tissues

Back 52

benign tumors

Front 53

cells do not look normal in biopsy. cells are constantly going through mitosis (g1 and g2 phases of cell cycle). these cells are invasive into other tissues and will break off into the lymphatic system or the circulatory system -metastases

Back 53

malignant tumor

Front 54

genes that code for normal growth factors.

Back 54

proto-oncogenes

Front 55

proto-oncogenes that turn on and stay turned on

Back 55

oncogenes

Front 56

four major factors causing cancer

Back 56

viruses, radiation, chemicals, heredity

Front 57

reduction division

Back 57

meiosis

Front 58

diploid cell divides to make 4 haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes in each

Back 58

meiosis

Front 59

pairs of chromosomes in diploid organisms

Back 59

homologous chromosomes

Front 60

because we have pairs of chromosomes, we are ____

Back 60

diploid organisms

Front 61

sex cells

Back 61

gametes

Front 62

process of meiosis

Back 62

diploid cells go thru 2 rounds of cell division and only replicate their chromosomes in the first round

Front 63

unwinds double stranded DNA making replication bubbles

Back 63

helicase

Front 64

binds to DNA and adds nucleosides going from 3 to 5

Back 64

DNA polymerase

Front 65

removes the added tension in the double stranded DNA caused by helices unwinding when it forms replication bubbles

Back 65

topoisomerase

Front 66

connects the lagging strands together, the glue that seals the free ends

Back 66

DNA ligase

Front 67

repeating sequences of TTAGGG form 100-1000 base pairs are found at the ends of DNA strands and act as a buffer preventing damage to the chromosome ends

Back 67

telomeres

Front 68

add the RNA primer for DNA polymerase to bind

Back 68

primase

Front 69

enzyme cuts damaged DNA at 2 pts and the damages section is removed and polymerase repairs it

Back 69

nuclease

Front 70

DNA is packed into these proteins which are bonded together to form nucleosomes

Back 70

histone

Front 71

DNA starts as 2nm in diameter and becomes ______nm chromatids by the time it is done condensing

Back 71

1400

Front 72

heterochromatin is/ is not used during interphase

Back 72

is not

Front 73

chromatin that is loosely arranged and will unwind to form the various required proteins for the cell

Back 73

euchromatin

Front 74

booga

Back 74

wooga