Forestry Exam 2

Front 1

How much forest land in US: acres and %?

Back 1

751 million acres
1/3 of 2 bill.

Front 2

of US forest land: breakdown %'s of :
timberland
Reserved forest land
other forest land

Back 2

68% timberland
10% Reserved forest land
22% other forest land

Front 3

American timberland: east/west ditribution?

Back 3

72% EAST

Front 4

American Reserved Forest Land: east/west distribution?

Back 4

88% WEST

Front 5

"Other" American forest land: east/west distribution?

Back 5

94% WEST

Front 6

US distribution of Hardwood, conifer and mixed forests?

Back 6

Hardwoods: north, north/east
Conifer: Western
Mixed: southern, southeast

Front 7

Trends with US commercial wood

Back 7

-Pacific coast used to sell almost half
(1953-44%), but now the south is in the lead with selling 31%.
-Alomost a TRILLION cubic feet sold/yr now, from 616 billion in 1953.
- least amount sold in the Rockys region, otherwise the rest are just under a third.

Front 8

Commercial wood: hard or soft

Back 8

SOFT...pine timbers for construction (90-95% of wood sold).
* Hardwoods are mainly for veneers.

Front 9

Use of wood sold in US

Back 9

Almost half are Sawlogs.
-one third are pulpwood/composites (higher in WI (65%)& MN(41%))
-9% fuelwood
8% veneer
2% other

Front 10

Timberland stocking distribution: by tree size.
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Seedling/sawtimber

Back 10

Sawtimber- 54% (Increase since 50's)
Poletimber - 25 % (decreased since 50's)
Seedling/sapling- 19% (stayed the same)
Nonstocked - 2% (from 8% in 50's)

Front 11

Timberland: who own it?
National forest
Other public
Private Forest industry
non industrial private

Back 11

The majority of ownership (56%) and the LARGE majority of timber production (91%) is PRIVATE.

ownership:
national forest 20%
other public 24%
Forest industry 18%
Private, non industrial 38%

Front 12

Where are most Federal lands in the US?

Back 12

WEST

Front 13

Trends in private forest ownership: # of owners and parcel size?

Back 13

There are MORE forest owners now (about 10% more), with most of the new ownership owning smaller parcels (1-9 acres).
reasons: supply/demand and split inheritances.

Front 14

WI state tree?

Back 14

sugar maple

Front 15

MN state tree?

Back 15

Red pine

Front 16

WI national forests? (names)

Back 16

Nicolet, Chequamegon

Front 17

MN national forests? (names)

Back 17

Chippewa, Superior

Front 18

% hardwood forest (vs conifer) in MN, WI?

Back 18

around 70% hardwood in each

Front 19

How many state forests in MN and WI?

Back 19

WI- 13
MN-57

Front 20

What % of MN and WI are Forests? How has that changed since 1630?

Back 20

2007:
WI- 47% (about 60% of orig)
MN- 32% (about half of orig)

1630:
WI- 76%
MN-62%

Front 21

How much of our net growth do we harvest in MN/WI?

Back 21

about 75%

(WI- 75%, MN- 79%)

Front 22

Crown of tree (% mass?)

Back 22

Makes up 20% of trees total mass.

Leaves (5% of tree's mass)
twigs & branches (15%)

Front 23

Trunk % mass?

Back 23

60%

Front 24

Roots (make-up and % mass?)

Back 24

20% of tree's mass

Transport roots (15%)
absorbing roots (5%)

Front 25

4 major crown functions?

Back 25

1- Photosynthesis
2- Conduction of materials up and down
3- storage
4- regeneration

Front 26

photosynthesis chemical equation?

Back 26

6 h20 + 6 CO2 + Sun --> C6H12O6 (carb) + 6O2

There is EXCESS oxygen that is not needed for respiration which goes out as atmospheric oxygen!

Front 27

Respiration chemical equation?

Back 27

Mitochondria:

6O2 + C6H12O6 (carb) --> 6CO2 + cellular energy

Front 28

Stomate

Back 28

any of the microscopic openings or pores in the epidermis of leaves and young stems.

Front 29

Palisade cells

Back 29

cells found within the mesophyll in leaves of dicotyledonous plants.
They contain chloroplasts

Front 30

mesophyll

Back 30

*greek- middle leaf
the cells layers of a leaf that lie between the upper and lower epidermis. It is photosynthetic tissue.

Front 31

Spongy cells

Back 31

Cells found within the mesophyll in leaves of dicotyledonous plants.
They contain a few chloroplasts to absorb light. They can make sugars.

Front 32

Carbohydrate use in a tree (6 components)

Back 32

1. Cellular energy
2. Growth/structure
3.Nutrient absorption
4.Reproduction
5. Defense/ protection
6.storage/ savings

Front 33

2 components of cellular energy

Back 33

starch- stored form

sugar- active form, used in respiation

Front 34

Structural components of a tree?

Back 34

cellulose (50%)
Hemicellulose (20%) (long strands)
Lignin (glue, 25%)
Extraneous (resins, gums, 4.5%)
Minerals (.5%)

Front 35

substances used in tree defense?

Back 35

tannin, resin, pitch...these create "scabs", seal wounds

Pine pitch was used in the nina, pinta and santa maria to seal the wood.

Front 36

Mechanism for nutrient absorption

Back 36

Carbon Cation collects nitrates, phosphates and sulfates

Front 37

Carbohydrate storage vs. time

Back 37

Loses it's storage potential in the spring (sharp decline) and slowly gains storage after full leaf expansion (end of growth season) then speeds up, climaxing at leaf drop.

Front 38

height and diameter growth over growing season

Back 38

-height growth- peaks sharply in early summer, then stops
- diameter growth-peaks in mid summer, then gently slopes off.

Front 39

Root growth over growing season?

Back 39

rises in early summer, then dips mid-summer and rises again in the fall.
*Best to plant in early spring or late fall.

Front 40

effects of pathogen on growth cycle?

Back 40

Tree is less able to build up the needed amount of storage, because additional energy is needed for defense.
If the minimum storage isn't attained, the tree will decline or die.

Front 41

parts of a twig??

Back 41

bud scale scars, leaf scar, terminal bud/new growth, air pores (stomate)

Front 42

3 meristomatic cells (of apical meristem)?

Back 42

promeristem (like stem cells, at very tip)
pith
procambium

Front 43

promeristem

Back 43

(part of apical meristem)
Extreme tip of shoot apical meristem consisting of actively dividing cells which have not yet begun to show morphological differentiation

Front 44

what is the apical meristem?

Back 44

new growth of tree shoots or roots.

Front 45

pith of apical meristem

Back 45

replaces the epidermis

Front 46

procambium

Back 46

(part of apical meristem)
lies just inside of the young epidermis and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem.

Front 47

height growth patterns in young trees?

Back 47

Exponential, j-curve.

Front 48

2 key factors in fall leaf coloration?

Back 48

Genetics (determines pigments present in leaf)

Environmental conditions

Front 49

2 environmental conditions that contribute to fall leaf coloration?

Back 49

shorter day length

cooler temperature, amount of sunshine

Front 50

what color does this pigment reflect:
Chlorophyll

Back 50

green

Front 51

what color does this pigment reflect:
Xanthophyll

Back 51

yellow

Front 52

what color does this pigment reflect:
carotene

Back 52

orange

Front 53

what color does this pigment reflect:
tannin

Back 53

brown

Front 54

what color does this pigment reflect:
anthocyanins

Back 54

red/purple

*extra sunny days trigger extra anthocyanins

Front 55

3 major trunk functions?

Back 55

1 supports crown
2. conducts materials up and down
3. starch storage

Front 56

Name layers of the trunk from the center on out?

(there are 7, and then there is one that runs horizontally through the layers)

Back 56

1- pith
2- Heartwood
3- xylem/ sapwood
4- cambium (produces xylem and phloem)
5- phloem/ inner bark
6- cork cambium (produces cork)
7- outer bark

horizontal- ray cells

Front 57

pith

Back 57

center of the trunk
remnants of juvenile growth
-formed during branch elongation
-crushed into center over time.

Front 58

Heartwood

Back 58

-provides support for crown
-made up of all dead cell walls (also insulate)
-usually darker in color than xylem/sapwood
-more resistant to decay than xylem and sapwood (chemicals are added to prevent decay)

Front 59

abscission layer

Back 59

the formation of a weak zone at the base of each petiole, which the leaf breaks off of in the fall.

Front 60

phytochrome

Back 60

monitors length of night and triggers cycles.
Triggers the sucking of nutrients back into the tree in the fall.

Front 61

Xylem/sapwood

Back 61

lighter colored (cream) than heartwood
-made up of SOME living cells (parenchyma)
-transports water and minerals UP the tree
* in the spring, it transports sugar up the tree for new growth, particularly in hardwoods

Front 62

cambium

Back 62

-only several cell layers thick (only visible with magnification)
-made up of ALL living cells.
-meristematic (undergoes cell division)
(forms new xylem to the inside, phloem to the outside producing DIAMETER GROWTH)

Front 63

coloration of annual growth rings (of xylem)?

Back 63

lighter and larger pored indicates spring/ early woods with faster growth then slopes off into...
-darker, smaller pored indicates summer/late wood

Front 64

size of growth rings (of xylem)?

Back 64

tighter rings- competition, or drought
-carbon deposits indicate dire damage as opposed to a buck rub, insect or other kind of damage

Front 65

Phloem/ inner bark

Back 65

Made up of LIVING cells
- angiosperms- sieve tubes
- gymnosperms- sieve cells
- transports carbohydrate (sugar) DOWN by osmotic pressure to the living cells (high to low concentration)

Front 66

cork cambium

Back 66

aka: phellogen
-produces cork cells(phellem)
-becomes part of the outer bark, in combination with crushed, old phloem cells.
-enables outer bark to RESIST WATER LOSS.
(*cork oak- Mediterranean region)

Front 67

PHELLOGEN is another word for ___________.

Back 67

cork cambium

Front 68

phellem

Back 68

cork cambium cells which contain suberin (a waxy material in the cell walls)
which enables outer bark to resist water loss.

Front 69

suberin

Back 69

a waxy material in the cell walls of cork cambium which enables outer bark to resist water loss.

Front 70

In what ways does the outer bark protect a tree?

Back 70

-water loss
-insects
-disease
-animals
-fire

Front 71

Ray cells

Back 71

living cells (parenchyma) horizontally oriented in ribbon shaped tissue, extending radially in the xylem and phloem
- provides LATERAL transport of water and materials
-stores carbohydrate

Front 72

pores

Back 72

connect cells to each other

Front 73

ring width variation for a suppressed, dominant or open growth tree

Back 73

SUPRESSED- top heavy
DOMINANT- slighty top heavy, but with plenty of growth at base too
OPEN- uniform growth throughout height

Front 74

taper of tree in competitive vs open environment?

Back 74

open- wide taper

competitive- sharp taper

Front 75

How do conifers react to pressure/ tension?

Back 75

COMPRESSION wood- build up on bottom to support

Front 76

How do hardwoods react to pressure/ tension?

Back 76

TENSION wood- build up on top to hold up

Front 77

4 major functions of the roots

Back 77

1. absorb and conduct water and minerals
2. Anchorage and support
3. Storage
4. Regeneration (almost all hardwoods, some softwoods) (sprouts from bottom)

Front 78

Root system: relative width and depth

Back 78

width is typically 1-3 X the tree's height.
1.5 feet down- 90% of root sytem
3 ft down- 99% of roots
*Roots need air pores, so don't go beneath water table or bedrock.

Front 79

tap root

Back 79

provides main support for tree and anchors it firmly to the ground. (not all trees have one!)

Front 80

lateral roots

Back 80

help support and anchor trunk.
* they have bark, because they don't absorb.
May extend far beyond crown spread.

Front 81

fibrous roots

Back 81

aka- feeder roots

masses of fine feeding roots close to the ground surface

Front 82

Deeply descending roots

Back 82

aka- sinkers
grown downward from lateral roots

Front 83

4 types of roots

Back 83

tap root
lateral roots
fibrous roots
deeply descending roots

Front 84

Root versus stem structure

Back 84

Roots:
-bigger pores
-more parenchyma (storage capacity MORE important than strength in roots)
-less complete rings

Front 85

root hairs

Back 85

increases surface area for water and mineral absorption
-either dies or becomes new lateral root

Front 86

protective tip of a root?

Back 86

root cap

Front 87

root layers (non-woody/fibrous) from center on out:

Back 87

-xylem
-phloem
-endodermis (thin, protects xylem and phloem against unwanted materials))
-cortex (thick, bulk)
-epidermis
-root hairs

Front 88

fungi that are symbiotic with many roots?

Back 88

Mycorrhizae

Front 89

root hair and mycorrhizae symbiosis??

Back 89

tree provides food
fungus picks up extra water and minerals and wards off pathogens
* street trees don't benefit from these fungi and don't fare as well.

Front 90

mulching

Back 90

helps retain moisture- but not more than 4" thick.
-wide, not deep
-keep away from trunk
-diameter -about 3 feet

Front 91

silvics

Back 91

the study of the LIFE HISTORY/CYCLE and the GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to ENVIRONMENTAL factors.

* the basis for the practice of SILVICULTURE.

Front 92

Autelogical factors (definition)

Back 92

nonliving, environmental factors

Front 93

Synecological factors (definition)

Back 93

living forest community factors

Front 94

examples of autelogical factors?

Back 94

sun
air (CO2 or air pollution)
temperature (planting zones)
growing season
soil (pH, silts, clays, organic matter)
water

Front 95

Shade tolerance

Back 95

the ability to grow and regenerate under partially shaded conditions or dense canopy
-start out easier (with less light avail), but maximizes diameter growth at lower rates.

Front 96

(shade) Intolerant

Back 96

requires full sunlight to maximize growth and regeneration, light demanding
-require more sunlight to get started, but with full sun can generate greater growth

Front 97

(shade) mid tolerant to intermediate

Back 97

reproduces best under partial canopy which admits limited sunlight

Front 98

Ideal forest soil composition

Back 98

25% air
25% water
45% minerals
5% organic matter

Front 99

bulk density limits for root penetration? (wt / vol)

Back 99

1.75 Mg/ cubed meter

(Mg means megagrams)

Front 100

site

Back 100

an area characterized by it's environmental conditions that influence tree/ stand growth and development

Front 101

site index

Back 101

a SPECIES SPECIFIC measure of a site's tree growth POTENTIAL.
* numerically, the height of a tree (dominant or codominant) within a stand at age 50 years. Rounding and interpolation used.
(Higher site index numbers mean higher growth potential.)

Front 102

synecological factors influencing tree growth and development?

Back 102

Competition

Succession

Front 103

Forest competition

Back 103

the struggle by trees to obtain the needed, but limited, resources necessary to achieve their growth and development potential.
* tree diameter may not reflect age as much as it may sometimes reflect competition.

Front 104

forest succession

Back 104

the NATURAL replacement of forest species, plant and animal, over time in a given area.

Front 105

3 stages of forest succession?

Back 105

PIONEER
-sun loving, shade intolerant,fast growing, short lived, many small seeds (nature's bandage)
SUBCLIMAX
-many species, shade tolerant
CLIMAX
-most competitive, shade tolerant (sometimes 100's of years,eg- sugar maple, basswood)

Front 106

habitat type classification system (definition)?

Back 106

method of site classification that uses UNDERSTORY plant species and trees as indicators of ENVIRONMENTAL factors that effect forest reproduction, growth,competition and therefor, DEVELOPMENT.

*indicated ecosystem type- (where stand would be haded without human intervention)

Front 107

What is the benefit of a "habitat type" classification system?

Back 107

it allows resources managers to develop long-term management objectives and specific prescriptions for manipulating vegetation based on ecological potential of the land.
-

Front 108

what constitutes a "habitat type"?

Back 108

all sites & areas capable of producing similar climax communities.

Front 109

silviculture (definition)

Back 109

MANIPULATING forest vegetation to accomplish a specific set of OBJECTIVES. (forestry & tree cultivation.)

Front 110

3 areas of silviculture

Back 110

1. ESTABLISHMENT
-regeneration, afforestation
2. INTERMEDIATE TREATMENTS/ TENDING
-TSI (timber stand improvement)
3. PROTECTION

Front 111

establishment

Back 111

staring a new crop by NATURAL (reliance on natural seeding or stump sprouts) or ARTIFICIAL means (planting seedling or seeds)

Front 112

Coppice regeneration (coppicing)

Back 112

cut at or below the soil line and allow sprouts to grow from established roots with stored food.

-I also read about "pollarding" which is the same idea, but at head height to avoid sprouts being eaten.

Front 113

benefit of diversifying plantings?

Back 113

at least some will succeed.

Front 114

3 basic needs for establishing a forest.

Back 114

1. growing SPACE
2. proper site CONDITIONS for seed germination and seedling growth
3.SOURCE of new trees

Front 115

silvicultural systems (definition

Back 115

Planned programs of vegetative manipulation carried out over the entire life of a stand. Primarily involves harvesting a mature stand in such a way as to establish the next stand naturally.
*typically silvicultural systems are named after the regeneration method employed to create the conditions favorable for the establishment of a new stand.

Front 116

"clearcut" silvicultural system

Back 116

removal of the entire stand in 1 cutting
- shade intolerant species
-even aged

Front 117

aesthetic strategies for clear cutting

Back 117

-leaving a few tall, pretty trees
-cutting in a patten so that the cut patches take on a natural meadow appearance.
-border strip- blocks public from clearcut offensiveness.

Front 118

"Seed tree" silvicultural system

Back 118

-removal of the mature trees EXCEPT for a small number of seed trees left to regenerate the area.
-involves 2 cuttings
- shade intolerant species
-even aged
-leave 3-10 of the best trees per acre to seed ground with best genetics.

Front 119

"Shelterwood" silvicultural system

Back 119

Removal of the mature timber in a series of cuttings by means of which the establishment under the partial shelter of seed trees is encouraged.
-2-3 cuttings
-shade tolerant, even aged

Front 120

"Selection" silvicultural system

Back 120

-removal of mature trees and undesirable timber in an UNEVEN aged stand at relatively short intervals(cutting cycle) to produce the continuous establishment of SHADE TOLERANT reproduction.

Front 121

"High grade" silvicultural system

Back 121

DO NOT DO!!
the larger trees with the greatest economic value are removed leaving only poor quality trees behind.
-No consideration is given to size and age distribution, residual stocking levels or regeneration needs.

Front 122

rotation

Back 122

the period of time (years) from ESTABLISHMENT to final HARVEST in EVEN aged stands (not including thinnings)

Front 123

cutting cycle

Back 123

the period of time between selection harvests in uneven aged stands

Front 124

artificial establishment options

Back 124

-planting nursery stock (bare root, containerized, potted, balled and burlapped - DNR has these is bundles of 25)
-plant "wildlings" (dug up wild seedling & transplant.
-collect or purchase seed for planting

Front 125

planting versus direct seeding

Back 125

planting is slower and more expensive, but fares better with survival, density and spacing than direct seeding.

Front 126

root collar

Back 126

swelling at the base of tree between soil line and air. Indicates depth at which the tree should be planted.

Front 127

J- rooting

Back 127

BAD! This is when you plant a tree with the ends of the roots sticking out of the hole.

Front 128

How tree planting machine operates

Back 128

Coulter (disk) cuts through soil
-blade cuts a trench
short trees are manually stuck into the ground
-packing wheels close the hole.

Front 129

5 planting considerations

Back 129

1. keep roots cool and moist
2. plant at same depth
3.roots point down
4. pack soil firmly around all roots
5.protect seedling from competition

Front 130

TPA

Back 130

trees per acre
if tree needs 6x6 -> 36 sq feet.
43,560 ft/acre /36 sq ft-->1210 Trees per acre

Front 131

square feet in an acre?

Back 131

43,560

Front 132

silviculture: intermediate treatments/tending

Back 132

various treatments that can be used to improve immature stands
-NOT concerned with regeneration.

Front 133

4 types of intermediate treatements?

Back 133

thinnings
release cut
improvement cut
pruning

Front 134

thinnings

Back 134

cuttings made in immature EVEN aged stands to STIMULATE the growth of the trees that remain (residuals) and increase the TOTAL YIELD of useful material from the stand.

Front 135

Low crown and selection thinnings vs. mechanical thinnings.

Back 135

low, crown and selection thinning remove trees based on their relative CROWN POSITION

Mechanical thinning removes trees based on a predetermined SPACING/ PATTERN.

Front 136

4 crown position classes in even aged stands

Back 136

DOMINANT- largest. receives full sun from above and some from sides.
CODOMINANT- Avg trees, making up most of the crown layer. Receives full sun from above, but little from sides.
INTERMEDIATE- <avg. height.little sunlight from above and none from sides.
SUPRESSED- entirely below the canopy- receive only partial sunlight from above.

Front 137

Low thinning

Back 137

removal of suppressed and intermediate trees. (the 2 smaller classes)

Front 138

crown thinning

Back 138

removal of competing dominant and codominant trees
*MOST COMMONLY USED
(leaves C's and D's that don't compete with each other)

Front 139

selection thinning

Back 139

dominant trees are removed to stimulate the growth of the lower crown classes
*infrequently used (Elms that will die anyway)

Front 140

Mechanical thinning

Back 140

trees to be cut or retained are based on a predetermined spacing or pattern, such as "row thinning"
*commonly used as the first thinning in a plantation.