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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Western spruce budworm |
Choristoneura occidentalis |
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Eastern spruce budworm |
Choristoneura fumiferana |
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Two-year cycle budworm |
Choristoneura biennis |
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Diseases fungi cause |
- stem decay - root disease - needle/foliage disease - rust disease |
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Damage weevils cause |
attack root collar of conifers |
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Damage bark beetles cause |
cambial tissue damage in large diameter trees |
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Damage defoliators cause |
consume foliage or causes needles to fall off due to feeding |
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Lepidoptera - genus' |
- Choristoneura - Acleris - Lambdina - Orgyia |
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Hymenoptera - genus' |
- Neodiprian - Pristophora |
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Exotic defoliator |
gypsy moth |
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Western spruce budworm classification |
order: Lepidoptera family: Tortricidae species: Choristoneura occidentalis |
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Western spruce budworm damage |
- eat needles then buds - larvae eat new shoots and later older foliage - repeated defoliation - most destructive defoliator |
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Western spruce budworm hosts |
fir, spruce, larch |
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Western spruce budworm life cycle |
- 1 year - complete |
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Budworm management short term |
collect eye masses |
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Budworm management long term |
- even aged stand management - fire - species mosaic - microbial insecticide |
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Two year life cycle budworm classfication |
order: Lepidotera family: Tortricidae species: Chroistoneura biennis |
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Two year life cycle budworm hosts |
- engelmann spruce - white spruce - subalpine fir |
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Western blackhead budworm classification |
order: Lepidoptera family: Tortricidae species: Alceris gloverana |
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Western blackhead budworm hosts |
- engelmann spruce - white spruce - fir (3) |
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Western blackhead budworm damage |
feed on current foliage |
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Douglas-fir tussock moth classification |
order: Lepidoptera family: Lymantriidae species: Orygia pseudotsugata |
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Douglas-fir tussock moth hosts |
- douglas fir - ponderosa pine - western larch |
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Douglas-fir tussock moth damage |
top kill |
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Douglas-fir tussock moth life cycle |
eggs laid on empty female cocoon and embedded in frothy cement with hair |
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Douglas-fir tussock moth control agents (5) |
- birds and ants - NPV (virus) - pheromones - insecticides
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Western hemlock looper classification |
order: Lepidoptera family: Geometridae species: Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa |
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Gypsy moth classification |
lymantrai dispar |
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Gypsy moth hosts |
- native shade trees - garry oak |
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Taxonomic rank |
- Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species |
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Phylum: ARTHROPODA |
- bilateral symmetry - segmented bodies - chiton exoskeleton - jointed legs - open circulatory system |
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Class: INSECTA |
- body segments: head, thorax, abdomen - 3 pairs of jointed legs - 1 pair of antennae - 1 pair of compound eyes - anal reproductive organs - breath through air tubes |
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Order: DIPTERA |
- flies - 2 wings (1 pair) - sponge sucking mouthparts (except mosquitoes) |
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Order: COLEOPTERA |
- beetles - chewing mouthparts - forewings (elytra) form hard shell covering hind wings |
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Order: LEPIDOPTERA |
- Moths and butterflies - 2 parts of wings - wings covered in scales and in triangular form - forewings larger - coiling sucking mouthparts - complete metamorphosis - damage = larval defoliation |
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Order: HEMIPTERA |
- true bugs - piercing sucking mouthparts (beak) - 2 pairs of wings - forewings cover hindwings - wings have membrane - seed and cone orchard pests - gradual metamorphosis |
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Order: HOMOPTERA |
- aphids and leafhoppers - piercing sucking mouthparts - 2 pairs of membranous wings - very small - produce wool like substance |
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Order: HYMENOPTERA |
- sawflies, ants, wasps, bees, hornets (social bugs) - 2 pairs of membranous wings - chewing mouthparts - often constricted waist - females with ovipositor or stinger at end of abdomen - important pollinators - complete metamorphosis |
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Order: ISOPTERA |
- termites - feed on plant wood, bark, leaves, grasses, fungi - long, beadlike straight antennae - gradual metamorphosis - social in nest with workers and soldiers |
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Define metamorphosis |
The way organisms develop/change |
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Types of metamorphosis |
- complete - incomplete/gradual |
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No metamorphosis |
Only minor changes from egg to adult |
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Incomplete/gradualmetamorphosis |
- 3 stages (egg, nymph/instars, adult) - homoptera and hemiptera |
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Nymph |
Immature insects which resemble the adult in general body form |
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Instar |
A period/stage between molts |
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Completemetamorphosis |
- 4 distinct stages (egg, larvae/instars, pupa, adult) - coleoptera, lepidoptera, dipetera, hymenoptera |
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Larva |
- hatch from eggs - worm shape - molt several times as they grow - caterpillars, maggots, grubs |
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Pupa |
- larva make cocoons for pupa to form - develop wings, legs, internal organs etc - 4 days to many months |
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Prolegs |
- small fleshy stub structure found on ventral surface of the abdomen of most larval forms - not true legs - have crochets |
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Crochets |
Small circle of gripping hooks on the prolegs |
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Setae |
Tiny hairs (stiff) |
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Thorax |
- the middle section of the body of an insect - between the head and the abdomen - bearing legs and wings |
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Lepidoptera larvae |
- 3 pairs of thoracic legs - 2,3 or 5 pairs of abdominal prolegs |
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Coleoptera larvae |
- may have no legs - may have 3 pairs of thoracic prolegs |
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Hymenoptera larvae |
- may have no legs - may have 6 or more pairs of abdominal prolegs |
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Exoskeleton |
- cuticle made of chitin - supports muscle movements - rigid structure makes growth impossible |
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Sclerotisation |
Cuticle gets harder and darker with age and exposure to light |
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Insect growth in spite of exoskeleton |
Shedding of old exoskeleton |
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Aphids and adelgids (Homoptera) |
- long mouthparts - green spruce adelgids - balsam wooly adelgid - spruce gall adelgid |
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Green spruce adelgid |
Elatoium abietinum |
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Adelges picea |
Balsam woolly adelgid |
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Spruce gall adelgid |
Adelges cooleyi |
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Bark beetles (Coleoptera and Scolytidae) |
- spruce beetle - mountain pine beetle - douglas-fir bark beetle - balsam bark beetle |
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Dendroctonus rufipennis |
Spruce beetle |
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Mountain pine beetle |
Dendroctonus ponderosae |
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Douglas-fir bark beetle |
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae |
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Dryocoetes confusus |
Balsam bark beetle |
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Bark beetles damage |
Bores into the bole and makes egg galleries in the inner bark |
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Phloem feeding weevils (Coleoptera and Curculionidae) |
- Spruce weevil - Terminal weevil - Seedling weevil - Warren's root collar weevil |
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Phloem feeding weevils damage |
- Feed on current or previous years terminal (spruce and terminal weevil) - feed in the root collar region (seedling, and warren's root collar weevil) |
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Pissodes strobi |
Spruce weevil |
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Pissodes terminalis |
Terminal weevil |
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Steremnius carinatus |
Seedling weevil |
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Warren's root collar weevil |
Hylobius warreni |
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How do Homoptera disperse? |
Wind - no wings, but small enough to be blown around - can also be moved by other animals - can walk short distances |
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Which family in Coleoptera contains the most economically significant pests? |
Scolytidae - mountain pine beetle - lodgepole pine beetle - spruce beetle |
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Which order is responsible for the greatest economic loss in BC? |
Coleoptera (beetles) |
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What is Elatobium and what does it feed on? |
- Green spruce adelgid - feeds on needles |
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What is adelges picae and what does it feed on? |
- Balsam woolly adelgid - feeds on bole and branches |
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What is adelges cooleyi and what does it feed on? |
- Spruce gall adelgid - causes damage to branch terminals on spruce and needles on dfir |
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What is Pissodes strobi and what does it feed on? |
- Spruce weevil - feeds on current years terminal |
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What is Pissodes terminalis and what does it feed on? |
- Terminal weevil - feeds on previous years terminal |
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What is Steremnius carinatus and what does it feed on? |
- Seedling weevil - feeds on root collar |
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What is Hylobius warreni and what does it feed on? |
- Warren's root collar weevil - feeds on the root collar |
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Difference between aphids and adelgids? |
Aphids - give birth to live young Adelgids - lay eggs |
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Homoptera mouthparts |
Long stylet functional for taking in plant juices |
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Name, species, order |
- Green spruce adelgid - Elatobium abietinum - Homoptera |
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Species attacked by green spruce adelgid |
- Sitka spruce - Ornamental spruce - sometimes dfir or pines |
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Name, species, order |
- Balsam woolly adelgid - Adelges picae - Homoptera |
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Species attacked by balsam woolly adelgid |
- Fir - Balsam |
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Name, species, order |
- Spruce gall adelgid - Adelges cooleyi - Homoptera |
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Species attacked by spruce gall adelgid |
- Dfir AND spruce |
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Unique feature about spruce gall adelgid |
Requires 2 hots to complete life cycle |
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Which species does this life cycle belong to? |
Spruce gall adelgid |
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Adelges picea: introduced or native? |
Introduced |
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Adelges coolyei: introduced or native |
Native |
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Five reasons green spruce aphid damage goes unnoticed |
- Small size - Damage of needles occurs on the underside of needles - winter active (snow hides yellowing) - loss doesn't show up until after winter has past - its green and blends in |
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Four types of damage caused by balsam woolly adelgid |
- twigs gout at nodes - wide, irregular annual growth rings from cambium - distorted, thin crowns - needle loss |
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Features that the females of the balsam bark beetle have that males do not |
Circle of ligher coloured hairs on their head (setae) |
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Name, species, order |
- Balsam bark beetle - Dryocoetes confusus - Scolytidae |
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Conditions of host material and type of damage for the spruce beetle |
- Large diameter spruce (white and engelmann) - Blow-down/freshly cut - Damage: bores into inner bark and creates tunnels (galleries); cuts the nutrients |
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Conditions of host material and type of damage for the mountain pine beetle |
- Mature, live standing - Large diameter lodge-pole pine - Tunnels into bark |
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Conditions of host material and type of damage for the Dfir beetle |
- Over mature, wind-blown, recently felled - stressed or injured trees - introduces blue stain fungus that inhibits flow of food and water between roots and needles |
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Conditions of host material and type of damage for the balsam bark beetle |
- Standing, live, mature trees - adults carry lesion fungus |
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Name, species, order |
- Mountain pine beetle - Dendroctonus pondersae - Coleoptera |
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Species attacked by mountain pine beetle |
Ponderosa pine |
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Name, species, order |
- Douglas-fir beetle - Dendroctonus pseudotsugae - Coleoptera |
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Name, species, order |
- Balsam bark beetle - Dryocoetes confusus - Scolytidae |
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Species attacked by balsam bark beetle |
- Subalpine fir - amabalis fir - some white and engelmann spruce |
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What makes Ips different from bark beetles? |
- it's not a bark beetle - secondary invader - does not kill tree comes in after and engraves it - galleries are different shape than bark beetle |
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What is the devlevity of an Ips? |
- Concave - Broken |
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What does the gallery shape of an Ips look like? |
- Y, I, H, or X shape - no frass |
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What do bark beetle galleries look like? |
Long, and full or sawdust and frass |
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Name, species, order |
- Spruce weevil - Pissodes strobi - Coleoptera |
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Species attacked by spruce weevil |
White pine and Engelmann spruce |
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Name, species, order |
- Terminal weevil - Pissodes terminalis - Curculionidae |
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Species attacked by terminal weevil |
Lodgepole pine |
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Name, species, order |
- Seedling weevil - Steremnius carinatus - Curculionidae |
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Species attacked by seedling weevil |
- Coniferous seedlings - fireweed - salal - blueberry |
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Name, species, order |
- Warren's root collar weevil - Hylobius warreni - Curculionidae |
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Species attacked by Warren's root collar weevil |
Logdepole pine and spruce |
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How many years of effective height are lost to a single attack of pissodes strobi? |
4 years in total - 2 years growth, plus two years to grow back |
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Describe mouthparts of pissodes |
- chewing mouthparts - looks like a snorkel |
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Difference between life cycle of spruce weevil and terminal weevil |
Spruce weevil - adulthood in 1yr - lays eggs in phloem of 1 yr old tree Terminal weevil - adulthood in 2 yrs - lays eggs in newly expanding terminal shoot |
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What host age does pissodes strobi prefer? |
Immature trees |
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What host height/age does pissodes terminalis prefer? |
- Immature pines - up to 30m tall |
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What age does steremnius carintus prefer? |
Seedlings |
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What age does Hylobius warreni prefer? |
All ages |
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Ametabola |
- Insects that do not undergo any metamorphosis - Very little change between what comes out of an egg, to a full grown reproductive adult - typical of primitive orders |
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Hemimetabola |
Incomplete/gradual metamorphosis |
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What orders have an incomplete metomorphosis? |
- Orthoptera (grasshoppers) - Odonata (dragonflies) - Homoptera - Hemiptera |
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What orders have a complete metamorphosis? |
- Coleoptera - Lepidoptera - Diptera - Hymenoptera |
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Order |
Lepidoptera |
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Order |
Coleoptera |
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Four lays of exoskeleton of insects |
- Epicuticle - Exocuticle - Endocuticle - Epidermis |
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Important feature in identifying Dendroctonus rufipennis |
Two darkened (sclerotized) spots on the cutcile of the anal shields |
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Number of abdominal prolegs of members of the family Geometridae |
Two pairs |
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Name, species, order |
- Western spruce budworm - Choristoneura occidentalis - Lepidoptera |
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Name, species, order |
- Two year cycle budworm - Chrostoneura biennis - Lepidoptera |
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Name, species, order |
- Western black head budworm - Acleris gloverana - Lepidoptera |
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Name, family, order |
- Loopers - Geometridae - Lepidoptera |
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Name, family, order |
- Tussock moths - Lymantriidae - Lepidoptera |
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Name, families, order |
- Sawflies - Diprionidae (conifer) and Tenthredinidae (deciduous) - Hymenoptera |
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Name, species, order, family |
- Douglas-fir tussock moth - Orgyia pseudotsugata - Lepidoptera - Lymantriidae |
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Name, species, order, family |
- Western hemlock looper - Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrose - Lepidoptera - Geometridae |
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Name, species |
- Gypsy moth - Lymantria dispar |
