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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the aim of the bottom up approach? |
To generate a picture of the offender; their likely characteristics, routine behaviour and social background through systematic analysis of evidence at the crime scene. |
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Where did the approach originate from compared to top down? Describe the differences: |
Britain instead of America Doesn't begin with fixed typologies and is instead data driven and emerges as the investigator engages in deeper and more rigorous scrutiny of the details of the offence. Also more grounded in psychological theory than top down. |
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What is investigative theory? |
-A form of bottom up profiling that matches details from the crime scene with statistical analysis of typical offender behaviour patterns based on psychological theory. -It attempts to apply statistical procedures alongside psychological theory to the analysis of crime scene evidence. Establishing these patterns in behaviour are in order to develop a statistical database which then acts as a baseline for comparison. -Specific details on an offence or related offences can then be matched against a database to reveal important details about the offender i.e. personal history and family background. - This allows us to see whether a series of offences are linked in that they are committed by the same person. |
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What is the concept of interpersonal coherance within investigative psychology? |
-The way in which the offender behaves at the scene of the crime including how they interact with the victim; this can reflect their behaviour in more everyday situations. -Dwyer (2001) said that whilst some rapists want to maintain maximum control and humiliate their victims others are more apologetic.= this could tell police about how the offender treats women more generally. |
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What is forensic awareness? |
Description of those individuals who have been the subject of police interrogation before; their behqaviour may denote how mindful they are of covering their tracks. |
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Describe Geographical profiling: |
-Rossmo 1997 -Uses information to do with location of linked crime scenes to make inferences about the likely home or operational base of an offender= crime mapping -Can also be used with investigative psychology to create hypotheses about how the offender is thinking as well as their modus operandi -The assumption is that serial offenders will restrict their 'work' to areas they are familiar with and therefore understanding the spatial pattern of their behaviour provides investigators with a 'centre of gravity'; likely to include the offenders base often in the middle of the spatial pattern. -This can then allow guesses about where the offender is likely to strike next; Jeopardy surface. |
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What is Canter's circle theory within Geographical profiling? |
-Canter and Larkin 1993 -Proposed two models of offender behaviour: -The marauder= operates in close proximity to their home. - The commuter= likely to have travelled a distance away from their usual residence -The pattern of offending is likelt to form a circle around their usual residence and this becomes more evident as more offences are committed. -offers investigative team important insight into the nature of the offence i.e. planned or oppurtunistic as well as factors about the offender; mental maps, mode of transport, employment status, approximate age etc. |
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Bottom up approach evaluation points: |
Evidence supports investigative psychology: -Canter and Heritage (1990)= content analysis of 66 sexual assault cases using a statistical technique called smallest space analysis; computer program that identifies correlations across patterns of behaviour. -Several characteristics were identified= use of impersonal language and lack of reaction to the victim. -These characteristics will occur in different patterns in different individuals -Can lead to understanding of how an offenders behaviour may change over a series of offences or in establishing if two or more offences were committed by the same person + supports usefullness of investigative psychology = shows how statistical techniques can be applied Evidence supports geographical profiling: -Lundrigan and Canter (2001) -Collated information from 120 murder cases involving serial killers in the USA. -They used smallest space analysis which revealed spatial consistency in the behaviour of the killers i.e. the location of each body disposal site was in a different direction from the previous= creating a centre of gravity in which the centre was in every case the offenders base. -Effect was more noticable for marauders +Supports Canter's claim that spatial information is a key factor in determining the base of an offender Scientific basis: -Canter: "bottom up profiling is more objective and scientific then the top down approach as it is more grounded in evidence and psychological theory, and less driven by speculation and hunches" -With aid of artificial intelligence investigators are able to manipulate geographical, biographical and psychological data quickly producing insights and results, assisting the investigation. -Investigative psychology recently expanded to include suspect interviewing and examination of material presented in court; supports its utility in all aspects of the judicial process |
