Foreign/exotic Equine Infectious Diseases

Front 1

What is the etiology of Vesicular Stomatitis?

Back 1

Vesiculovirus (Rhabdoviridae)

Front 2

How many/what are the Vesicular Stomatitis strains?

Back 2

2

VSV-NJ
VSV-IN

Front 3

How many species are affected by VSV? What is the vector? What age groups are typically affected?

Back 3

multiple

definitive vector is unidentified

all ages are susceptible

Front 4

Pathogenesis of VSV (5)

Back 4

1. virus is spread via saliva
2. virus inoculated into skin
3. replicated in lower layer of epidermis
4. hematogenous spread
5. 1-3d incubation

Front 5

Describe the onset of CS in VSV

Back 5

incubation period of 3-5d
vesicles coalesce
lesions on coronary band, genitalia, mammary gland, respiratory tract - turbinates, nasopharynx, larynx
gastroenteritis, colic
skin lesions heal - but are depigmented

Front 6

Describe the morbidity and mortality of VSV

Back 6

high morbidity
low mortality

Front 7

What do VSV lesions look like??

Back 7

FMD

Front 8

If you suspect VSV what is your next step?

Back 8

CONTACT AUTHORITIES

Front 9

If samples for a possible VSV+ horse are collected, how should they be sent? why?

Back 9

Under securited conditions to authorized lab - to prevent spread of dz

Front 10

Dx of VSV

Back 10

PCR
FMD not in Equine
Vesicular Dz = VSV

Front 11

How to control the spread of VSV? (5)

Back 11

disinfect w/10% bleach
vaccine ????? efficiacy
NOTIFY VET REGULATORY
Quarantine
Movement restriction for 30 days

Front 12

Is VSV dna or rna?

Back 12

rna

Front 13

Is African Horse Sickness in the US? Then, why the fuck do we care?

Back 13

NO
b/c it seems to be spreading

Front 14

What is etiology of AHS?

Back 14

orbivirus

Front 15

AHS: rna, ssdna, dsdna?

Back 15

dsdna

Front 16

How many serotypes of AHS?

Back 16

9

Front 17

What is the vector of AHS?

Back 17

arthropod

Front 18

Can other animals be affected by AHS?

Back 18

yes k9s who eat horse meat

Front 19

What is the possible reservoir of AHS?

Back 19

zebra

Front 20

What is the mortality rate of AHS?

Back 20

50-95%

Front 21

3 steps of pathogenesis

Back 21

1. inital replication site unknown
2. hematogeneous spread
3. secondary replication in endothelial celsl

Front 22

How many clinically distinct form of AHS are there? What are they

Back 22

4 - pulmonary
cardiac
fever
mixed = pulmonary + cardiac

Front 23

Describe the incubation, CS, and mortality of the pulmonary form of AHS

Back 23

3-5d incubation

fever, anorexia, depression, coughing, dyspnea, serous nasal discharge

>95% mortality w/n 4-5d

Front 24

Describe the incubation, CS, and mortality of the cardic form of AHS

Back 24

longer incubation

fever, 7-12d post infection - edematous swelling of dorsal regions, SUPRAORBITAL FOSSAE, EYELIDS, intramandibular space

50-70% mortality

Front 25

Describe the incubation, CS, and mortality of the fever form of AHS

Back 25

mild to subclinical - up to 14d incubation

low grade fever

all recover

Front 26

Pathology of all forms of AHS

Back 26

pulmonary - pulmonary edema, pleural effusion (peracute)
cardiac - hydropericardium petecchial, eccymotic hemorrhages of the epi/endocardium edema of m, CT, and SQ of the head and neck

Front 27

What should you do if you suspect AHS?

Back 27

NOTIFIY AUTHORITIES

Front 28

How is AHS Dx?

Back 28

CS
PCR - virus iso
Virus neutralization - all 9 serotypes
CF - method of choice

Front 29

Control AHS? (3)

Back 29

isolation
vector control
vacc - not in US

Front 30

What else is Equine Morbillivirus known as?

Back 30

Acute Equine Respiratory Syndrome

Hendra Virus

Front 31

EMV is associated with the 1994 outbreak in __.

Back 31

Australia

Front 32

EMV is an dsdna, ssdna, or rna virus?

Back 32

rna

Front 33

How many died in the Australia outbreak?

Back 33

13horses
and some ppl

Front 34

what is EMVs mortality?

Back 34

high

Front 35

how is EMV spread?

Back 35

fruit bat!
+/- other species

Front 36

is EMV in the US currently

Back 36

NO

Front 37

What is the CS of EMV?

Back 37

fever, anorexia, depression
increased heart, resp, rates
coughing, ATAXIA, HEAD-PRESSING

Front 38

How long does is EMVs duration?

Back 38

death w/n 36hrs

Front 39

What is the pathology of EMV?

Back 39

lung lesions -
congested, firm, lympathic dilatation
foamy hemorrhagic exudate
giant syncitial cells

Front 40

Is Borna Virus a RNA, ssDNA, dsDNA?

Back 40

RNA

Front 41

Where is Borna endemic to?

Back 41

Europe

Front 42

When is Borna most likely to occur?

Back 42

seasonally

Front 43

How is Borna transmitted?

Back 43

unknown

Front 44

What are the inital CS of Borna? What are the termninal CS?

Back 44

initial - colic, coughing, icterus

progresses to CNS dysfunction - aggression

Front 45

Describe the incubation of Borna?

Back 45

highly variable incubation

Front 46

What is the pathology of Borna?

Back 46

nonsuppurative polioencephalitis

Front 47

How do you Dx Borna?

Back 47

virus specic Ab in serum or CSF

Front 48

How is Borna controlled?

Back 48

hygiene

Front 49

What Dzs must a horse be negative for to gain entry into the US? (4??)

Back 49

EIA
Piroplasmosis
Congtagious Equine Metritis
Dourine

Front 50

What is the etiology of Piroplasmosis? Which is most pathogenic?

Back 50

Babesia equi (most pathogenic), Babesia caballi

Front 51

How is Piroplasmosis transmitted?

Back 51

ticks

Front 52

What are the CS of Piroplasmosis?

Back 52

very quick onset - incubation 5-28d
fever, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, anorexia, depression, incoordination, mucous discharge

Front 53

How is Piroplasmosis Dx?

Back 53

ELISA
Infected RBCs stain Giemsa

Front 54

What is the Tx of Piroplasmosis? What should you be careful of?

Back 54

Imidocarb - toxic and theraputic indices are very close + illegal

Front 55

What is the etiology of CEM? How many are there?

Back 55

Taylorella equigenitalia - 2 strains

Front 56

How is Contagious Equine Metritis transmitted?

Back 56

breeding

Front 57

What are the CS of Contagious Equine Metritis? (3)

Back 57

temporary infertitility in mare
white mucopurulent vaginal discharge
failure to conceive - plasmacytic endometritis, cervicitis

Front 58

How is CEM Dx?

Back 58

Females - culture cliteral sinus
Males - breed stallion to clean mare + culture

Front 59

How is CEM Tx?

Back 59

AB = PCN
Screening of animals - stallions, mare over 2 years of age

Front 60

What are the other names for Pigeon Breast? (2)

Back 60

Pigeon Fever
Dryland Distemper

Front 61

What is the etiology of Pigeon Breast?

Back 61

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Front 62

When/Where is Pigeon Breast most common?

Back 62

Late summer and fall in SW US - area is increasing annually

Front 63

What is the etiology of Glanders?

Back 63

Pseudomonas mallei

Front 64

What is another name for Glanders?

Back 64

Farcy

Front 65

Whats the mortality rate of Glanders?

Back 65

95%

Front 66

Is Glanders an acute or chronic dz? Do most recover?

Back 66

chronic
no, fatal

Front 67

What are the 3 forms of Glanders?

Back 67

nasal, pulmonary, cutaneous

Front 68

CS of nasal Glanders

Back 68

ulcerated regions along turbinates

Front 69

CS of pulmonary Glanders

Back 69

tubercle formation in lung parenchyma

Front 70

CS of cutaneous Glanders (3)

Back 70

"Farcy" - lesion occur along lymph vessels
chronic draining abcesses
healed lesion have star shape

Front 71

Tx of Glanders

Back 71

AB are effect but may cause asymptomatic carriers

Front 72

You Dx a horse with VSV, after contacting the authorities, your client tells you that the affected horse was in a pasture with a small ruminent. Are you concerned about the small ruminent? What are you concerned about?

Back 72

NO - they are resistant
Your client and your exposure - this is a ZOONOTIC dz - also other horses, camlid, cattle, pigs that may have been exposed

Front 73

How is VSV spread? (2)

Back 73

direct contact w/infected animals or contaiminated objects
vectors - sandfly & black fly

Front 74

How are humans infected with VSV?

Back 74

Contact with infected tissues, vesicular fluid, saliva
Vector injection
Blackfly, sandfly
Aerosol transmission in a laboratory setting

Front 75

What's your DDx?

Back 75

VSV
Blister beetle toxicosis
Phenylbutazone toxicity
Plant awns
uremia
Chemical stomatitis

Front 76

T/F VSV is MORE contagious than FMD.

Back 76

F

Front 77

T/F VSV lesions are typically at multiple points in the body.

Back 77

F
tend to be only at one point of the body

Front 78

VSV Tx

Back 78

SUPPORTIVE - fresh, clean water; soft food
ABs for 2nd infections

Front 79

Px of VSV

Back 79

Good

Front 80

Control VSV (3)

Back 80

NOTIFY AUTHORITIES
Quarantine
Movement restriction for 30 days

Front 81

AHS is viscerotrophic, what does that mean?

Back 81

having a predilection for the abdominal and thoracic viscera

Front 82

Is AHS spread via direct contact b/w horses?

Back 82

No, arthropod vector

Front 83

Is there a vector capable of transmiting AHS in the US? If so, what is it?

Back 83

Yes!
Culicoides

Front 84

Which form of AHS does this horse suffer from?

Back 84

Pulmonary

Front 85

What form of AHS does this horse suffer from? Where else will it likely have edema? What will its terminal CS be?

Back 85

Cardiac (that is eyelid edema)
Supraorbital fossae, eyelids, intermandibular space
Neck, thorax, brisket and shoulders
Petechiae: Ventral tongue, conjunctiva

Front 86

When is the mixed for AHS usually dx? Are pulmonary or cardiac signs presented first?

Back 86

Necropsy

Pulmonary - cardiac signs are often subclinical

Front 87

What is the characteristic Horsesickness fever?

Back 87

Characteristic fever (3-8 days)
Morning remission (undetectable)
Afternoon exacerbation

Front 88

Postmortem lesions of AHS (each form)

Back 88

Pulmonary form
Hydrothorax
Severe pulmonary edema
Cardiac form
Yellow gelatinous infiltrate
Fascia of head, neck, shoulders
Hydropericardium
Mixed form
Mixture of above findings

Front 89

What is the characteristic CS of AHS?

Back 89

Supraorbital swelling is characteristic

Front 90

Tx of AHS

Back 90

none

Front 91

What is the human health concern with AHS?

Back 91

There is no evidence that humans can become infected with field strains of AHS virus, either through contact with infected animals or from working in laboratories. However, it has been shown that certain neurotropic vaccine strains may cause encephalitis and retinitis in humans following transnasal infection. Modified live vaccine strains of AHS should be handled with caution

Front 92

What do you do if you suspect AHS?

Back 92

contact authorities
iso

Front 93

How to disinfect for AHS

Back 93

The AHS virus can be inactivated by formalin,  -propiolactone, acetyl-ethyleneimine derivatives or radiation. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is an effective disinfectant against the virus. The virus is also destroyed at a pH less than 6 or greater than 12.

Front 94

How do we try to prevent AHS?

Back 94

Quaratine for 60d from endemic areas
Vacc ni endemic areas

Front 95

Are you likely to get Hendra Virus from a fruit bat? If not, how are u likely to contract the virus?

Back 95

No
Infected Horse

Front 96

If you suspect Hendra virus how should ts behanded?

Back 96

IT SHOULDNT BE

Front 97

What should be done wtih any objects that are in contact with possible Hendra virus?

Back 97

Disinfect all articles or instruments used to treat patients with known or suspected infection

Front 98

What is the human health concern with Borna Virus?

Back 98

ABs have been isolated from Hu w/psychiatric disorder