Foreign Service Officer Test - Us History

Front 1

12th Amendment

Back 1

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Front 2

13th Amendment

Back 2

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery

Front 3

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Back 3

13th - Ended slavery, 14th - Gave blacks civil rights, 15th - Black suffrage

Front 4

14th Amendment

Back 4

1866 â€" Ratified in 1866. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.

Front 5

15th Amendment

Back 5

1870 â€" No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

Front 6

16th Amendment

Back 6

Enacted income tax.

Front 7

17th Amendment

Back 7

Direct election of US Senators

Front 8

1893 Depression

Back 8

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

Front 9

18th Amendment

Back 9

Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed.

Front 10

1992 - what went wrong (GB1)

Back 10

(GB1) American economy favored powerful not middle class, natioanal debt, employment fell, forced into low paying jobs, losing benefits of pensiosn and health, black and hispanic = hit hardest

Front 11

19th Amendment

Back 11

Granted women the right to vote (finally). (1920)

Front 12

20th Amendment

Back 12

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Front 13

20th Amendment

Back 13

(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms

Front 14

21st Amendment

Back 14

(FDR) , 1933, repeal of prohibition

Front 15

22nd Amendment

Back 15

limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve

Front 16

23rd Amendment

Back 16

(JFK), gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

Front 17

26th Amendment

Back 17

(RN) , lowered the voting age to 18

Front 18

27th Amendment*

Back 18

(RN) , regulates pay raises for members of Congress

Front 19

3/5 Compromise

Back 19

The South wanted slaves to count of citizens in order to increase the population, and therefore increasing the number of Southerners in the House of Representatives. The North argued that slaves were property and couldn’t be counted. In the end, slaved came to be counted as 3/5 of a person.

Front 20

54/40 of fight

Back 20

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk’s slogan â€" the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.

Front 21

A. Mitchell Palmer

Back 21

He was chosen to round up immigrants that were questionably communists, and he ended up rounding up about 6000 people.`

Front 22

A. Philip Randolph

Back 22

President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.

Front 23

Aaron Burr

Back 23

Was VP for Jefferson. Later killed Hamilton in a duel. Later still involved in a conspiracy to sever the western states.

Front 24

ABC Powers

Back 24

(WW) 1914 Argentina,Brazil,Chile offered to negotiate dispute between US and Mexico

Front 25

Abraham Lincoln

Back 25

Initially Senator from Illinois, rose to prominence through Lincoln Douglas Debates, led Union during Civil War, issued Emanciptation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address and Homestead Act. Killed after the war.

Front 26

Acquisition of Florida from Spain

Back 26

(JMon) Jackson gets Spain, praised by Adams and Monroe, not by Senate or House

Front 27

Adam's "midnight judges"

Back 27

A group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

Front 28

Adamson Act

Back 28

(WW) , 1916; established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime

Front 29

Adams-Onis Treaty

Back 29

The negotiated sale of Spain's territories in eastern and western Florida to the U. S. for $5 million.

Front 30

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Back 30

Reversed Muller v. Oregon, declared laws to protect women workers were unconstitutional. (1923)

Front 31

Adlai Stevenson

Back 31

ran against Eisenhower, , The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower. Ambassador to UN during Cuban Missile Crisis.

Front 32

Admiral Nimitz

Back 32

Commander of US fleet during WWII.

Front 33

Aftermanth of Persian War

Back 33

(WJC) UN wanted to inspect Iraq for weapons, so imposed economic santions, France, China and Russia oppose (since they had contracts with Iraq), then eventually UK and US considered ending sanctions, and Saddam ordered UN out of Iraq

Front 34

Aftermath of the Vietnam War

Back 34

(RN), 1973, when Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)

Front 35

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Back 35

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Front 36

Aid To Somalia

Back 36

(GB1) civil war, UN peacekeeping mission, US forces limited humanitarian, Bush Adminstration rejected disarm warrin factiosn and pressed for negotiations, later turned over control to UN, results, back to fighting

Front 37

Al Capone

Back 37

Mob leader in 1920s. Sent to prison for income tax evasion.

Front 38

Al Jolson

Back 38

Starred in the first "talkie" movie with sounds called "The Jazz Singer."

Front 39

Alabama (Geneva Tribunal)

Back 39

*1869-1872, Seward negotiates with England on recovering damages from Civil War, Treaty of Washington 1871, solved dispute over fisheries, boundaries, and Alabama

Front 40

Alamo

Back 40

Where a group of Americans made a heroic stand against a much larger Mexican force. Their massacre became a rallying cry for eventual Texan independence.

Front 41

Alaska National Interest Lands

Back 41

(JEC) total area of national park doubled

Front 42

Alaska purchased from Russia?

Back 42

1867

Front 43

Albany Congress/Plan of Union

Back 43

A conference in the summer of 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.

Front 44

Albany Plan

Back 44

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.

Front 45

Alexander Hamilton

Back 45

Helped write the Federalist Papers. A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.'s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey. His programs were designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy; he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

Front 46

Alexis de tocqueville

Back 46

French historian whose book Democracy in Amerca was the first impartial study of institutions in the new nation.

Front 47

Alf Landon

Back 47

Ran against FDR in the 1936 election. He was weak on the radio and weaker in personal compaigning, and while he criticized FDR's spending, he also favored enough of FDR's New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an unsure idiot.

Front 48

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Back 48

"In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on and that control of the sea as the key to world.

Front 49

Algeciras Conference

Back 49

(TR) alliance (germany, austria, and italy),1906- settled the First Moroccan Crisis- started with Germany wanting an international conference on the Moroccan question of who gets what- Germany left with nothing and was further isolated- result of conference was that Britain, France, Russia, and the US began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate all Europe- Germany began to see sinister plots to "encircle" Germany and prevent their development as a world power

Front 50

Alger Hiss

Back 50

State Department official convicted of being a secret agent for the Soviet Union, based largely on the accusation of a communist. Congressman Nixon became known nationwide due to his involvement with the investigation.

Front 51

Alice Paul

Back 51

A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.

Front 52

Alien & Sedition Acts

Back 52

Laws aimed at restricting the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adam's Federalist policies. They provoked the Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions by Madison and Jefferson asserting State's rights.

Front 53

Alien Registration Act?

Back 53

AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, mostly on the left. A series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.

Front 54

Alliance for Progress

Back 54

(JFK) 1961,"", a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Front 55

American Anti-Slavery Society

Back 55

Formed in 1844, a major abolitionist movement in the North.

Front 56

American Colonization Society

Back 56

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

Front 57

American Expeditionary Forces

Back 57

(WW), The Us forces led by General John Pershing who fought with the allies in Europe during WW1

Front 58

American Federation of Government Employees?

Back 58

An American labor union representing over 600,000 employees of the federal government. (State and municipal employees are represented by other unions, most notably the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). It is a member of the AFL-CIO. Its current president is John Gage (labor leader).

Front 59

American Federation of Labor

Back 59

(GC2) , Samuel Gompers, a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.

Front 60

American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) ?

Back 60

Founded in 1932, is currently the second- or third-largest labor union in the United States and one of the fastest-growing, representing over 1.4 million employees, primarily in local government and in the health care industry. Employees at the federal level are represented by other unions, such as the American Federation of Government Employees, with which AFSCME was once affiliated.

Front 61

American Party

Back 61

Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846

Front 62

American Protective Association

Back 62

A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.

Front 63

American Railway Union

Back 63

Founded by Eugene V. Debs.

Front 64

American System*

Back 64

1824 (JMon), Henry Clay, response to Tariff of 1824, program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Front 65

American Temperance Union

Back 65

(AJ) , 1836, It united temperance groups and distributed tracts warning against strong drink

Front 66

Amnesty Act

Back 66

Pardoned many of the rebels and allowed them to reenter public acts. (1872)

Front 67

Amtrak*

Back 67

(RN), first major attempt to re establish adequate railroad passenger service

Front 68

Andrew Carnegie

Back 68

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Philantropist

Front 69

Andrew Jackson

Back 69

1829-1837, (King Andrew, Old Hickory) Democrat, issue = 2nd Bank of America (Jackson and Clay), Whig Party emerged

Front 70

Andrew Jackson and Florida

Back 70

Jackson took military control of Spanish Florida, which encouraged the treaty with Spain 1819.

Front 71

Andrew Johnson

Back 71

Became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Later impeached for illegally dismissin a government official.

Front 72

Annapolis Convention

Back 72

Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

Front 73

Anne Hutchinson

Back 73

Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

Front 74

Annie Oakley

Back 74

A performer in wild west shows around the turn of the century.

Front 75

Antebellum

Back 75

Term used for objects originating before the Civil War

Front 76

Anthracite Coal Strike

Back 76

Large strike by coal miners led by Miner's Union president George F. Baer

Front 77

Anti Poverty Act

Back 77

(LBJ) 1964, his act of war on poverty

Front 78

Antietam*

Back 78

(AL), 1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Front 79

Anti-Federalists

Back 79

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Front 80

Anti-Imperialist League

Back 80

A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists. They fought against the McKinley administration's expansionist moves.

Front 81

Anti-Masonic Party

Back 81

Party that spoke against the famous secret society of the Masons, but was also considered to be very anti-Jackson. Followers often sought moral and religious reform.

Front 82

Anti-Saloon League

Back 82

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Front 83

Apaches

Back 83

Native Americans in SW

Front 84

Appomattox

Back 84

(AL) 1864, , This was the last battle of the Civil War that ended in a Union victory.It ended the war. Grant defeats Lee

Front 85

Appomattox Court House

Back 85

Where General Lee surrendered to General Grant ending the Civil War

Front 86

Archduke Ferdinand

Back 86

His assassination sparked numerous alliances that led to WWI.

Front 87

Aroostook War

Back 87

Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.

Front 88

Article X

Back 88

Part of the Treaty of Versaille that created the League of Nations

Front 89

Articles of Confederation

Back 89

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

Front 90

Association

Back 90

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Front 91

Assumption

Back 91

Hamilton's idea that the federal government would assume all state debts.

Front 92

Assumption of State Debts

Back 92

(GW) Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another

Front 93

Atlanta Compromise

Back 93

Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice

Front 94

Atlantic Charter

Back 94

product of a secret by FDR and Churchill; discussed post war aims and goals; advocated self determination of peoples

Front 95

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 95

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

Front 96

Baker v. Carr

Back 96

(LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment.

Front 97

Bakke decision

Back 97

Major decision in which the court upheld the general principle of Affirmative Action.

Front 98

Balle of Bull Run

Back 98

The first battle of the Civil War, which the North lost.

Front 99

Ballinger/Pinchot Affair

Back 99

Taft lost popularity when he supported Ballinger, who bended the government's environmental policies.

Front 100

Banking Acts

Back 100

(FDR) 1933, 1935 , AKA (Steagall Act) June 16. Separated commercial from investment banksing (recently overturned), established FDIC*** (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) which guarantees deposits.

Front 101

Barbary pirates

Back 101

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Front 102

Barry Goldwater

Back 102

Leading spokesman for American conservatism. Lost to Johnson in 1964.

Front 103

Bataan Death March

Back 103

American troops were treated with vicious cruelty in the 80-mile Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps.

Front 104

Battle of Britain

Back 104

(FDR) 1940, German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were

Front 105

Battle of Bunker Hill

Back 105

The first great battle of the Revolutionary War.

Front 106

Battle of Chancellorsville

Back 106

Major battle in Civil War. South won. Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot and killed by his own men after the battle.

Front 107

Battle of Gettysburg

Back 107

Greatest battle of Civil War fought in PA. Considered to be the turning point in the War in favor of the North.

Front 108

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Back 108

First battle in the Revolutionary War. Paul Revere's ride and Emerson's poem 'shot heard around the world.'

Front 109

Battle of New Orleans

Back 109

(JM), Jackson defends city against British frontal attack, becomes national hero

Front 110

Battle of Quebec

Back 110

1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered. It was considered to be one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.

Front 111

Battle of Saratoga

Back 111

Major battle in revolutionary war, lead to victory by Benedict Arnold (before he became traitor). Considered to be the turning point in the war, leading to France backing the Americans.

Front 112

Battle of the Little Bighorn?

Back 112

(1876): Also called Custer's Last Stand, it was the most famous incident of the Indian Wars. Cheyenne and Sioux indians killed Custer and all of his men.

Front 113

Battle of Yorktown

Back 113

Last battle of Revolutionary War. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington here.

Front 114

Battles during War of 1812*

Back 114

Battle of Lake Erie (Oliver Perry), Battle of Tippecanoe (Harrison and Tecumseh), Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key), Battle of New Orlean (Jackson)

Front 115

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Back 115

The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

Front 116

Bear Flag Republic?

Back 116

A republic that lasted for 25 days, started in Sonoma, CA in 1846 when Americans took over the town from the Mexicans. Once the Mexican-American War had begun, they joined America.

Front 117

Benedict Arnold

Back 117

An American general who betrayed the US to the British in the Revolutionary war

Front 118

Benjamin Franklin

Back 118

Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, Ambassador to France and Britain, early researcher of electricity,

Front 119

Benjamin Harrison

Back 119

Gilded Age president. Congress under him known as the "Billion Dollar Congress" for showering veterans with pensions, passing the McKinley Tariff Act and

Front 120

Benjamin Harrison' Party*

Back 120

VP - Morton, SS - Blaine

Front 121

Bernard Baruch

Back 121

Millionaire, he headed the War Industries Board after 1918.

Front 122

Bessemer Process

Back 122

Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.

Front 123

Betsy Ross

Back 123

Believed to have sown the first American flag in the form of the Stars and Stripes.

Front 124

Betty Friedan

Back 124

Wrote The Feminine Mystique, a book that proved fundamental to the women's movement of the 1960s. Founder of National Organization for Women.

Front 125

Big ten

Back 125

A group of pominent midwestern universities known for high academic standards and keen atheletic competition.

Front 126

Bill Of Rights

Back 126

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Front 127

Billy the kid

Back 127

Gunslinger in New Mexico.

Front 128

Black Codes

Back 128

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.

Front 129

Black Muslims

Back 129

A radical movement for black power under the leadership of Malcolm X.

Front 130

Black Panthers

Back 130

Militant black power organization of the 1960s founded by Huey Newton.

Front 131

Black power

Back 131

Called for independent development of political and social institutions for black people.

Front 132

Black Tuesday

Back 132

October 29, 1929-The day that the stock market crashed.

Front 133

Bland Allison Act*****

Back 133

(RBH) 1878 , 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices, no less than $2 million and no more than $4 million

Front 134

Bleeding Kansas?

Back 134

Sometimes referred to as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1856. It led up to the civil war.

Front 135

Blue law

Back 135

a type of law restricting activities or sales of goods on Sunday, which had its roots in accommodating Christian Sunday worship, although it persists to this day more as a matter of tradition. The term blue law may have been first used by Reverend Samuel Peters in his book General History of Connecticut, which was first published in 1781, to refer to various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century which prohibited the selling of certain types of merchandise and retail or business activity of any kind on certain days of the week (usually Sunday).

Front 136

Bonnie and Clyde

Back 136

Outlaws on a two year spree of murder and bank robbery in

Front 137

Booker T. Washington

Back 137

Influential black educator and leader. Said black could be social separated with whites, but together on other issues.

Front 138

Border States

Back 138

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did no secede.

Front 139

Boss Tweed

Back 139

Most famous political boss - HQed in NYC

Front 140

Boston Massacre

Back 140

British soldiers killed protestors of British rule. This increased the colonists inclination toward revolution.

Front 141

Boston Tea Party

Back 141

A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament; Sons of Liberty dressed up like Indians raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. Led to Coercive Acts. (1773)

Front 142

Bounties

Back 142

(AL) , payments to encourage volunteers (North not South)

Front 143

Boxer Rebellion

Back 143

(WMc) , A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Front 144

Braceros

Back 144

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Front 145

Brady Bill

Back 145

(WJC) 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases

Front 146

Brain trust

Back 146

A group of intellectuals and planners who act as advisors, especially to a government.

Front 147

Bretton Woods Conference

Back 147

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Front 148

Brigham Young

Back 148

Leader of Mormons

Front 149

British Orders in Council

Back 149

A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn’t get supplies, but American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812.

Front 150

British Proclamation of 1763

Back 150

English law enacted after French and Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution.

Front 151

Brook Farm

Back 151

A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect and manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work.

Front 152

Brooklyn Bridge

Back 152

Added to the seductive glamour of gleaming cities.

Front 153

Brooks-Sumner incident

Back 153

SC Congressman Brooks (pro-slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC and slavery.

Front 154

Browder v. Gayle

Back 154

(1956) Ended segregation in the public transportation system after the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Front 155

Budget Priorities

Back 155

(WJC) cut federal deficit, edu. for the poor (operation head start), inc. energy taxes, increase income taxes on upper classes, min. wage raised, did not act on health care, Kennedy Kassebaum bill (change jobs doesn't lose med. insurance, cannot be denied based on preexisting condition), did little to hasten economic and provide better jobs.

Front 156

Buffalo Bill

Back 156

Soldier against Native Americans, later founded the celebrated 'Wild West Show.'

Front 157

Buffalo Soldiers

Back 157

Members of one of the African American regiments within the U.S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s.

Front 158

Bull Moose Party

Back 158

Teddy Roosevelt's party in the election of 1812

Front 159

Bunker Hill

Back 159

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

Front 160

Burr-Hamilton duel

Back 160

When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson and Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, and lost.

Front 161

Buying stocks on margin

Back 161

This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment and say that you will pay the rest later because you don't have the money now. It's buying something with money you hope that you'll be getting in the future.

Front 162

California enters Union

Back 162

Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance.

Front 163

Calvin Coolidge

Back 163

President in 1923. Worked to restrain growth of government and especially to interfere with private enterprise.

Front 164

Camp David Acccord

Back 164

(JEC) 1979, Anwar el-Sadat (egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel) and Carter (US) talked about rejecting war, and also Israel aggred to return all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt within three years, treaty signed in Washington

Front 165

Campaign Finance Reform

Back 165

cleaning up way they are financed, house campaign skyrocketed, (PAC pays half), 2 distortions = 1) predominance of politlcal influence disprotionate to real number 2) soft money (Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts.)

Front 166

campaign money mess

Back 166

(WJC) both parties accused of illegal practices, (violating = allowing foreign influence in US elections) hard money (campaign gifts to individual candidates) should be reported to federal election commission

Front 167

Captain John Smith

Back 167

One of the original settlers of Jamestown. Captured by Native Americans, saved by Pocahontas.

Front 168

Carolina

Back 168

Colony (ultimately split in two) used as outpost for West Indies trade. Where American slavery is said to have started.

Front 169

Caroline Incident

Back 169

In 1837 a steamer, the Caroline, was attacked by the British. They burned it on the shore of New York. This steamer was carrying supplies across the Niagara River. Luckily, it sank before going over the falls and only One American died.

Front 170

Carry Nation

Back 170

a leading proponent of prohibition.

Front 171

Carter's Energy Plan

Back 171

(JEC) 1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports and on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr and synthetic gasoline, also (1) commit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes, but sadly none of these happened.

Front 172

cash and carry

Back 172

countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

Front 173

Central Pacific Railroad

Back 173

(USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants

Front 174

Change in the Eighties

Back 174

(RR), reduced the domestic funds of government by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education (Willaim Bennett), rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing

Front 175

Change to Win Federation?

Back 175

A coalition of American labor unions originally formed in 2005 as an alternative to the AFL-CIO. Includes the Teamsters, Laborers' Union, the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, and the SEIU.

Front 176

Charles Cornwallis

Back 176

British general during the revolutionary war, who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown.

Front 177

Charles Coughlin

Back 177

He ran against FDR and disliked the New Deal. He voiced his opinions on the radio.

Front 178

Charles Lindbergh

Back 178

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.

Front 179

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Back 179

1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract

Front 180

Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks

Back 180

(FP) , Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Front 181

Charles Townshend

Back 181

reated the Townshend Acts. British Prime Minister (Grenville’s replacement) Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre

Front 182

Charlotte Gilman

Back 182

Wrote Women & Economics (1898), a plea for female economic independence. The vote alone is not enough. Her thinking inspired feminists, especially in 70s and 80s.

Front 183

Chatauqua Movement

Back 183

American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th and 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture

Front 184

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Back 184

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Front 185

Cherokees

Back 185

Major tribe that lived in the Southeast. Were forcibly removed to reservations west of the Mississippi.

Front 186

Chesapeake Affair

Back 186

The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, who forced the crew to sail on British ships. This is one of the more famous cases of impressment, and led to the War of 1812.

Front 187

Chester Arthur

Back 187

Followed Garfield, favored civil service reform.

Front 188

Chester Nimitz

Back 188

Forced Japanese back when they were trying to weize Midway Island.

Front 189

Chief Joseph

Back 189

Tried to lead his people to Canada to avoid forced resettlement, but captured at border and surrendered.

Front 190

Child labor laws

Back 190

Laws passed forbidding employment of children except in specific circumstances. Later Supreme Court ruled these unconstitutional. Later still 1930s, Fair Labor Standards Act upheld by the Court, banning employment of children in manufacturing jobs.

Front 191

China and Clinton

Back 191

(WJC) even though turmoil, us had to keep good relations with China

Front 192

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Back 192

Suspension of chinese immigration for fear they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943.

Front 193

Citizen Genet

Back 193

He was a represenative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution.

Front 194

Civil Rights Act

Back 194

(LBJ) 1964 , LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test

Front 195

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Back 195

Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War

Front 196

Civil Rights Acts

Back 196

Officially made blacks citizens of the US

Front 197

Civil rights movement

Back 197

Movement in 50s and 60s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights. Major moments were when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white person, MLK's 'I have a Dream Speech', the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968.

Front 198

Civil Service Commission

Back 198

A federal agency which regulates the hiring of government employees.

Front 199

Civil Service Reform

Back 199

(CAA) , Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

Front 200

Civil War

Back 200

War between Northern and Southern States. South wanted to secede to preserve economic model, including slavery, and autonomy. North won.

Front 201

Civilian Conservation Corps

Back 201

(FDR) 1933, , March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Front 202

Clara Barton

Back 202

Founder of the American Red Cross

Front 203

Clarence Darrow

Back 203

Defense attorney in the Scopes trial.

Front 204

Clay, Calhoun, Webster

Back 204

Leaders who came about during the debate over the Tariff of 1816. (This put a 20-30% tariff on imported goods to protect American’s economy). Webster was from the North and supported partial protection, but not the entire amount. Calhoun was from the South and was in favor of the tariff. Clay was from the West and also supported the tariff. He believed in the American System. This system entailed first, the protective tariff, and then with the benefits of the tariff and increase in national industry, the money could then be used to improve roads and transportation among the states.

Front 205

Clayton Antitrust Act*

Back 205

(WW) 1914, New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions, also made labor unions not dependent on antilaws

Front 206

Clayton Bulwar Treaty*****

Back 206

(MF) 1850, Both U.S. and England wanted to build a Panama Canal. This said that if either of us built it, we'd get the builder's permission to use it and would share the profits.

Front 207

Clean Air Act

Back 207

(RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.

Front 208

Clipper ships

Back 208

Sleek ships that sacrificed cargo space for speed.

Front 209

Coal Strike

Back 209

(TR), 1902, , Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited and accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay and reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate., TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened

Front 210

Cohens v. Virginia

Back 210

Supreme Court has right to review the decisions of all state supreme courts.

Front 211

Cold War Renewwed

Back 211

(RR), 1985, Reagan believe SALT II Treaty favored Soviet Union - evil, soon Mikhail Gorbachev party leadership, Reagan's view caused anxieties among America's Western European allies, antinuclear demonstrations in Europe start, the Yuri Andropov proposed arms reduction that he knew Reagan would reject, he wanted to corrupt Europe's and US's relations, but that didn't really work

Front 212

College of William and Mary

Back 212

Founded in 1693, it was the first college of the Jamestown area.

Front 213

Committee on Public Information

Back 213

Was created to "sell" the war to those people who were against it and gain support for it. To do this, men devlievered speeches and gave out pamphlets. It was headed by George Creel

Front 214

Committees of Correspondence

Back 214

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one.

Front 215

Commodore Dewey

Back 215

(WMc) , surprise victory over the Span in Spanish- American War in the Philippines

Front 216

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Back 216

Labor unions ruled not illegal conspiracies, that methods were honorable and peaceful

Front 217

Compromise of 1850

Back 217

(MF) by Daniel Webster, California wanted to join the Union, but if California was accepted the North would gain control of the Senate, and Southerners threatened to secede from the Union. This compromise set up California joining the Union as a free state, New Mexico and Utah use popular sovereignty to decide the question of slavery, slave trading is banned in the nation's capital, The Fugitive Slave Law is passed, and the border between Texas and New Mexico was set.

Front 218

Compromise of 1877

Back 218

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

Front 219

Compromise Tariff

Back 219

Promised to gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of eight years.

Front 220

Confederate Advantages

Back 220

in the Civil War â€" Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation’s best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

Front 221

Confederate States of America

Back 221

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861, Jefferson Davis, Montgomery, AL

Front 222

Confiscation Act

Back 222

Allowed Union to liberate those slaves used by the Confederacy for "insurrectionary purposes."

Front 223

Congress of Racial Equality

Back 223

1941-42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates and political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi and Alabama.

Front 224

Congressional Reform

Back 224

(GF) created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of commitees, incease the size of the Ways and Means Committee from 25 to 37, and no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time

Front 225

Connecticut

Back 225

Founded by Thomas Hooker who brought groups of Puritans to new colony.

Front 226

Conrail*

Back 226

(GF) 1976, combined 7 railroads in NE US in an attempt to revitalize service, last ditch attempt to avoid outright govt ownerships and operation

Front 227

Constitution

Back 227

(1787-1989) The fundamental law of the US. Established strong central government in place of the Articles of Confederation

Front 228

Constitutional Convention

Back 228

The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United States in 1787; all states were invited to send delegates. The convention, meeting in Philadelphia, designed a government with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It established Congress as a lawmaking body with two houses: each state is given two representatives in the Senate, whereas representation in the House of Representatives is based on population.

Front 229

Consumer Proection Agency

Back 229

(RN), influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers and others to the cause

Front 230

Containment

Back 230

Truman policy to contain spread of Communism. Lead to the formation of NATO.

Front 231

Continental Army

Back 231

The Continental Army was the unified command structure of the thirteen colonies fighting Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. The Army was created by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. Most of the Continental Army was disbanded on November 3, 1783, after the Treaty of Paris. A small residual force remained at West Point and some frontier outposts until Congress created the United States Army by their resolution of June 3, 1784.

Front 232

Continental Congress

Back 232

Assembly of the 13 colonies that rules during the Revolutionary War under the Articles of Confederation. It passed the Declaration of Independence

Front 233

Contract with America

Back 233

(WJC)Gingrich, President can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money

Front 234

Controversial Visit

Back 234

(RR), 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis

Front 235

Coolies?

Back 235

The term "coolie" refers to unskilled laborers from Asia in the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, North Africa, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. The term usually referred to Chinese, Indian, Japanese and Korean laborers and was often used in a derogatory way. In India, "coolie" refers to porters who work at railway stations. In Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and other parts of the Caribbean, as well as Sri Lanka and South Africa, the word is considered an offensive racial slur on par with "n*gger." In the British Empire, a "coolie" was an indentured labourer with conditions resembling slavery. Chinese coolies contributed to the building of the Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, as well as the Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada, but many of the Chinese laborers were not welcome to stay after its completion. California's Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 also contributed to the oppression of Chinese laborers in the United States.

Front 236

Copperheads

Back 236

(AL) , a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War, Vallandigham

Front 237

Cordell Hull

Back 237

Chief architect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. He also succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same.

Front 238

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Back 238

A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad.

Front 239

Corrupt Bargain

Back 239

The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office.

Front 240

Cotton Gin

Back 240

1798 â€" Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South.

Front 241

Cotton Mather

Back 241

Religious leader behind the Salem Witch Trials.

Front 242

Council of Economic Advisors

Back 242

This council was created by the Employment Act and was made to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.

Front 243

Covered wagon

Back 243

A typical conveyance for settlers moving west.

Front 244

Coxey's Army

Back 244

A band of unemployed people who marched to DC during the depression of 1894 under the leadership of Jacob S. Coxey. They urged the enactment of laws which would provide money without interest for public improvements to create work.

Front 245

Crazy Horse

Back 245

Sioux chief at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Front 246

Credit Moblier Scandal

Back 246

1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company and hired itself to work (using government funds) - scandal broke loose and leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock

Front 247

Creel Committee

Back 247

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty

Front 248

Crittenden Compromise

Back 248

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Front 249

Crop Lien System

Back 249

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Front 250

Cross of Gold Speech

Back 250

Responsible for gaining Bryan popularity. To supporters of gold: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold."

Front 251

Cult of Domesticity

Back 251

Belief in Middle and Upper Classes in US and Britain - women embodied perfect virtues in all senses

Front 252

Cumberland (National) Road

Back 252

Highway that stretched across nation, providing much aid to Westerners. (1811)

Front 253

Custer's last stand

Back 253

Custer pursuing Sioux indians, but underestimated their force. His whole group was killed in the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Front 254

Cyrus McCormick

Back 254

Invented mechanical reaper

Front 255

D.W. Griffith

Back 255

Produced the move "The Birth of Nations" in 1915 which glorified the KK of Reconstuction days and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers.

Front 256

Daniel Boone

Back 256

A frontier settler who explored and settled Kentucky

Front 257

Daniel Shays

Back 257

He was a captain in the American Revolutionary War. He is mostly known for leading a small army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state government of Massachusetts from 1786-1787.

Front 258

Daniel Webster

Back 258

Defended national unity in the Senate against advocates of States rights such as Calhoun.

Front 259

Dartmouth College Case

Back 259

1819 (JMon), contract, Daniel Webster, Jurisdictional dispute between the college's president and board of trustees led to a Supreme Court ruling favoring the educational freedom of private institutions (which is what colleges are considered to be)

Front 260

Davy Crockett

Back 260

Settler and politician. Killed at the Alamo.

Front 261

Dawes Act

Back 261

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Front 262

de Lome letter

Back 262

Hearst’s Journal published a private letter written by Spanish minister to the United States Depuy de Lôme regarding his reservations for Cuban independence and disparaging President McKinley. Helped spark war.

Front 263

Declaration of Indendence

Back 263

The fundamental document establishing the US as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. Written largely by Jefferson. Declared principles upon which Revolutionary War was fought.

Front 264

Declaratory Act

Back 264

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

Front 265

Deism

Back 265

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Front 266

Deists

Back 266

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.

Front 267

Delaware

Back 267

Established by Lord de la Warr. Had a strong Swedish influence.

Front 268

Democratic party

Back 268

Political party that arose in 1820s. Jackson was the first Democratic president. Supported limited government and represented farmers, laborers and settlers. Since the New Deal, Democrats have emphasized the role of the federal government in promoting social, economic and political opportunities for all citizens.

Front 269

Democratic-Republicans

Back 269

One of the first two American political parties, together with the Federalist Party. Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Those two and James Monroe were the only Democratic-Republican presidents. Party disbanded in the 1820s, splintering into two factions, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party believed that a strong federal government would weaken and not respect the rights of the states and the people.

Front 270

Democrats 1836-1850

Back 270

TRADITION, opposed banks and corporations as state legislated economic privilege, anti state legistlaed reforms and preferred individual freedom of choice, TJ agrarians, expansion, progress thru external growth, SOUTH

Front 271

Denis Kearney

Back 271

Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.

Front 272

Dennis vs. the United States

Back 272

In 1948, the Attorney General indicted two key Communist leaders for violation of the Smith Act of 1940 which prohibited conspiring to teach violent overthrow of the government. They were convicted in a 6-2 decision and their appeal was rejected.

Front 273

Department of Labor and Commerce

Back 273

Originally started in 1903 as the Department of Commerce and Labor, it was combined with the Bureau of Corporations in 1913 to create the Department of Labor. The Bureau of Corporations helped break the stronghold of monopolies.

Front 274

Dewey/Manila

Back 274

Spanish-American war was started when Dewey’s fleet seized or destroyed all ten Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay (Philippines).

Front 275

Direct Primary

Back 275

(TR) run for office may circulate a petition and get the required number signatures, voters a more direct role in govt

Front 276

Dixiecrats (States' Right Party)*

Back 276

(HT) Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party, leader is Governor Strom Thurmond

Front 277

Domestic and Foreign Debts

Back 277

(GW), Hamilton, funding at a par

Front 278

Dominion of New England

Back 278

In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne.

Front 279

Dorothea Dix

Back 279

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Front 280

Doughboys

Back 280

US infantry in WWI

Front 281

Drago Doctrine*****

Back 281

(TR) 1902 No nation should use force to collect debts unless debtor nation refused arbitration, Luis Drago

Front 282

Dred Scott Case

Back 282

(JB) , Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Front 283

Dust Bowl

Back 283

A parched region of the Great Plains in OK, ARK, and TX, where a combination of drought and soil erosion created enormous dust storms in 1930s.

Front 284

Dwight Eisenhower

Back 284

Supreme Commander of Allied forces in WWII. Later organized NATO, President 1952-60, negotiated end of Korean War. Cold War.

Front 285

Earl Warren

Back 285

Chief justice 1953-1969. Bold interpretation of the Constitution "the Warren Court" in favor of the disadvantaged. Involved in Brown vs. Board and Miranda decisions. Investigated assassination of Kennedy.

Front 286

Economic Growth and Deregulation

Back 286

(RR) wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air and Water Acts and OSHA, economic regulations Environmental Protection Agency, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers (huge trade surpluses), they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets

Front 287

Edison

Back 287

Edison invented the light bulb at the turn of the century, revolutionizing the American way of life.

Front 288

Edward (Ted) Kennedy

Back 288

Younger brother of JFK. A leading liberal and Senator. Chappaquiddick undermined his chances at President.

Front 289

Edward Murrow

Back 289

Radio commentator during WWII, opposed McCarthyism, created TV shows going to homes of celebrities for interviews.

Front 290

Edwin Meese

Back 290

(RR) helped minority workers

Front 291

Eighteenth Amendment!

Back 291

(WW) , banned the sale of alcohol in 1919, in comes in the Volstead Act

Front 292

Eisenhower Doctrine*

Back 292

(DDE) 1957, , policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country, Arab states said to leave Lebanon alone

Front 293

El Salvador Dilemma!

Back 293

(RR) 1979-1990, Civil was there, US and Pres. Jose Napoleon Duarte against leftist, but then soon death squads and threat leftist, two main problems (1) ones in power supported govt. in limit and (2) used power to delay and hurt agriculture, but soon guerilla attacks stopped after US invested money in El Salvador's newly privatized electrical markets

Front 294

Electoral Count Act

Back 294

As a belated result of the disputed election of 1876 involving Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, the Electoral Count Act of 1887 placed the responsibility of deciding electoral disputes mainly on the states themselves. Congress now counts the votes (a mere formality) on Jan. 6.

Front 295

Elenor Roosevelt

Back 295

First lady to FDR, involved in humanitarian and diplomatic efforts around the world. Represented US in UN.

Front 296

Eli Whitney

Back 296

1798 â€" He developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South.

Front 297

Elizabeth Blackwell

Back 297

First female to graduate from medical college.

Front 298

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Back 298

Called for Seneca Falls Convention, worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for Women's suffrage.

Front 299

Elkins Act

Back 299

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Front 300

Embargo Act

Back 300

A law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Jefferson hoped to weaken the warring France and Britain by shutting off trade, but the act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It helped to revive the Federalists and caused New England's industry to grow. It was repealed in 1807 and eventually led to the War of 1812.

Front 301

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Back 301

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. It gave the president power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.

Front 302

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Back 302

1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890.

Front 303

Emerson and Thoreau

Back 303

Two transcendentalist authors. Emerson - Poet, philosopher, "The American Scholar." Thoreau - Poet, mystic, "Walden: Or Life in the Woods."

Front 304

Emilio Aguinaldo

Back 304

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence. He was captured.

Front 305

Emma Willard

Back 305

(AJ) , in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere

Front 306

Emmett Till

Back 306

A fourteen year old black boy who was lynched by a Mississippi mob for leering at a woman.

Front 307

Ending Nuclear Testing

Back 307

(WJC) us wouldn't test unless another nation did it first

Front 308

Energy Crisis

Back 308

(RN), following Yom Kippur War, so they planned to use Alaskian pipeline, but eventually went back to foreign

Front 309

Energy Problem 1979

Back 309

(JEC), Iran revolution ended oil shipment, so in spring of 1979, gas and oil priced were raised

Front 310

Environmental Protection Agency

Back 310

(RN), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Front 311

Equal Rights Amendment!

Back 311

(RN) , in 1972 and 1988, constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Front 312

Era of "Good Stealings"

Back 312

The 1870’s-1890’s was a dark period in American politics filled with corruption, which rivaled today’s. Dubbed “The Era of Good Stealings,” the gilded age was arguably when politicians first recognized the seemingly deep pool of corporate money and also when many of them signed their souls over to the corporations.

Front 313

Era of Good Feelings?

Back 313

Period from 1815–1821 that followed the War of 1812 where the last Federalist candidate was defeated and the issues of slavery were emerging as a result of the Missouri Compromise. James Monroe defeated the last Federalist candidate in 1816, and won unopposed in 1820.

Front 314

Erie Canal

Back 314

Linked the Great Lakes region to New York (and European shipping routes), opened up new era of industry for farmers. (1825)

Front 315

Ernest Hemingway

Back 315

He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1952. A Farewell to Arms was written in 1929 and told the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver and a British nurse in Italy during WW I. He shot himself in the head with a shotgun in 1961.

Front 316

Esch Cummins Act*

Back 316

(WW) 1920, railroads given to private operations, now US digresses from railroad and more into automobiles and ships

Front 317

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

Back 317

Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

Front 318

Ethics in Govt

Back 318

(GB1) main issue = larges fees for lobbying and weak laws governing campaign spending

Front 319

Eugene McCarthy

Back 319

Was challenging Johnson and had a good chance of winning until Robert Kennedy decided to run.

Front 320

Eugene V. Debs

Back 320

Supreme Court case that upheld state restrictions on the working hours of women

Front 321

Evergalades Restoration Fund

Back 321

(WJC) largest environmental operation ever, in Florida, buffer zones north and east

Front 322

Excise Tax

Back 322

(GW) a tax on certain items such as alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline

Front 323

Excise taxes and tariffs

Back 323

Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program.

Front 324

Exodusters

Back 324

Blacks who knew what fate awaited them in the South and moved to the Midwest to start anew.

Front 325

Exposition and Protest

Back 325

1828 (JQA) , John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law (The Tariff of 1828)

Front 326

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Back 326

Most critics regard "The Great Gatsby" as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.

Front 327

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Back 327

Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

Front 328

Family and Medical LeaveAct 1993

Back 328

(WJC) company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave

Front 329

Farewell Address George washington

Back 329

maintain national unity, obey principles and authority, create permanent allience but not embroil in European affairs

Front 330

Farmer's Alliance

Back 330

Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful.

Front 331

Federal Budget Deficit (Reagan)

Back 331

(RR), hated big govt and wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile and Star Wars, this caused FBD (what govt took in and what it spent) of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases and refused lower social security benefits

Front 332

Federal Campaign Finanace Law

Back 332

(GF) (1) fines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case, (2) PAC no more than 5000 per candidate

Front 333

Federal Election Commission*

Back 333

(GF) investigate alleged violations of the law

Front 334

Federal Farm Board

Back 334

(HH) , Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

Front 335

Federal Reserve Sytem under Paul Volcker

Back 335

(RR), aided in keeping money from growing too fast, reduced inflation

Front 336

Federal Securities Act

Back 336

(FDR) 1933, 1934, , required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

Front 337

Federal Trade Commission

Back 337

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Front 338

Federalists

Back 338

Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.

Front 339

Felix Frankfurter

Back 339

Supreme Court Justice 1939-1962, argued for judicial restraint (not legislate from the bench).

Front 340

Fifteenth Amendment

Back 340

(AJohn) , Banned states from denying African Americans the right to vote

Front 341

Filipino insurrection

Back 341

Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, and wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up.

Front 342

Fiorello La Guardia

Back 342

Beloved mayor of NZC in 30s and 40s.

Front 343

First Bank of the United States

Back 343

Caused debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the government could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the government did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton.

Front 344

First Bank of the US

Back 344

(GW) 1791-1811, by Hamilton, came about strict vs loose construction

Front 345

First Bull Run*

Back 345

(AL) , 1861-- First battle of the Civil War. Union soldiers were commanded by McDowell and defeated by the Confederate soldiers under Beauregard (Stonewall Jackson)

Front 346

First Continental Congress

Back 346

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Front 347

First Continental Railroad

Back 347

(USG) Central Pacific Railroad, Union Pacific, Irish and Chinese, meets at Promontory Point, Utah

Front 348

First Great Awakening

Back 348

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Front 349

First Labor Unions*

Back 349

(AJ), in Philly, wanted 1) abolition of imprisonment for debt 2) free education 3) abolition of prison contract 4) 10 hour work day

Front 350

First Protective Tariff

Back 350

1816 (JM) In 1816, Congress passed the nation's first protective tariff. It was designed to protect textile factories, because the British were dumping cloth in the United States at bargain prices in their attempt to regain markets they had lost during the War of 1812.

Front 351

Fisk-Gould scandal

Back 351

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould exploited US Treasury to benefit themselves. Exemplified corruption in America when proven guilty.

Front 352

Five Civilized Tribes

Back 352

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes, all located in the southeast. They were considered civilized by whites because they followed many of their practices, such as slavery.

Front 353

Five Power Pact

Back 353

(WH) , (maintain status quo) An agreement on ship ratios between the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. For every five ships the US had, Britain would have five, Japan would have three, and France and Italy would each have 1.67. The major Pacific naval powers—Britain, Japan, and the United States—with some specific exceptions, agreed not to increase fortifications on their Pacific bases. This provision was included to help Japan overcome its reluctance to accept a smaller naval role.

Front 354

Flappers

Back 354

Wild women (relatively speaking) of the 1920s.

Front 355

Florence Kelley

Back 355

Founded the National Consumer's League, which wanted legislation to protect consumers from being cheated or harmed by big business. Also was the state of Illinois' first chief factory inspector and lead an advocate for improved factory conditions.

Front 356

Florida Purchase Treaty

Back 356

1819 - Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty. Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. Drawn up by John Quincy Adams.

Front 357

Food Administration

Back 357

Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

Front 358

Foraker Act

Back 358

1900 Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. In 1917 they got US citizenship.

Front 359

Force Acts

Back 359

The four Force Acts passed by the Congress of the United States shortly after the American Civil War helped protect the voting rights of African-Americans.

Front 360

Force Bill

Back 360

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Front 361

Ford and Congress

Back 361

(GF)relations weren't that good

Front 362

Fordney McCumber Tariff**

Back 362

(WH) 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60%

Front 363

Ford's Asian Trip*

Back 363

(GF) Ford and Brezhnev talked about continuing policy of detente, to prevent a third world war

Front 364

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Signed?

Back 364

1978. it was a reaction to the abuses of the Nixon whitehouse.

Front 365

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Back 365

(BH) Authorized the President to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves

Front 366

Fort Sumter

Back 366

In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender and was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina.

Front 367

Forty Acres and a mule

Back 367

failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule to plow with

Front 368

Founding Fathers

Back 368

John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington.

Front 369

Four Freedoms

Back 369

Freedoms FDR said are worth fighting for: speech, worship, want and fear. Used to justify US involvement in WWII.

Front 370

Four Power Pact

Back 370

(WH) , An agreement made by the United States, Britain, France, and Japan to not seek further Pacific expansion or increased naval strength in the region. The countries also agreed to respect the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement. The signatories agreed to consult each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions

Front 371

Fourteen Points

Back 371

(WW) 1918, program for world peace, freedom of seas, removal of barriers to international trade, reduction of armaments

Front 372

Fourteenth Amendment

Back 372

(AJohn) , made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

Front 373

Frances E. Willard and the WCTU

Back 373

Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union which she build to become the largest organization of women in the world.

Front 374

Frances Perkins

Back 374

First women to hold a cabinet position (Secretary of Labor under FDR). She assisted in drafting of New Deal and creation of Social Security system.

Front 375

Francis E. Townsend

Back 375

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Front 376

Francisco Coronado

Back 376

Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Travelled through the southwest, and 'discovered' the Grand Canyon.

Front 377

Franco-American Alliance

Back 377

Negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought French into war on Americans' side. Helped determine outcome of war.

Front 378

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Back 378

President from 1933 to 1945, elected 4 times. Launched the New Deal, held fireside chats explaining them. Supported the Allies with his Four Freedoms speech. After Pearl Harbor entered the war snd started the Manhattan Project. Neogitated the Yalta Agreement. Died just before the end of the war.

Front 379

Franklin Pierce

Back 379

Fourteenth President. Democratic president from New Hampshire. Supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would lead to the spread of slavery. Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and commerce (Treaty of Kanagawa). Opened Canada to greater trade. Pierce’s diplomats failed in their attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto.

Front 380

Franklin Roosevelt

Back 380

1933-1945, Democrat, "forgotten man," broke two term rule, platform - prohibition, help farmers, prevent fraud, balanced budget, decrease public spending, third election - two groups: "Defend America by Aiding the Allies" and "America First"

Front 381

Frederick Douglass

Back 381

An escaped slave who became a prominent speaker for Abolitionist movement.

Front 382

Frederick Jackson Turner/"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

Back 382

Declared America no longer had a frontier, changed American psyche completely. (1893)

Front 383

Free Enterprise and Competition

Back 383

An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services.

Front 384

Free Soil Party?

Back 384

The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States organized in 1840 that faded out by about 1856. Its main purpose was opposing the extension of slavery into the territories, as well as advocating the abolition of slavery itself.

Front 385

Freedmen's Bureau

Back 385

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Front 386

Freedom Riders

Back 386

White and Black Northerners who rode busses into the South to challenge racial segregation. Regularly attacked, seldom protected.

Front 387

Freeport Doctrine

Back 387

During L-D debate, Lincoln asked if the people of a territory voted against slavery despite Supreme Court, who would prevail. Douglas said the people.

Front 388

French Alliance

Back 388

"The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival and hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. The French were persuaded to support the colonists by news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga. He served under President Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work."

Front 389

French and Indian War

Back 389

Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquians, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.

Front 390

French Indochina

Back 390

(DDE) a French colony that included Vietnam , Laos, and Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the fRench fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism

Front 391

Fuel Administration!!!

Back 391

(WW) , Harry Garfield, Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

Front 392

Fugitive Slave Act

Back 392

A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. The law was highly unpopular in the North and helped to convert many previously indifferent northerners to antislavery.

Front 393

Fulbright scholarships

Back 393

Scholarships for the exchange of students between US and other nations.

Front 394

Fulton's steamboat

Back 394

Steamboat faster than any other form of transportation at the time, revolutionized industry.

Front 395

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Back 395

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic government. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

Front 396

Funding

Back 396

Based on the natural laws of supply and demand and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. (1776) The government would sell bonds to people. Then so many would be in circulation that they would loose value and the people would sell them back to the government for a profit to the government. The rich would also benefit because they could buy the cheap bonds to decrease the amount in circulation, increasing the demand, and increasing the value. The rich could then sell them to make a profit.

Front 397

Funding at par

Back 397

(GW)This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.

Front 398

Gadsen Purchase

Back 398

(MF) 1853, $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny!

Front 399

Gag Resolution

Back 399

(MVB) 18-36-1844, Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Front 400

Gays in Military

Back 400

(WJC) "dont ask, dont tell", end ban of homosexual in military, but under conditions 1) no open engagement, 2) remained quiet about orientation

Front 401

General Francisco Franco

Back 401

In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).

Front 402

General John Pershing

Back 402

1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico by America because he was leading an American front. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.

Front 403

Genet Affair

Back 403

(GW), refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France and against England.

Front 404

Gentlemen's Agreement

Back 404

(TR) , 1907 Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Front 405

George Creel

Back 405

Headed the Committee on Public Information

Front 406

George Dewey

Back 406

Was the Commander of the US Asiatic Squadron in Hong Kong when he was ordered to go to the Phillipines in the event of a war. He was victorious over an attacking Spanish fleet but was unable to continue battle on land due to insufficient numbers and had to wait for backup to slowly assemble in America.

Front 407

George III

Back 407

King George the third was the king of England in the 1770's.Though he was a good man he was not a good ruler. He lost all of the 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom.

Front 408

George Kennan

Back 408

(containment) A member of the State Department, he felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

Front 409

George Marshall

Back 409

Secretary of State after WWII, oversaw Marshall Plan for Europe. Received Nobel prize.

Front 410

George McClellan

Back 410

A Union general in the Civil War. In 1861 he was commander of the Army of the Potomac (name of the Union Army). He was an excellent drillmaster and organizer of troops but he was also a perfectionist and would always believe he was outnumbered. He never took risks, and held the army for months until Lincoln ordered him to advance.

Front 411

George McGovern

Back 411

Lost election to Nixon, was a liberal democrat opposed to involvement in Vietnam.

Front 412

George Wallace

Back 412

Alabama govenor who opposed integration. National Guard forced him to back down when he tried to block entry into the U. of Alabama.

Front 413

George Washington

Back 413

Founding father, commander of revolutionary army, first president. Considered the father of his country.

Front 414

George Washington Carver

Back 414

First black scientist to gain national prominence.

Front 415

Georgia

Back 415

Founded by James Oglethorpe for those burdened by debt. The English used the colony as a buffer between the propserpous Carolinas and the French and Spaniards.

Front 416

Gerald Ford

Back 416

Became President when Nixon resigned. Pardoned Nixon and lost to Carter in 1976.

Front 417

German and Irish immigration

Back 417

Wave of German/Irish immigration in 1840s-50s that was met with wave of resentment due to competition for jobs. Irish especially, for Catholicism.

Front 418

Geronimo

Back 418

An Apache leader who was one of the last to lead Native Americans against white settlers.

Front 419

Gettysburg

Back 419

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Front 420

Gettysburg Address

Back 420

Major speech delivered by Lincoln during the Civil War ('Fore score and seven years ago... government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the Earth."

Front 421

Gibbons v. Ogden

Back 421

Congress alone is allowed to control interstate commerce.

Front 422

Gilded Age?

Back 422

The Gilded Age (c.1876–1914) was a period of intense economic development and wealth transfer in the United States. Following the generation of the American Civil War and Reconstruction of the South, this period corresponded with the Second Industrial Revolution and the greatest economic, territorial, industrial, and population expansion in American history. The explosion of commerce and heavy industry, supported by mercantilist economic policies and federal railway subsidies, the innovation of new techniques in steel production and the use of electric power, and the continued development of the American West catalyzed dramatic social changes, created a number of immensely wealthy businessmen, the "Robber Barons", and also galvanized the American Labor Movement.

Front 423

Give me liberty or give me death

Back 423

From speech by Patrick Henry urging American colonies to revolt against England.

Front 424

Glorious Revolution of England

Back 424

Bloodless revolution in England that overthrew King James II and replaced him with William and Mary. Ended Dominion of England, Massachusetts became a royal colony, and it inspired the Americans for their own revolution.

Front 425

Gold in California

Back 425

When gold was discovered in California, it led to a massive migration to the state. These miners pushed for statehood.

Front 426

Gold Standard abandoned and turn to silver

Back 426

1933 (FDR)

Front 427

Gospel of Wealth

Back 427

Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

Front 428

Gramm Rudman Act

Back 428

(RR) , It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act

Front 429

Grandfather Clause

Back 429

(AJohn) , Law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867

Front 430

Granger Laws

Back 430

(GC) , Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Front 431

Great Awakening

Back 431

The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to modivate the colonial America. Modivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

Front 432

Great Compromise

Back 432

It resolved between the small and large states that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate (2 senators each). All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems. (1787)

Front 433

Great Migration (colonial times)

Back 433

Flood of Puritan immigants from Europe to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1629-42.

Front 434

Great Migration (circa WWI)

Back 434

(WW) , movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Front 435

Great Society

Back 435

President Johnson called his 1`version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Front 436

Great White Fleet

Back 436

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Front 437

Greenback Labor Party

Back 437

(JG) Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

Front 438

Greenbacks

Back 438

(AL) , Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Front 439

Grenada Dilemma!

Back 439

(RR) 1983, America wanted to rid the communist pressure in Grenada, Castro threats revolution in the Americas, Organization of Eastern Carribean States ask for US intervention, America remain long enough to remove Cuba supported govt from power and stop civil war, major sucess, earned credibility throughout Caribbean Basin

Front 440

Griswold vs. Connecticut

Back 440

1965 Court decision that overturned CT law making it illegal to use or disseminate information about contraceptives.

Front 441

Grover Cleveland

Back 441

President 1885 and 1893 (2 non-consecutive terms). Fought against corruption and tried to solve national financial problems.

Front 442

Guadalcanal

Back 442

In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific. After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943.

Front 443

Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Back 443

Required Mexico to cede the American southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California, to the U.S. The U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest.

Front 444

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution*

Back 444

(LBJ) , The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Front 445

H.L. Mencken

Back 445

In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class.

Front 446

Hague Conference

Back 446

(TR) , 1899 (first under McKinley) conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism

Front 447

Haiti DIlemma

Back 447

(RR) 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, and UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule and Aristide's presidency.

Front 448

Halfway Covenant

Back 448

In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Front 449

Harding scandals

Back 449

Major incidents of corruption in government that occurred while Harding was president. Most notable, lease of federally owned oil reserve land to private interests in return for bribes.

Front 450

Harpers Ferry

Back 450

(JB), 1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Front 451

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Back 451

She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.

Front 452

Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek

Back 452

Harrison defeat Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe. (1811)

Front 453

Harry Truman

Back 453

President 1945-1953 after FDR died in final months of WWII. Made decision to drop bomb on Japan. Enthusiastically supported the UN and put forward the Marshall Plan. Sent troops to support UN in Korean war.

Front 454

Hartford Convention

Back 454

A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status and War of 1812. When they wrote their “resolutions” and considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)

Front 455

Harvard College

Back 455

Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies.

Front 456

Hawaiian Incident

Back 456

(GC2) 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898

Front 457

Hawley-Smoot Act?

Back 457

Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse.

Front 458

Hay Bunau Varillia Treaty

Back 458

(TR) Panama allowed US a 10 mile strip of land, work down under the army of Colonel Gorgas and direction under Colonel Goethals. U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama

Front 459

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Back 459

(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement

Front 460

Haymarket Riot?

Back 460

Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths.

Front 461

Healthcare Coverage

Back 461

(GB1) cost of health care rose as well as those without it

Front 462

Hearst

Back 462

Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War. The most famous yellow journalist.

Front 463

Helen Keller

Back 463

Blind and deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence and courage.

Front 464

Helent Hunt Jackson/"A Century of Disorder"

Back 464

Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, and inspired reformers to push for a change.

Front 465

Helsinki Accords

Back 465

(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991

Front 466

Henry Cabot Lodge

Back 466

Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics and was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty.

Front 467

Henry Clay

Back 467

Helped orchestrate the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 to hold the Union together.

Front 468

Henry Clay's American System

Back 468

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

Front 469

Henry Ford

Back 469

1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.

Front 470

Henry Kissinger

Back 470

Secretary of State to Nixon, opened diplomatic relations with China. Helped negotiate end of Vietnam war. Won Nobel prize in 1973.

Front 471

Henry L. Stimson and Manchuria

Back 471

1932 - Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty.

Front 472

Hepburn Act

Back 472

(TR) 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power

Front 473

Herbert Hoover

Back 473

1929-1933, Republican, "rugged individualism", first time Catholic runs for president (Alfred E. Smith), "pump priming"

Front 474

Hessians

Back 474

German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens.

Front 475

Hinton R. Helper

Back 475

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.

Front 476

HMOS

Back 476

(WJC) care come from large range of doctors and hospitals, large businesses and ogvt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation's healthcare system

Front 477

Ho Chi Minh

Back 477

North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.

Front 478

Home Owners Loan Act

Back 478

(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages

Front 479

Homestead Act

Back 479

Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying $30. Urged many to move out West.

Front 480

Homestead Strike

Back 480

Strike that turned violent at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant. (1892)

Front 481

Hoovervilles

Back 481

Encampments of the poor and homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression.

Front 482

Horace Mann

Back 482

Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation

Front 483

Horatio Alger

Back 483

Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys

Front 484

Horizontal Integration

Back 484

Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing. Ex: Gap owns Forth and Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, and the GAP company itself.

Front 485

House Divided speech

Back 485

Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery.

Front 486

House of Burgesses

Back 486

The House of Burgeses was the first representative assembly in the New World. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgeses. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.

Front 487

How did the AFL and CIO differ historically?

Back 487

The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union.

Front 488

How long did reconstruction last?

Back 488

1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, and blacks even win positions of power.

Front 489

HUAC

Back 489

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.

Front 490

Huey Long

Back 490

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.

Front 491

Hugo Black

Back 491

Supreme court justice 1937-1971, strong defender of civil liberties.

Front 492

Hurrican Andrew

Back 492

(GB1) 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency (FEMA)

Front 493

Ida Tarbell

Back 493

Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904 which exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.

Front 494

Immigration Act

Back 494

(LBJ) 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin

Front 495

immigration act of 1924?

Back 495

Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south and east europe, as well as asia.

Front 496

Immigration act of 1986?

Back 496

In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act, a comprehensive overhaul of immigration policy designed to nationalize all of the country's permanent inhabitants and prevent illegal entrance in the future. The bill granted temporary resident status to illegal aliens who had lived continuously in the United States since before January 1, 1982. With a basic understanding of English and American civics, these temporary residents could become permanent residents after 18 months. Illegal aliens who had lived in the United States for three years and worked at least 90 days each year in American agriculture could also claim temporary resident status and could become permanent residents three years after the bill's enactment if they worked in agriculture at least one more year. To discourage people from entering the country illegally, Congress authorized over $400 million per year for two years to the INS and strengthened penalties for knowingly hiring an illegal immigrant or smuggling illegal immigrants into the United States.

Front 497

Immigration act of 1990?

Back 497

In 1990, Congress passed the Immigration Act, approving a substantial increase in immigration. The United States would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually, up from 500,000 before the bill's passage. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the United States, but added 55,000 "diversity visas" for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job-related visas and 65,000 temporary worker visas. Additional provisions strengthened the U.S. Border Patrol and altered language regarding disease restrictions in a way that permitted the secretary of Health and Human Services to remove AIDS from the list of illnesses making a prospective immigrant ineligible to enter the country.

Front 498

Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965?

Back 498

The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Celler Act or the INS Act of 1965) abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first-come, first-served basis. The democratic controlled Congress (House of Representatives voted 326 to 69) in favor while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of (76 to 18). President Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law.

Front 499

Impeachment of Johnson

Back 499

Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it's chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair).

Front 500

Impressment

Back 500

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

Front 501

Income Tax Cut

Back 501

(LBJ) 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down

Front 502

Independent Treasury Act

Back 502

"Divorced" US government from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year.

Front 503

Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries

Back 503

(MVB), 1840 Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk.

Front 504

Indian Removal Act?

Back 504

(1830): A law passed by Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands further west. It authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living within the boundaries of existing U.S. states. Resulted in the forcable movement of tens of thousands of native americans. The most well known was the Trail of Tears (1838), when 4,000 cherokees were killed during their forced relocation.

Front 505

Indian Removal Bill

Back 505

(RBH), put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota and the Dakota (last tribe)

Front 506

Initiatives

Back 506

People have the right to propose a new law. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Front 507

Insular Cases

Back 507

(WMc) , These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. It was congress who had the power

Front 508

Intermidate Nuclear Forces Treaty*

Back 508

(RR), 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet and American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time.

Front 509

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions?

Back 509

Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU's work has been the struggle to defend workers' rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls "core labour standards" -- the various conventions of the International Labour Organization.

Front 510

International Military Tribunal*

Back 510

(HT) Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, and international law

Front 511

International Trade Agreement*

Back 511

(WJC) Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices and raise living standards around the world, however didn't resolve tariff cuts on apparel and textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles

Front 512

Internment of Japanese Americans

Back 512

More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII.

Front 513

Interstate Commerce Act

Back 513

(GC) 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices

Front 514

Interstate Commerce Commission

Back 514

A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.

Front 515

Interstate Highway Act

Back 515

(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levittown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.

Front 516

Intolerable Acts

Back 516

Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.

Front 517

Iron Curtain

Back 517

(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations

Front 518

Irreconcilables

Back 518

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Front 519

IWW?

Back 519

The IWW was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States (mainly the Western Federation of Miners) who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is a famous international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and the wage system abolished. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. Its membership declined dramatically after a 1924 split brought on by internal conflict and government repression. Today it numbers about 2,000 members world-wide, but with a recent renewal of organizing activity membership appears to be rising again. IWW membership does not require that one works in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union.

Front 520

J. Edgar Hoover

Back 520

Director of FBI 1921-1972. Vigorous investigation of gangsters and spies. Controversial because seen as overzealous with respect to communists.

Front 521

J.P. Morgan

Back 521

Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

Front 522

Jackie Robinson

Back 522

First black to play major league baseball.

Front 523

Jacksonian Democracy

Back 523

The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the Electoral College were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions.

Front 524

Jacob Riis

Back 524

Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel, How the Other Half Lives. It shocked the middle class and deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt.

Front 525

James A. Garfield

Back 525

1881, Republican, Greenback Labor Party, Republican - protective tariff, Democrats - revenue tariff, shot by Julius Guiteau (mental unstable, thought unfair spoils system)

Front 526

James Buchanan

Back 526

1857-1861, Democrat, Know-Nothings Party (Fillmore), Democrats (Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Bill)

Front 527

James G. Blaine

Back 527

The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene. Pushed the "Big Sister" Policy and said we should open Latin American markets to Yankee traders.

Front 528

James Garfield

Back 528

President 1881. Assassinated by a man who had been angered by not having received a public job under the Spoils System. Gave momentum to abandon this system.

Front 529

James K. Polk

Back 529

Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Front 530

James Madison

Back 530

The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.

Front 531

James Meredith

Back 531

James tried to attend the University of Mississippi and encountered violent opposition so Kennedy sent in troops for him to graduate.

Front 532

James Monroe

Back 532

President after Madison. Issued the Monroe doctrine and the Missouri Compromise took place during his presidency.

Front 533

Jamestown?

Back 533

The first successful English colony, established in 1607 on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. It was headed by John Smith, who befriended Pocahontas. It was all male.

Front 534

Jane Addams

Back 534

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. Provided such services as English lessons, day care, child care classes, and playgrounds.

Front 535

Japan Trade

Back 535

(FP), Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East

Front 536

Japanese Strike?

Back 536

It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just-in-time systems.

Front 537

Jay's Treaty

Back 537

1794 â€" It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restriction on the rights of neutrals.

Front 538

Jazz Age

Back 538

1920s jazz popular, also time of attacks on convention in many areas of American life.

Front 539

Jeanette Rankin

Back 539

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

Front 540

Jefferson Davis

Back 540

President of the Confederacy

Front 541

Jeffersonian democracy

Back 541

Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man.

Front 542

Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism

Back 542

Rival ideas of American Government. Jefferson preferred strong states and focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal government and focus on industrial development.

Front 543

Jesse Owens

Back 543

African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race).

Front 544

Jim Crow Laws

Back 544

State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities.

Front 545

Jim Fisk / Jay Gould

Back 545

Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.

Front 546

Jim Thorpe

Back 546

Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games.

Front 547

Jimmy Carter

Back 547

Peanut farmer who became President. Helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel. Seen as too weak, especially after Iran hostage situation. Lost to Regan and became international peacemaker.

Front 548

Jimmy Hoffa

Back 548

Labor leader who build the Teamsters Union. Considered corrupt and was likely killed.

Front 549

John Dewey

Back 549

Philosophical driver of progressive education in late 19th, early 20th century.

Front 550

John Adams

Back 550

Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, second president. Avoided war with France. Alien & Sedition Acts passed while he was president.

Front 551

John Birch Society

Back 551

Conservative group in 50s and 60s, particularly concerned about Communists. Seen as extreme.

Front 552

John Brown

Back 552

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Front 553

John Calhoun

Back 553

Southern leader who championed slavery and States' rights. He led nullification movement, and his thinking helped point the way to the civil war

Front 554

John D. Long

Back 554

He was a Navy secretary and much of the readiness of the army was owed to him and Theodore Roosevelt.

Front 555

John D. Rockefeller

Back 555

American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)

Front 556

John Dewey

Back 556

American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms.

Front 557

John Dillinger

Back 557

Famous bank robber in 1930s.

Front 558

John F. Kennedy (JFK)

Back 558

President 1961-63. Brought US out of Cuban Missile Crisis, negotiated the NTBT of 1963. Responsible for the Bay of Pigs disaster. Domestic Agenda called New Frontier. Strongly supported space program and the civil rights movement. Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald. First roman catholic.

Front 559

John Foster Dulles

Back 559

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Front 560

John Hay

Back 560

September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Front 561

John L. Lewis

Back 561

Boss of the United Mine Workers who succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization.

Front 562

John Marshall

Back 562

Chief of Justice that established judicial review and laid the groundwork for a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Chief justice of Supreme Court during Marbury vs. Madison.

Front 563

John Pershing

Back 563

Commander of US troops in WWI in Europe.

Front 564

John Quincy Adams

Back 564

"Helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. He served under President Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work."

Front 565

John Slidell

Back 565

1845 - He went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.

Front 566

John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath

Back 566

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

Front 567

John Tyler

Back 567

tenth President. President following the death of William Henry Harrison. States’ righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist.Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him. Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain. Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845

Front 568

John Wilkes Booth

Back 568

The assassin of Lincoln, fanatically devoted to the Confederate cause.

Front 569

John Winthrop

Back 569

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Front 570

Johnny Appleseed

Back 570

An American folk hero who traveled throughout the mid-west encouraging people to plant orchards.

Front 571

Johnson Impeachment

Back 571

(AJohn) fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him

Front 572

Joint-Stock Company

Back 572

A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King.

Front 573

Jonathan Edwards

Back 573

An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s.

Front 574

Jones Act

Back 574

(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Front 575

Joseph McCarthy

Back 575

Senator who led an effort to identify 'communists' who he said had infiltrated the federal government. Often used 'guilt by association.'

Front 576

Joseph Pulitzer

Back 576

Owner of the "New York World," helped originate and title the practice of sensationalistic "yellow journalism."

Front 577

Josiah Strong

Back 577

"Enivisioned a ""final competition of races,"" in which the Anglo-Saxons would emerge victorious. In the book Our Country, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon. Helped write the Yellow Press."

Front 578

Judicial Nationalism

Back 578

The Constitution and Federal Law is superior to State Constitutions and State Lawâ€"Article VI of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the final arbiter on Constitutional Questions

Front 579

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 579

It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.

Front 580

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 580

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories

Front 581

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Back 581

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

Front 582

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

Back 582

1928 "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Front 583

Kennedy Assassination

Back 583

(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office

Front 584

Kent State

Back 584

National Guard killed 4 students who were demonstrating against the Vietnam war. Served to turn moderates against the war.

Front 585

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Back 585

Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states' right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)

Front 586

Key Players of Mexican War

Back 586

Fremont - "Pathfinder" California, Kearny - New Mexico, Winfield Scott - Vera Cruz to Mexico City (ended war), Zachary Taylor - Buena Vista

Front 587

King Cotton

Back 587

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the south’s cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, “You daren’t make war against cotton!...Cotton is king!”

Front 588

King George's War

Back 588

War between British and Spaniards on American soil.

Front 589

King Philip's War

Back 589

Bloodiest English-Native American conflict of the time. Leader of the Pokanokets, Metacomet, led attacks on several expanding colonist settlements. He formed an alliance with other tribes, but soon they were defeated due to lack of supplies.

Front 590

King William's War

Back 590

War against French and Natiive Americans on Canadian Border (1689-97)

Front 591

Kit Carson

Back 591

Helped open up California, a general in the Civil War, and displacer of Navajo

Front 592

Klondike Gold Rush*

Back 592

(WMc) occurred in the Yukon Territory in 1897 after gold was discovered there

Front 593

Knights of Labor

Back 593

(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

Front 594

Know Nothing

Back 594

1850s - Nativist movement - against Irish Immigrants and Roman Catholics

Front 595

Korematsu v. United States

Back 595

(1944) Japanese American was convicted of not reporting to internment camp. Court upheld the president's power to intern probable threats during wartime

Front 596

Ku Klux Klan

Back 596

A secret society dedicated to the supremecy of White People in the U.S. Began during reconstruction, and has waxed and waned since. Burn crosses to intimidate people to leave an area.

Front 597

Kyoto Accord*

Back 597

(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases

Front 598

Labor during Reagan

Back 598

(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions and less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers and United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages and benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class.

Front 599

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 599

A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income. Promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.

Front 600

Land Ordinance of 1787

Back 600

Once a territory reached 60,000 citizens, it could become a state.

Front 601

Lecopmton Constitution

Back 601

Proslavery Kansans drafted constitution, but voters had to vote for it "with slavery" or "with no slavery." Win-win situation for them, because constitution w/o slavery protected rights of slave-holding Kansans. Buchanan supported it, but Douglas made sure entire constitution went up for vote instead.

Front 602

Lend Lease Act*

Back 602

(FDR) , 1941 March; Congress' act which allied the president to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country's defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used "gum theory"

Front 603

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Back 603

Letters written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation.

Front 604

Liberal Republicans*

Back 604

(USG) , wanted to end Reconstruction, sought honest government, and the riding of "grantism', so they nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley, hoping that Grant would be defeated if they united against him. But Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.

Front 605

Liberty Loans

Back 605

(WW) , War bonds to help fund the war

Front 606

Liberty Party

Back 606

Antislavery party that won 16,000 votes in election of 1844, hurt Clay's chance at victory.

Front 607

Lincoln Steffens

Back 607

(TR) , United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)

Front 608

Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)

Back 608

Proclaimed a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and emancipation, and then formally erected a state government.

Front 609

Lincoln's second inaugural address

Back 609

Delivered after victory in Civil War. Called for malice toward none, reconciliation and reconstruction.

Front 610

Little Rock

Back 610

(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe

Front 611

Lochner v. New York

Back 611

Invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers, was later repealed. (1905)

Front 612

London Economic Conference

Back 612

In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations' currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn't allow him to inflate the value of the dollar. He declared that America wouldn't take place in the negotiations. Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.

Front 613

Lone Star State

Back 613

Perhaps one of the most recognized nicknames of any state, "The Lone Star State" comes from the symbolism of the star on the 1836 flag of the republic, the "National Standard of Texas." The single golden star on a blue background signified Texas as an independent republic and was a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. A single star was part of the Long Expedition (1819), Austin Colony (1821) and several flags of the early Republic of Texas. Some say that the star represented the wish of many Texans to achieve statehood in the United States. Others say it originally represented Texas as the lone state of Mexico which was attempting to uphold its rights under the Mexican Constitution of 1824.

Front 614

Los Angeles Riots

Back 614

(GB1) , Outbreak of violence in 1992 caused by the acquittal of four white policemen of beating an African American = Rodney King, motorist in Los Angeles

Front 615

Lou Gehrig

Back 615

Famous contemporary of Babe Ruth. Later developed rare nervous system disease now known as 'Lou Gehrig disease.'

Front 616

Louis Brandeis

Back 616

Supreme court justice 1916-1939, argued that economic and social facts had to take precedence over legal theory.

Front 617

Louis Sullivan

Back 617

Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Front 618

Louisiana Purchase

Back 618

1803. Jefferson feared Napolean's imperial ambitions so wanted to buy the land. Napolean just wanted the cash ($15 million). Effectively doubled the size of the U.S.

Front 619

Lowell System

Back 619

Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events.

Front 620

Loyalists

Back 620

"Those who supported the King. They often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called “Tories.†They were generally conservatives. They were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest. They were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished."

Front 621

Lucretia Mott

Back 621

(AJ) , was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights. She is credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political advocacy.

Front 622

Lusitania

Back 622

(WW), British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.

Front 623

Lynch law

Back 623

The punishment of supposed criminals, especially by hanging, by agreement of a crowd. Used in the West as a way of maintaining minimum law and order before courts set up.

Front 624

Lyndon Johnson

Back 624

President 1963-69. Became president when Kennedy assassinated. Guided Kennedy's New Frontier, including Voting Rights Act of 1965. His domestic program was the Great Society. Sharp buildup of forces in Vietnam.

Front 625

Macon Act

Back 625

(JM), 1810, The Macon Bill stated that if either Britain or France agreed to observe the neutrality of the United States, the US would resume trading with that country and continue the embargo on the other. The French soon agreed to American demands.

Front 626

Manhattan Project

Back 626

Name of program to develop atomic weapons in WWII.

Front 627

Mann-Elkins Act

Back 627

Further extended the regulatory ability of the ICC by letting it regulate cable and wireless companies dealing with telephone and telegraph lines.

Front 628

Marbury v. Madison

Back 628

1803 (TJ) , The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789

Front 629

Marcus Garvey

Back 629

Black separatist and nationalist of 1920s. Helped ship Blacks back to Africa. Was later deported for fear of his influence on the black community.

Front 630

Margaret Sanger

Back 630

Founder in 10s and 20s of Birth Control movement. Later headed Planned Parenthood Federation.

Front 631

Marquis de Lafayette

Back 631

French General who helped American Revolution and later became important in French Revolution.

Front 632

Martin Van Buren

Back 632

Supported by Jackson and became his successor, but did little as president and is often forgotten.

Front 633

Mary Lyon

Back 633

(AJ) in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary

Front 634

Mary McLeod Bethune

Back 634

Founded National Council of Negro Women, promoted teaching of black history

Front 635

Maryland

Back 635

Declared by Lord Baltimore as haven of religious tolerance for all Christians. Became first major Catholic enclave in the New World.

Front 636

Maryland Toleration Act

Back 636

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland. Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland, and this protected the Catholics from Protestant rage of sharing the land. Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Front 637

Mashall Plan

Back 637

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Front 638

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Back 638

One of the first settlements in New England. Established in 1629 and led under John Winthrop, it became a major Puritan colony.It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community

Front 639

Massachussets Body of Liberties?

Back 639

(1641): First established legal code in New England. Compiled by the Puritan minister Nathaniel Ward.

Front 640

Mayflower

Back 640

The ship that carried the pilgrims to America, landed near Plymouth Rock.

Front 641

Mayflower compact

Back 641

An agreement reached before landing. Bound Pilgrims to live in a civil society according to their own laws. First written consitution in North America.

Front 642

Maysville Road Veto

Back 642

Jackson withheld funds from localized roads and vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville Road (local road connected to interstate). This was a great setback for the internal improvements of the American society.

Front 643

McCarran Walter Act*

Back 643

(HH) 1929 , immigration law that discriminated against Asians and south Europeans

Front 644

McCarthyism

Back 644

Extreme opposition to communism shown by McCarthy.

Front 645

McCulloch v. Maryland

Back 645

Ruled state has no right to control an agency of the federal government.

Front 646

McKinley Tariff Act

Back 646

A highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.

Front 647

Meat Inspection Act

Back 647

Response to "The Jungle," created strict sanitary requirements for meat, began a quality rating system, and provisioned for a federal department to inspect meat.

Front 648

Medgar Evers

Back 648

Was shot by a white man the night of Kennedy's television address.

Front 649

Medicaid*

Back 649

(LBJ) , medical expense assitance provide by the state goverment to needy families

Front 650

Medicare

Back 650

(LBJ) 1965 , a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Front 651

Memorial Day massacre of 1937?

Back 651

At the Memorial Day massacre of 1937, police shot and killed ten demonstrators. The incident took place during the "Little Steel Strike" of 1937 in United States. The incident arose after U.S. Steel signed a union contract, but smaller steel manufacturers (called "Little Steel"), including Republic Steel, refused to do so. In protest, the Steel Workers Organization Committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) called a strike. On Memorial Day, hundreds of sympathizers gathered at Sam's Place, headquarters of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee. As the crowd marched across the prairie towards the Republic Steel Mill, a line of Chicago policeman blocked their path. When the foremost protestors argued their right to continue, police fired on the crowd. As the crowd fled, police bullets killed ten people.

Front 652

Merit System*

Back 652

(CAA), A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.

Front 653

Merrill Tariff Act

Back 653

This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher.

Front 654

Mexican Cession

Back 654

Texas, California, all area in between.

Front 655

Mexican War?

Back 655

(1846–1848) A war between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of lands now constituting all or most of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.

Front 656

Midnight Judges

Back 656

(JA), 1801, , The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Front 657

Midwest Folloding

Back 657

(WJC) Miss. River overflowed, so Federal Emergency Management Agency work with state and local, gave up levees, cooperated with nature more

Front 658

Military Base Closing

Back 658

(WJC) 70 major bases were closed by Congress, politicians have no control

Front 659

Military Reconstruction Act

Back 659

Imposed martial law on the South, called for new state constitutional conventions, forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates, and required each state to ratify 14th Amendment and sent its constitution to Congress for approval.

Front 660

Militia movements of the 1990s

Back 660

Self-sytled militias in western states who mix racism with anti-semitism and conspiracy theories and hostility towards any government.

Front 661

Millard Fillmore

Back 661

1850-53 Took over for Taylor, had to deal with North and South hostilities.

Front 662

Mills Bill*

Back 662

(GC) 1887, lowered tariff and put some goods on the free list, failed

Front 663

Minutemen

Back 663

Militia during the Revolutionary war ready to fight at a moment's notice alongside regular troops.

Front 664

Missouri Compromise

Back 664

Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state and prohibited Kansas and Nebraska from becoming slave states. The Dred Scot decision ruled this compromise unconstitutional.

Front 665

Molasses Act of 1733

Back 665

British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it.

Front 666

Monitor vs. Merrimack

Back 666

Battle during the civil war showing wooden warships were now obsolete

Front 667

Monroe doctrine

Back 667

Statement that the US would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas. And US would not intervene in European colonies.

Front 668

Moon Landing

Back 668

(RN) 1957, Sputnik by Russia, US had Explorer I, and Neil Armstrong had Apollo 11

Front 669

Mormon Church

Back 669

After facing extreme hostility in the Midwest, Mormons moved to Utah and established their influential church there.

Front 670

Morrill Act

Back 670

This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher.

Front 671

Morrill Land Grant Act

Back 671

Provided money for agricultural colleges.

Front 672

Moscow Conference*

Back 672

1943, (FDR), US, GB, and USSR, talked about principle of sovereign

Front 673

Muckrakers

Back 673

Authors in late 19th/early 20th century who specialized in exposing corruption in business and government.

Front 674

Mugwamps

Back 674

(GC) , a group within the Republican party who could not accept Blaine and supported the Democrats

Front 675

Muhammad Ali

Back 675

Flamboyant boxing Champion in 1960s and 70s. Converted to Islam, refused to go to Vietnam.

Front 676

Muller v. Oregon

Back 676

1908 Ruled laws to protect women workers were constitutional.

Front 677

Munn V. Illinois

Back 677

(1877) United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads

Front 678

My Lai massacre

Back 678

Massacre by US soldiers of innocent villagers during Vietnam. Became a symbol for those opposed to the war in Vietnam.

Front 679

NAACP

Back 679

Founded in 1909 by a group of black and white intellectuals. Stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.

Front 680

Nashville Convention

Back 680

Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South.

Front 681

Nat Turner

Back 681

Led first effective and sustained slave revolt in American history. His rebellion demonstrated that not all slaves accept their circumstances passively.

Front 682

Nathan Hale

Back 682

Executed by the British during the Revolutionary War who famously said 'I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.'

Front 683

National Banking System

Back 683

(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)

Front 684

National Comsumers League

Back 684

Made female comsumers push for laws safeguarding women and children in the work place.

Front 685

National Housing Act

Back 685

(FDR) 1934 , June 28, 1934- It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes, it instead gave loans

Front 686

National Housing Act #2

Back 686

(FDR) 1937 , 1937-Wagner=Sponser. Rasied $500mill for urban slum clearance & public housing projects

Front 687

National Industrial Recovery Act

Back 687

(FDR) 1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA, established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US

Front 688

National Labor Relations Act

Back 688

(FDR) A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. *, Made sure workers were treated and payed well and not getting abused by their business. *this law created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce the law and supervise shop elections

Front 689

National Labor Union?

Back 689

The first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolving in 1872, it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

Front 690

National Municipal League

Back 690

Organization to improve city standards and reform the system.

Front 691

National Origins Act of 1924

Back 691

Immigration law that was blatantly discriminatory against Eastern and Southern Europeans and virtually excluded Asians.

Front 692

National Service Trust Act

Back 692

(WJC) college = everyone, high school graduates volunteer to earn minimum wage, affordable student loans directly by govt.

Front 693

National War Labor Board

Back 693

Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.

Front 694

National Woman Suffrage Association

Back 694

Organization founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, fought for women's equality in courts and workplaces as well as the polls.

Front 695

National Youth Administration

Back 695

(FDR) , (NYA)1935, provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school. part time jobs for drop outs

Front 696

National-Republicans

Back 696

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican Party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Front 697

Nativism

Back 697

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Front 698

Naturalization Act

Back 698

1798, (JA) Act that increased the time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years

Front 699

Navajos

Back 699

Most numerous Native American tribe in the U.S. Located in the Southwest. Forced to move in 1864.

Front 700

Navigation Acts?

Back 700

The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which, beginning in 1651, restricted foreign shipping. Resentment against the Navigation Acts was a cause of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the American Revolutionary War.

Front 701

Nelson Rockefeller

Back 701

Govenor of NY and VP to Ford. Considered a moderate Republican.

Front 702

Neutrality Act 1935

Back 702

(FDR) , reaction from Italy's act on Ethopia, no selling arms, The 1935 act, signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months

Front 703

Neutrality Act 1936

Back 703

(FDR) forbade loans or credit for belligerents

Front 704

Neutrality Act 1937

Back 704

(FDR) The Neutrality Act of 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, however private ships can come at on risk

Front 705

Neutrality Act of 1939

Back 705

(FDR) European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Front 706

Neutrality Proclamation

Back 706

Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington’s Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Front 707

New Amsterdam

Back 707

City founded by Dutch settlers that later became NYC.

Front 708

New Deal

Back 708

Program of FDR to get out of Great Depression. Included Social Security System, Tennessee Valley Authority and Works Progress Administration

Front 709

New Economic Policy

Back 709

(RN), Phase 1, at least 90 days, phase 2, wage and price controls for 90 day period, rate of inflation incresae of 2% to 3%. wage gains through collective bargaining were cut of labor members, which was unfair since there were no provisions for cutting profits.

Front 710

New England Confederation

Back 710

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Front 711

New Freedom

Back 711

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Front 712

New Frontier

Back 712

JFK's slogan to describe his goals and policies, in particular equality of opportunity for all.

Front 713

New Immigration

Back 713

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

Front 714

New Jersey

Back 714

Colony granted to friends of King.

Front 715

New Left

Back 715

Radical movement in 60s and 70s which opposed the military industrial complex and US involvement in Vietnam. Also urged public attention of blacks and poor.

Front 716

New Nationalism

Back 716

Theo Roosevelt's system in which the government would cordinate economic activity - government would regulate business

Front 717

Newlands Reclamation Act

Back 717

Insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts. Funding came from public-land sales and was used to build irrigation projects.

Front 718

Ngo Dinh Diem

Back 718

Leader of the pro-Western government in South Vietnam.

Front 719

Niagara Movement

Back 719

A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909

Front 720

Nicaragua Dilemma

Back 720

(RR), 1979, Sandinistas took over, Reagan no look, so he hired Contras, but Congress didn't want another Vietnam, however later found out the US govt was in Nicaragua's harbors trying to crippe its economy, and soon many became concerned whether it would make Soviet Union mad and strain European relations, so Congress voted to cut off military

Front 721

Nicholas Biddle

Back 721

Became the Second National Bank’s president, and he made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.

Front 722

Nicholas Trist

Back 722

Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.

Front 723

Nikita Khrushchev

Back 723

Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.

Front 724

Nine Power Pact

Back 724

(WH) , Signed by the United States, France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, and Portugal. This treaty, created during the Washington Naval Conference, was third in a set of three treaties created during the conference. These treaties were all ways that President Harding tried to keep the Untied States isolated. The Treaty made the open door policy international law. The United States and Japan replaced Great Britain and Russia as major powers in the south Pacific

Front 725

Nineteenth Amendment

Back 725

(WW) , granted women the right to vote in 1920 (Susan B Anthony started campaign)

Front 726

Nisei

Back 726

Parents Japanese, but born abroad. Were largely inturned during WWII.

Front 727

Nixon's War on Inflation(RN),

Back 727

(RN), 1971, no longer held long-held position against govt controls, now prices were frozen, dollar no longer valued as gold, it became floating dollar, federal jobs cuts

Front 728

Noah Webster

Back 728

Created American English. Dictionary named after him.

Front 729

Nobel Peace Prize for Carter

Back 729

2002, Habitat for Humanity, helped low income families

Front 730

Nominating Convention

Back 730

(AJ) , meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate, religious qualification dropped

Front 731

Non Intercourse Act

Back 731

1809 (TJ), 1809 law that allowed Americans to trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Front 732

Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon's Bill #2

Back 732

Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other.

Front 733

Normalcy

Back 733

The calm Harding wanted to return to after the idealism of Wilson.

Front 734

Norris LaGuardia and the Anti-Injunction Act

Back 734

1932-Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities.

Front 735

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Back 735

(HT) 1949, created in 1949 organization whose members include the US, Canada, most western european nations and turkey all of whom agreedd to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all.

Front 736

Northwest Ordinance

Back 736

The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation

Front 737

Nothern Securities Co. v. U.S.

Back 737

Upheld Roosevelt's antitrust suit, ordered the Northern Securities Co. to be dissolved. Jolted Wall Street, angered big business, increased Roosevelt's popularity.

Front 738

NSC-68

Back 738

The National Security Council Memorandum #68 said the that US should quadruple defense spending. This marked a major step in the militarization of America's foreign policy and reflected a sense of almost limitless possibility that pervaded postwar American society.

Front 739

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Back 739

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Front 740

Nullification

Back 740

The doctrine that states can set aside federal laws championed by Calhoun. Foreshadowed Jefferson's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions

Front 741

Nullification crisis

Back 741

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Front 742

Oberlin College

Back 742

(AJ) , first college to teach women and African Americans

Front 743

Office of Price Administration

Back 743

Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.

Front 744

Oil in Mexico

Back 744

(CC) now Mexico saying the mineral wealth belonged to there govt, America agreed as long as their property rights weren't disturbed, Obregon become President, then Calles, (CC) sends Morrow to settle dispute

Front 745

Old Republicans

Back 745

(TJ) thought he deserted Republican principles

Front 746

Oliver H. Kelley*

Back 746

(GC), considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.

Front 747

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Back 747

Supreme court justice 1902-1930. He viewed the law as a social instrument, rather than a set of abstract principles. Famous decision on preserving freedom of speech except when clear and present danger.

Front 748

Oneida

Back 748

Group in NY that shockingly lived a communal life and shared everything, even marriages.

Front 749

Open Door Notes

Back 749

Policy that explained the importance of American commercial influence on foreign policies, but urged world powers to respect Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition.

Front 750

Open Door Policy*

Back 750

(WMc), Caleb Cushing said US had right of China, John Hay , A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Front 751

Operation Desert Shield

Back 751

(GB1) Bush place embargo on Iraq, put miltary in Saudi, West Europe and Arabs now against Iraq

Front 752

Operation Desert Storm

Back 752

(GB1) , Deadlines pass and Sadam doesnt move. Op desert shield becomes operation desert storm. Phases of the war = 1-air attack on Sadam 2-troops push him out of Kuwait.

Front 753

Operation Just Cause

Back 753

(GB1) Dec.1989;Bush's invasion of Panama

Front 754

Operation Overload

Back 754

(FDR) , Name given to the planned Allied invasion of France

Front 755

Operation Rolling Thunder

Back 755

A full-scale bombing attack against North Vietnam. There were approximately 184,000 Americans involved.

Front 756

Oregon trail

Back 756

The route over which settlers traveled to Oregon in the 1840s and 1850s.

Front 757

Oregon Treaty

Back 757

British were tired of fighting for Oregon, proposed 49 degree line to Polk. Senate accepted. (1846)

Front 758

Ostend Manifesto

Back 758

(FP) 1854, a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S., found out, Pierce repudiated

Front 759

Pacho Villa

Back 759

1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.

Front 760

Palmer Raids?

Back 760

The 1918's and 1921's Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids on American citizens and resident and non-resident aliens in the United States, based on their assumed political beliefs. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson. Palmer stated his belief that Communism was "eating its way into the homes of the American workman," and that Socialists were responsible for most of the country's social problems.

Front 761

Panama and Noregia

Back 761

(GB1) after Omar Torrijos comes dominating Manuel Noriega, charged by US for drug trafficking, US sanctions attempted military coup (Operation Just Cause, largest since Vietnam), Noriega fled and surrendered

Front 762

Panama Canal

Back 762

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Front 763

Panama Canal Treaty

Back 763

(JEC), decision whether extend for a considerable period or exterminate, decided the latter since he didn't want bitter relations with Panama

Front 764

Panay Incident

Back 764

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Front 765

Panic of 1819?

Back 765

The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. The worst of the crisis was over by 1824.

Front 766

Panic of 1837

Back 766

(MVB) , When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Front 767

Panic of 1873

Back 767

(USG) , Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Front 768

Panic of 1893

Back 768

(GC2), Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Front 769

Panic of 1907?

Back 769

The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. Money became extremely tight. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored.

Front 770

Patriots

Back 770

Those who supported rebellion and were called “Whigs.†Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments. They were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry.

Front 771

Paul Revere

Back 771

Rode through MA warning people that the British were coming at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.

Front 772

Payne Aldrich Tariff

Back 772

(WT) 1909, , Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Front 773

Peace Corps

Back 773

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Front 774

Peace in Nicaragua

Back 774

(GB1) 5 central american countries end the civil war their, violeta chamotto won presidency over sadinistas in 1990, now free to farm land

Front 775

Peggy Eaton affair

Back 775

Scandal that involved Jackson's Secretary of War Eaton and his wife, Peggy, the daughter of a boardinghouse keeper.

Front 776

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Back 776

(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.

Front 777

Pennsylvania

Back 777

Established by William Penn, it was a colony founded for the Quakers and practiced religous toleration and civil liberties.

Front 778

Pennsylvania Dutch

Back 778

Swiss and German settlers of PA. Known for tidy farms. Many were Amish.

Front 779

Pentagon Papers

Back 779

Classified study of Vietnam war leaked to the NYT. Supreme court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents.

Front 780

Pequot War

Back 780

After Pequots attacked Puritan settlement, killing nine, the colonists responded by burning Pequot village, killing 400.

Front 781

Perry/Japan

Back 781

Perry pursuaded Japanese to sign treaty that opened up commerce and marked the beginning of a tumultuous relationship.

Front 782

Persian Gulf War

Back 782

(GB1), 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders

Front 783

Personal Liberty Laws

Back 783

(FP) , Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Front 784

Pet Banks

Back 784

(AJ) , State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Front 785

Peter Stuyvesant

Back 785

Dutch govenor who surrendered New Netherlands to English who renamed it New York.

Front 786

Peter Zenger Case

Back 786

John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, protested the royal governor in 1734-35. He was put on trial for this "act of treason." The jury went against the royal governor and ruled Zenger innocent. This set the standards for democracy and, most importantly, for the freedom of the press.

Front 787

Phony War

Back 787

The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the "phony war."

Front 788

Pilgrims

Back 788

A group of persecuted English Puritans who arrived on the Mayflower.

Front 789

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Back 789

(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.

Front 790

Pinckney's Treaty

Back 790

Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (Helped America to have unexpected diplomatic sucess) (1795)

Front 791

Platt Amendment

Back 791

(WMc) 1) Cuba makes no treaty with others if in endangers independence 2) can't borrow money if they can't pay back 3)US can get involved with Cuba affairs 4)US has navy there

Front 792

Plymouth Bay Colony

Back 792

Founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. They were headed towards Virginia, but their ship was blown off course.

Front 793

Political Action Committee

Back 793

(FDR), committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates

Front 794

Pontiac's Rebellion

Back 794

After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Front 795

Pony Express

Back 795

A system of mail service between Missouri and California.

Front 796

Pools

Back 796

The first industrial pools in the 80's tried to fix the price of their goods (be it salt, whiskey, cattle, iron, oil ...) no matter the circumstances, to a level high enough to earn them a nice living, but not too high so as not to attract outside competitors.

Front 797

Populism

Back 797

"A political doctrine or philosophy that aims to defend the interests of the common people against an entrenched, self-serving or corrupt elite. Flourished among western farmers. Based largely on its opposition to the gold standard"

Front 798

Populist Party

Back 798

(BH) , Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers

Front 799

Portsmouth Treaty

Back 799

(TR) , 1905, Roosevelt and representatives from Russia and Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize

Front 800

Postal Service

Back 800

(RN) establish a postal service that was efficient and self supporting, greatly lessened political interference. 1970

Front 801

Powhatan Confederacy

Back 801

A group of local tribes who taught the English how to grow cropts. Saved Englishmen, and when princess Pocahontas married John Rolfe, tensions were eased.

Front 802

Presidential Nominating Conventions

Back 802

(GF) 1976, James E. Carter and Ronald Reagan

Front 803

Presidential Succession Act*

Back 803

(HT) , allowed for the speaker of the house to take over as president if there is no vice president

Front 804

Problem of the Gold Reserve

Back 804

(GC2) ppl used cheaper money (silver) and kept sounder money (gold), soon with the repeal of the Sherman SIlver Purchast Act, gold came into the Treasury, this profited bankers

Front 805

Problems in Africa

Back 805

(RR), drought and famine = US humanitarian efforts, apartheid = Americans apartheid, soon Nelson Mandela (opposed apartheid) released by F.W. de Klerk, soon got Nobel Prize and became president

Front 806

Problems in the MIddle East

Back 806

(RR), American Marines Lebanon suffered losses but Muslim groups, so Americans teamed up with Israeli to evacuate the Marines, Israel announced withdrawal of troops and Jerusalem conceded, Operatio nPeace for Galilee ended PLO attacks from Lebanon, Israel under Ameican pressure to improve its economic performance to get their assistance, then TWA jetliners was hijacked by Lebanese Shiite Muslim demanding Israel to relase 700 Muslim hostages, so Reagan faced AMal militamen and Party of God, soon successful negotiations with Syria and Lebanon, but now start terrorist attacks

Front 807

Proclamation of 1763

Back 807

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Front 808

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

Back 808

Progressive Party created by TR, advocated primary elections, women's suffrage, and prohibition of child labor.

Front 809

Progressive education

Back 809

Educational movement focusing on educating the child, not the subject. Rejects traditional approaches for more practical ones.

Front 810

Progressive Era in the US?

Back 810

1880s to start of WWI.

Front 811

Progressive movement

Back 811

1920s movement that held that irresponsible actions by the rich were corrupting both public and private life. Called for trust busting, and progressive income tax.

Front 812

Progressive Party*

Back 812

led by Henry Wallace, wanted to expand New Deal and good relatiosn with USSR.

Front 813

Progressive Republican Party

Back 813

Roosevelt ran under this party, it was a third party.

Front 814

Prohibition

Back 814

Outlawing of alcohol in 1920-33, enforced by the Volstead Act. Later repealed by new constitutional amendment in 1933. Example of how more harm than good can come from enactment of laws sure to be widely disobeyed.

Front 815

Proprietary Colony

Back 815

Colony with chartered ownership given to a proprietor. (Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware)

Front 816

Protective Tariff

Back 816

Imposed 8% on the value of dutiable imports. Passed to increase revenue and protect small industries. Due in part to Hamilton's plan.

Front 817

Public Works Administration

Back 817

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Front 818

Pueblos

Back 818

Native American people in AZ and NM who lived in peublos.

Front 819

Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam

Back 819

Islands (along with the Philippines) given to the US for $20 million from Spain after Treaty of Paris.

Front 820

Pullman Strike

Back 820

(GC) 1894, , Strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Railway Union (150000 members). Maintained a company town, and when the Depression hit, wages were cut one third, but the rent and living expenses remained the same. Strikers overturned Pullman cars, paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Eventually, bayonet militia came in from Washington from Cleveland himself. Strikers were imprisoned without jury trials. He was charged since he interfered with mailing service, The beginning of the end of company towns. People who helped keep law and order was Mayor Hopkins and Governor Altgeld

Front 821

Pump Priming

Back 821

(HH) the spending of government funds in commercial enterprises, to stimulate the national economy

Front 822

Purchase of Alaska*

Back 822

(AJohn) , In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

Front 823

Pure Food and Drug Act

Back 823

(TR) 1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Front 824

Puritans

Back 824

A group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church based on the ideas of John Calvin. Notable voyages were in 1620 (Pilgrims) and 1629 (Massachusetts Bay Colony).

Front 825

Quakers

Back 825

They believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary. They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible. They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors. Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and America. They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans.Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterizations of a United States that valued independence and social equality.

Front 826

Quarantine Speech*

Back 826

(FDR) 1937, , The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Front 827

Quebec Act

Back 827

1774 â€" It was passed by Parliament. It alarmed the colonies because it recognized the Roman-Catholic Church in Quebec. Some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies. The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliament’s dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilance. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion.

Front 828

Queen Anne's War

Back 828

British vs. French (1702-13)

Front 829

Queen Liliuokalani/Hawaii

Back 829

Queen of Hawaii who disliked Americans and was overthrown when sugar prices dropped. Planters wanted the independent Republic of Hawaii and requested annexation from the US.

Front 830

Quids*

Back 830

(TJ) old democratic republicans who believed was of 1812 violated democratic prinapals

Front 831

Quirin affair?

Back 831

8 germans who had lived in America and returned to Germany before WWII snuck into the US to sabatoge the war industries. They were caught and executed by a military tribunal established by FDR.

Front 832

Radical Reconstruction

Back 832

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Front 833

Radical Republicans

Back 833

(AJohn) , Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Front 834

Radical Whigs

Back 834

The Radical Whigs were "a group of British political commentators" associated with the British Whig faction who were at the forefront of Radicalism. They played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution, as their republican writings were widely read by the American colonists, many of whom were convinced by their reading that they should be very watchful for any threats to their liberties. Subsequently, when the colonists were indignant about their perceived lack of democratic representation and taxes such as the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act, the colonists broke away from the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United States.

Front 835

Ralph Bunche

Back 835

African American diplomat who won Noble Prize for helping negotiate armistice between Israelis and Arabs.

Front 836

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 836

Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists.

Front 837

Reaganomics

Back 837

(RR) The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, umemployed started going back to work

Front 838

Recalls

Back 838

The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Front 839

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934

Back 839

It was designed to lower the tariff, and it aimed at both relief and recovery. The president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.

Front 840

Reconstruction

Back 840

The period after the Civil War during which the South was reintegrated. Southern governments often included carpetbaggers. Former officials in the Confederacy were banned from being in government. Once a State passed 13th and 14th amendment, it was readmitted to the Union. Ended in 1877 when troops left. Was viewed as more harsh on Southerners than Lincoln called for. Ill feeling then lead to formation of KKK and hatred among Southerners for the Republican Party.

Front 841

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Back 841

Pushed through congress over Johnson’s veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the south and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. Law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

Front 842

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Back 842

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

Front 843

Red Scare

Back 843

Rounding up of immigrants of radical political views in 1919 and 1920 in wake of Russian Revolution.

Front 844

Redemption (redeemers)

Back 844

When the south was returned to Conservative Democratic rule after the Radical Republicans of Reconstruction

Front 845

Referendums

Back 845

A law passed by the legislature could be put on the ballot can for the people to approval/veto. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Front 846

Reform movements

Back 846

Movements supported by a group of people to change society for the better regarding moral, religious, and social issues.

Front 847

Regulators Uprising

Back 847

A movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Front 848

Relief and Construction Act*

Back 848

(HH) $3 billion towards public works of a self-liquidating type (once completed, would bring revenue to pay for itself)

Front 849

Relief, recovery, reform

Back 849

The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.

Front 850

Religious Right

Back 850

A coalition of right wing Protestant fundamentalist who have become increasingly active in politics since Roe v. Wade.

Front 851

Remember the Maine

Back 851

A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.

Front 852

Republican Party (Lincoln)

Back 852

In 1854, it formed from the antislavery Whigs and Democrats, the Free-Soilers and various other groups. Ran Lincoln in 1860 and won.

Front 853

Republicanism

Back 853

"Idea made by Paine. Idea that there should be a “republic†where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people. He laced his ideas with biblical imagery, familiar to common folk. His ideas about rejecting monarchy and empire and embrace and independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed."

Front 854

Republicans 1780-1801

Back 854

States' rights, strict interpretation, encouraged agriculture and rural life, South and West, France, Civil liberties and trust in people

Front 855

Reservationists

Back 855

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Front 856

Resolution Trust Corporation

Back 856

(GB1) managed the assets and liabilities of institutions that became insovlent between 1989 and 1992.

Front 857

Resumption Act

Back 857

1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation.

Front 858

Revolution of 1800

Back 858

What Jefferson considered his election to be because

Front 859

Revolutionary War

Back 859

War for American independence from Britain. Started with the Battle of Lexington and ended with the Battle of Concord. Americans aided by French.

Front 860

Rhode Island

Back 860

Established by Roger Williams, it practiced religious tolerance and did require voters to be church members.

Front 861

Richard Byrd

Back 861

Explorer of North and South poles.

Front 862

Richard Daley

Back 862

Chicago mayor and political boss 50s-70s. Credited with helping elect JFK in Illinois and for using force against protestors during Democratic convention in 1968.

Front 863

Richard Nixon

Back 863

Prosecution of Alger Hiss. VP of Eisenhower. Lost to JFK. President in 1968. Restored relations with China. Withdrew from Vietnam. Watergate scandal led to his resignation.

Front 864

Richard Olney

Back 864

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

Front 865

Roanoke

Back 865

Lost Colony. Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587 in current North Carolina, disappeared within three years.

Front 866

Roaring Twenties

Back 866

1920s era of freewheeling popular culture. People defied prohibition and indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, rejected many traditional moral standards.

Front 867

Robert E. Lee

Back 867

Commanding General of Confederate troops during the Civil War. Victory in Chancellorsville but loss in Gettysburg.

Front 868

Robert Kennedy

Back 868

Attorney General and champion of Civil Rights Movement and foe of organized crime. Was assassinated while running for President by a Palestinian.

Front 869

Robert La Follette

Back 869

A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.

Front 870

Robert McNamara

Back 870

Kennedy's Defense Secretary who helped to come up with and push the "flexible response" strategy.

Front 871

Robert Peary

Back 871

Thought to be the first to reach the North Pole.

Front 872

Roger B. Taney

Back 872

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S. As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

Front 873

Roger Williams

Back 873

Puritan leader, expelled from MA for being too religiously tolerant. Went on to found colony of Rhode Island as place of total tolerance.

Front 874

Ronald Reagan

Back 874

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Front 875

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 875

Addition to Monroe Doctrine, justified U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs if their weakness or wrongdoing warranted such action.

Front 876

Roosevel'ts "Quarantine" Speech

Back 876

1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist agression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine agressor nations.

Front 877

Roosevelt's Court packing plan

Back 877

FDR expanding the size of the supreme court in order to change its balance in favor of the New Deal.

Front 878

Root-Takahira Agreement

Back 878

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. (TR) Japan recognized American power in Phillippines and US recognized Japan's power in Manghuria and Korea

Front 879

Rosenberg case

Back 879

Couple excecuted for allegedly being Soviet Spies. Some thought falsely accused in McCarthyism.

Front 880

Rough Riders

Back 880

Nickname of cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt in Spanish American war. Victorious charge in Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba.

Front 881

Royal Colony

Back 881

Colony governed directly by King. Almost all colonies became royal at some point. (Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Carolina, Georgia)

Front 882

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Back 882

Severely limited British and American naval guard on Great Lakes. (1817)

Front 883

Russo-Japanese War

Back 883

War between two foriegn powers that Roosevelt helped negiotate a peace treaty for, and recieved a Nobel Peacy Prize for his work

Front 884

Rutherford B. Hayes

Back 884

1877-1881, Republican, against Tilden (played role to crush Tweed Ring), ended Reconstruction through election bargain

Front 885

Sacco and Vanzetti

Back 885

Two anarchists executed in early 1920s for two murders. Liberals and Anarchists around the world thought they were executed for their political views.

Front 886

Salem witch trials

Back 886

Trials and execution of 20 women for allegedly practicing witchcraft. Gives rise to saying 'witch hunt'.

Front 887

SALT

Back 887

(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.

Front 888

SALT II

Back 888

(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Front 889

Salutary Neglect

Back 889

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

Front 890

Sam Houston

Back 890

Led Texans in their struggle for independence from Mexico. Later became govenor and removed when he opposed secession.

Front 891

Samuel (Golden Rule) Jones

Back 891

American Political reformer - advanced employee-management relations

Front 892

Samuel Adams

Back 892

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party..

Front 893

Samuel Gompers

Back 893

Founded AFL, wanted to achieve social reform through better standards for laborers, opposed political involvement.

Front 894

San Francisco Conference

Back 894

(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter.

Front 895

Saratoga

Back 895

In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North.

Front 896

Savings and Loan Associations

Back 896

(GB1) A financial institution that lends money in which depositors maintain savings and checking accounts = insolvent, poor security, Bush did bailout to find more insolvents, for now insurance provided by Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

Front 897

Scalawags

Back 897

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Front 898

Scandal at HUD

Back 898

(GB1) former top officials milked low income housing rehab programs by selling their services as "consultants" to developers seeking valuable contracts, $5.7 million been paid in "consulting fees", 20 receipients, Jack Kemp investigates

Front 899

SCLC

Back 899

Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights.

Front 900

Scopes trial

Back 900

Scopes taught theory of evolution in violation of TN state law in 1925. Trial seen as sign of deep conflict between science and religion.

Front 901

Scotish Irish

Back 901

A group of Scots who fled to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Front 902

SDS

Back 902

Formed in 1962 in Port Huron, Michigan, SDS condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty, and called for a participatory Democracy.

Front 903

Secession

Back 903

After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of.

Front 904

Second Bank of the United States

Back 904

(AJ) , chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Front 905

Second Bull Run

Back 905

(AL) , McClellan gets his butt kick and the South defeats North, 1862

Front 906

Second Continental Congress

Back 906

Met just after first battles of war. Established Continental Army, printed money, created government offices, and chose George Washington to lead army.

Front 907

Second Great Awakening

Back 907

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Front 908

Sectional Tariff*

Back 908

1824, (JMon)was a protective tariff in the United States designed to protect American industry in the face of cheaper British commodities, especially iron products, wool and cotton textiles, and agricultural goods., Calhoun thought South suffered

Front 909

Sectionalism

Back 909

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South, and West). This can (and did) lead to conflict.

Front 910

Sedition Act

Back 910

1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Front 911

Selective Service Act*

Back 911

(FDR) 1940, first peace time draft, 21 through 35 years old

Front 912

Self Governing Colony

Back 912

Colony allowed to self-govern. (Connecticut, Rhode Island)

Front 913

Seminoles

Back 913

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

Front 914

Senator Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism)

Back 914

(HT) , claimed he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army, that's when he went to far

Front 915

Seneca Falls Convention

Back 915

Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

Front 916

Service Employees International Union (SEIU)?

Back 916

The SEIU was founded in 1921 in Chicago, currently the fastest growing labor union in the United States, representing 1.8 million workers in about 100 occupations in the United States and Canada. The main divisions are Health Care (almost 50% of the union's membership, including hospital, home care and nursing home workers.), Public Services (government employees), and Property Services (including janitors and security officers). With over 300 local branches, SEIU is affiliated with the Change to Win Federation.

Front 917

Settlement houses

Back 917

Social and Cultural centers established in slum areas in the 1890s and early 1900s.

Front 918

Seventeenth Amendment

Back 918

(WW) , direct election of senators

Front 919

Seward Purchase of Alaska

Back 919

Paid $7.2 million for "Seward's icebox," but later proved to be useful addition.

Front 920

Shakers

Back 920

"Universal Friends" - Promoted celibacy (died out unsurprisingly)

Front 921

Sharecropping

Back 921

A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War. Laborers were given a third of the crop.

Front 922

Shawnees

Back 922

Tribe of Native Americans from the Mid-West. Joined the British against the Americans in war of 1812.

Front 923

Shay's Rebellion

Back 923

An uprising in MA in 1786, whose occurance demonstrated the need for a stronger national government.

Front 924

Sherman Antitrust Act

Back 924

Federal law passed in 1890s against Monopolies. Used against Standard Oil and American Tobacco Company.

Front 925

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Back 925

Forced the treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month. However, the price of silver did not rise and precious gold was being drained away from the treasury while cheap silver piled up. Led to panic of 1893.

Front 926

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (repeal of)

Back 926

1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893. 1893 - Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves.

Front 927

Sherman's march to the sea

Back 927

March by Union General in Georgia that sought to destroy anything the South could use for the war (railroads, factories, houses, livestock, etc.)

Front 928

Shot heard round the world

Back 928

A phrase from poem by Emerson about the first shots of the first battle of the Revolutionary War, encouraging worldwide movements towards democracy.

Front 929

Silent majority

Back 929

Term used by Nixon to indicate his belief that the majority supported his policies, not the vocal protesters.

Front 930

Sioux

Back 930

Native Americans in the Dakotas. Massacred Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn. Many were later massacred at Wounded Knee in 1890.

Front 931

Sioux Wars

Back 931

Series of clashes that insued as railroads intruded into Native American lands.

Front 932

Sit ins

Back 932

A form of non-violent protest in the 60s. Would sit in public place and refuse to leave. Provoked arrest, which was then used to gain attention to the demonstrators cause.

Front 933

Sitting Bull

Back 933

Sioux chief who took up arms against settlers in the Great Planes. Present at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Front 934

Sixteenth Amendment

Back 934

(WW) , The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Front 935

Slidell Mission

Back 935

John Slidell was sent to Mexico City in 1845 to offer a $25 million maximum for California and other territory. Mexicans rejected.

Front 936

Smith Act of 1940********

Back 936

(HT) , made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

Front 937

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Back 937

Let the government seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes.

Front 938

SNCC

Back 938

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.

Front 939

Social Changes during (GC)

Back 939

more industrial nation, child labor soared

Front 940

Social Gospel

Back 940

Movement aimed at making churches more responseive to social problems, such as poverty. Said Christ's message was also about social reform. Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Front 941

Social Issues under Reagan

Back 941

New Right's push for organized prayer public schools and ban on abortion ((RR) against) first female in SC, (RR) also opposed Equal Rights Movement

Front 942

Social Reforms

Back 942

Abolition of debtors’ prisons and changes in criminal codes allow people to be punished but also rehabilitated. Reforms of insane asylums. Pacificism â€" American Peace Society 1828. American Temperance Society 1826. Women’s Rights Movements â€" Seneca Falls 1848. Utopian societies

Front 943

Social Security Act

Back 943

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Front 944

Sons of Liberty

Back 944

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.

Front 945

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Back 945

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature speaking against the "Tariff of Abominations." It proposed nullification of the tariff to prevent secession.

Front 946

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Back 946

(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Front 947

Spanish-American war

Back 947

1898. Spanish mistreatment of Cuban natives aroused resentment in the US, encouraged by yellow journalism. Trigger was explosion of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor. Best remembered for Battle of San Juan Hill. US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in the war, and temporary control over Cuba. As a result, America became a world power. Yellow journalism had role in starting war.

Front 948

Specie Circular

Back 948

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Front 949

Spiro T. Agnew

Back 949

(RN), , VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

Front 950

Sputnik

Back 950

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

Front 951

Square Deal

Back 951

Name of TR's programs of reform. Focused on busting trusts, gov't regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation

Front 952

Stalwarts

Back 952

(GC) , Bosses of Republic political machines who practiced patronage and elected officials due to status not experience.

Front 953

Stamp Act

Back 953

1765 law requiring payment of a tax to Britain on a great variety of papers and documents. Americans rioted in opposition, petitioned for repeal. Was repealed in 1766.

Front 954

Standard Oil

Back 954

Rockefeller's oil monopoly, many held stocks in it. Exemplified "horizontal integration."

Front 955

Stanton, Anthony, Chapman Catt

Back 955

All suffregettes Stanton was a suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. Anthony was an early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869. Catt was a suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Front 956

Star-Spangled Banner

Back 956

National Anthem, written by Frances Scott Key during war of 1812.

Front 957

Starving time

Back 957

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Front 958

Stephen Douglas

Back 958

Political who debated Lincoln prior to 1860 election - advocated annexation of Mexico and strong supporter for Compromise of 1850

Front 959

Stimson Doctrine

Back 959

(FDR) 1932, , 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Front 960

Stock "Watering"

Back 960

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

Front 961

Stock Market Crash 1987

Back 961

(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost

Front 962

Stonewall Jackson

Back 962

Confederate General who lead victorys in the First Battle of Bull Run and the Chattle of Chancellorsville. He was accidentally shot by his own troops.

Front 963

Stonewall Riot

Back 963

Raid on gay club, where clients fought back. Led to the creation of the Gay Liberation Front and greater solidarity among homosexuals.

Front 964

Stono Rebellion

Back 964

One of the first and most successful slave rebellions in which twenty slaves met and killed many colonists before fleeing and being captured.

Front 965

Strong Navy

Back 965

(CAA)

Front 966

Suez Crisis*

Back 966

(DDE) 1956, , when President Nasser of Egypt announced his intention to build a damn in the Suez to provide power and irrigation to Egypt, the United States offered its financial support, withdrawing it when Nasser spoke with the Communists on the subject. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez canal, which was previously owned by British and French stockholders. This hurt Europe by crippling their oil supply, most of which came from the Persian Gulf. The French and British retaliated by striking Egypt, confident that the United States would supply them with the oil they needed while they foughtwith the Middle East. President Eisenhower refused to do so, forcing the allies to withdraw their troops. As a result, U.N. troops acted for the first time to maintain peace and order in the world. Soviets tried to interfere. Eisenhown put the Strategic Air Command on alert.

Front 967

Suffolk Resolves

Back 967

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

Front 968

Sugar and Currency Acts

Back 968

Sugar - Established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicity designed to generate revenue for the British government. (1764) Currency - Forbade Americans from producing their own paper currency. (1764)

Front 969

Summit Conference

Back 969

(DDE), Eisenhower, discuss nuclear testing and disarmament with Soviet Union, but then U-2 incident, US first said it was just for meterological plan but the Russians caught Francis Powers, Khrushchev demanded apology, and violation of Russian territory, but Eisenhowr refused both demand.

Front 970

Summit Conference in China*

Back 970

(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao-Tse-tung's Communist People's Republic of China, however they saw Kai-shek's Nationalist CHina on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restricitons, also on trade, and US support People's Republic of and General Assembly did to, and also expelled Nationlist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there.

Front 971

Summit Conference in USSR

Back 971

(RN), along with two top advisiors, Henry Kissinger and Gerard Smith, talked with USSR about conduct joint space teams, scientists cures of cancer and heart disease, cease from any further incidents, warships, pretty much cooperate together, and also talked about SALT

Front 972

Sumner-brooks Affair

Back 972

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Front 973

Susan B. Anthony

Back 973

leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions

Front 974

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Back 974

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually helped the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.

Front 975

Sussex Pledge

Back 975

(WW) , A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning, Germany block promise

Front 976

Sweatt vs. Painter

Back 976

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Front 977

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 977

Major law concerning labor passed in 1947. Was reversal of pro-labor policies of FDR.

Front 978

Taft-Katsura Agreement

Back 978

The US and Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China, Japan recognized US control over the Philippines, and the USgranted a Japanese protectorate over Korea.

Front 979

Taiwan Quemoy Matsu****

Back 979

(DDE) 1953, Eisenhower said that they would aid Nationalist China, but if they acted against Taiwan, they would repel

Front 980

Tallmadge Amendment

Back 980

(JMon) , This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Front 981

Tammany Hall?

Back 981

The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from the 1854 to the 1934 by Boss Tweed.

Front 982

Tariff 1789

Back 982

(GW) Hamilton, aka 10 percent tariff, protection of domestic manufacture by tariffs

Front 983

Tariff of 1832

Back 983

(AJ) , The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.

Front 984

Tariff of 1833*

Back 984

(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.

Front 985

Tariff of Abominations

Back 985

An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. Greatly angered Southerners, who were heavily reliant on manufacturing, were angered by what they considered to be the unfair tariff. (1828)

Front 986

Tax Reform Act

Back 986

(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn't suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent.

Front 987

Taxation without representation is tyranny

Back 987

Important right since Magna Carta, not granted to colonists. Was one of the principal motivations for the declaration of independence.

Front 988

Taxpayer Relief Act 1997

Back 988

(WJC) Pres and Republicans agree to balanced federal budget, provide first federal tax, expanded coverage to uninsured children, helped with 70 billion, but failed with SS and Medicare

Front 989

Tea Act

Back 989

Only duty not repealed from Townshend Acts. Forced colonists to buy tea at high prices due to monopolies.

Front 990

Teapot Dome

Back 990

(CC), a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Front 991

Tehran Conference*

Back 991

(FDR) December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace

Front 992

Teller Amendment

Back 992

April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba

Front 993

Teller Resolution*

Back 993

(WMc) Congress granted the presiden the power to liberate Cuba, stating that the United States intended only to free Cuba from tyranny

Front 994

Temperance

Back 994

The American Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826. It persuaded people to stop drinking or lesson their drinking.

Front 995

Ten Percent Plan*

Back 995

(AL) , 1863, when 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the State could form a government and adopt a new constitution that banned slavery

Front 996

Tenure of Office Act

Back 996

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet (Johnson violated, led to impeachment)

Front 997

Terrence Powderly

Back 997

An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.

Front 998

Terrorist Plot

Back 998

(WJC) garage - Twin Tower, Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Tim McVeigh and Terry Nichols, bomb Olympic Stadium because = abortion there

Front 999

Texas enters Union

Back 999

Texas officially entered Union as slave state in 1848 after Mexican American War with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Front 1000

Thaddeus Stevens

Back 1000

A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Front 1001

That National Recovery Administration

Back 1001

It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. there were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.

Front 1002

The "Bloody Shirt"

Back 1002

The practice of reviving unpleasant memories from the past. Representative Ben F. Butler waved before the House a bloodstained nightshirt of a carpetbagger flogged by Klan members.

Front 1003

The "Bonus" Army

Back 1003

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Front 1004

The "Bull Moose" Campaign

Back 1004

Roosvelt's campaing under the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. It was called "Bull Moose" because Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a bull moose.

Front 1005

The "island hopping" strategy

Back 1005

Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan.

Front 1006

The "Sun Belt"

Back 1006

"Smiling crescent" of 15 states in Southern America. The population increased in this area at double the rate of old industrial zones in the Northeast (Frostbelt)

Front 1007

The "tricle down" Theory

Back 1007

If the rich become richer then the money will "trickle down" to the middle and poor classes making them more wealthy.

Front 1008

The "triple wall of privilege"

Back 1008

Wilson called for a war against these three things, tariff, banks, and trusts.

Front 1009

The America First Committee

Back 1009

1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. They wanted to do anything they could to stay out of war.

Front 1010

The American Crisis

Back 1010

Pamphlets written by Thomas Paine to rally support for the Revolutionary war.

Front 1011

The American System

Back 1011

Proposed after the War of 1812 by Clay. It included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

Front 1012

The Atlantic Charter

Back 1012

August 1941-Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met and discussed common problems of the world. The two men came up with the eight-point Atlantic Charter, outlining the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at the war's end. The Atlantic Charter promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants; it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators; and it declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a new League of Nations.

Front 1013

The Berlin Wall

Back 1013

1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

Front 1014

The Budget, the National Debt , and the Overvalued Dollar

Back 1014

(RR) after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income and military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems

Front 1015

The counter-culture

Back 1015

Young hippies rose as a self-conscious culture that was opposed to traditional American ways.

Front 1016

The Destroyer Deal

Back 1016

1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

Front 1017

The Dixicrats

Back 1017

A group of people from 15 southern states that were embittered by Truman's nomination and nominated J. Strom Thurmond on a states' Rights Party ticket.

Front 1018

The Eisenhower Doctrine

Back 1018

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Front 1019

The FHA

Back 1019

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

Front 1020

The Good Neighbor Policy

Back 1020

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

Front 1021

The Grange/Oliver Kelley

Back 1021

Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement.

Front 1022

The Hundred Days

Back 1022

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

Front 1023

The Impending Crisis of the South

Back 1023

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn’t written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.

Front 1024

The Jay Treaty

Back 1024

Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794)

Front 1025

The Marshall Plan

Back 1025

(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Front 1026

The Mexican War

Back 1026

(JP) 1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas (Rio Grande or Nueces River?) Americans interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans... they wouldn't budge.Polk ordered Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande- stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed river and attacked "MEXICANS" started the war (NOT). America got New Mexico and California, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Front 1027

The National Bank

Back 1027

Part of Hamilton's Plan, it would save the government's surplus money until it was needed.

Front 1028

The National Road

Back 1028

Also called the Cumberland Road The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Front 1029

The National Security Act of 1947

Back 1029

1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO.

Front 1030

The Neutrality Act of 1939

Back 1030

It stated that the European democracies could buy American war materials as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships after paying for them in cash. America thus avoided loans, war debts, and the torpedoing of American arms-carriers. Overseas demand for war goods brought a sharp upswing from the recession of 1937-1938 and ultimately solved the decade-long unemployment crisis.

Front 1031

The nomination of Theodore Roosevelt as the presidential candidate for the "Bull Moose" party led to the election of which of the following presidents?

Back 1031

Woodrow Wilson

Front 1032

The only thing to fear is fear itself

Back 1032

Statement in FDR's first inaugural, at one of the worst points of the Great Depression.

Front 1033

The Open Door Note

Back 1033

"Asked Imperialist Nations to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Front 1034

The Panama Canal

Back 1034

Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion.

Front 1035

The Philippines

Back 1035

Recieved these islands after S-A War. Although he considered giving them up after insurrections, McKinley ultimately kept them.

Front 1036

The Pinckney Treaty

Back 1036

Treaty with Spain which opened trade and redefined Florida boundary (1795)

Front 1037

The Potsdam Conference

Back 1037

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Front 1038

The public be damned

Back 1038

Spoken by Vanderbilt (railroad executive). Used when business leaders are accused of shirking responsibility toward the public.

Front 1039

The Rights of Man

Back 1039

Thomas Paine wrote the Rights of Man in 1791, it is a work glorifying the French Revolution.

Front 1040

The Rome-Berlin Axis 1934

Back 1040

A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers.

Front 1041

The Rosenbergs

Back 1041

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Front 1042

The Settlement House Movement

Back 1042

At this time many settlement houses were created, which helped newcomers cope with American big-city life and exposed middle class women to American big city problems. the most prominent settlement house (but not first) was the Hull House.

Front 1043

The Smith Act

Back 1043

Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.

Front 1044

The Social Security Act of 1935

Back 1044

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

Front 1045

The Sussex Ultimatum and the Sussex Pledge

Back 1045

The ultimatum said that Germans must stop sinking ships or the US will break their neutrailty (and almost certainly neter the war). The Pledge was that the Germans promised to stop submarine warfare.

Front 1046

The Teapot Dome Scandal

Back 1046

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Front 1047

The Teheran Conference

Back 1047

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Front 1048

The Truman Doctrine

Back 1048

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Front 1049

The United Nations

Back 1049

Only the Security Council could take action on substantive issues through investigation. The General Assembly met and talked. A secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General, was to perform the organization's administrative work.

Front 1050

The Volstead Act (18th Amendment)

Back 1050

Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition.

Front 1051

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 1051

Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.

Front 1052

The Washington Conference of 1921

Back 1052

The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

Front 1053

The Whiskey Rebellion

Back 1053

group of farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794)

Front 1054

The Wright Brothers

Back 1054

Launched the air age.

Front 1055

The XYZ Affair

Back 1055

Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute before they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans heard the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to show France that America was a force to be reckoned with

Front 1056

The Yalta Agreement

Back 1056

February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Front 1057

The Zimmerman Note

Back 1057

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.

Front 1058

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 1058

President 1901 to 1909. Lead the Rough Riders in Spanish-American war. Upheld many of the interests of the Progressive Movement. Was a Trust Buster. Said needed to 'walk softly but carry a big stick.' Received Nobel prize for negotiating peace in Russo-Japanese war. Began construction of the Panama Canal.

Front 1059

These are the times that try men's souls

Back 1059

By Thomas Paine in the America Crisis

Front 1060

Thirteenth Amendment

Back 1060

(AJohn) , abolished slavery

Front 1061

Thomas Jefferson

Back 1061

Founding father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, President 1801-9. Arranged the Louisiana Purchase, founded the U. of VA. Champion of political and religious freedom.

Front 1062

Thomas Paine

Back 1062

Wrote Common Sense and American Crisis, urging American independence.

Front 1063

Three Mile Island

Back 1063

Location of a nuclear power plant accident in 1979. Caused panic and intense criticism of nuclear power programs in general.

Front 1064

Thurgood Marshall

Back 1064

First black appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. Was lawyer in Brown vs. Board of Education. Consistently liberal record.

Front 1065

Tobacco

Back 1065

(WJC) Pres sued industry to stop marketing cigars to kids and accept great federal regulation

Front 1066

Tories

Back 1066

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Front 1067

Townshend Acts

Back 1067

These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. (1767)

Front 1068

Trail of Tears

Back 1068

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Front 1069

Transatlantic cable/telegraph

Back 1069

Cable from Newfoundland to Ireland to revolutionize international communication.

Front 1070

Transcendentalism

Back 1070

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Front 1071

Transcontinental railroad

Back 1071

Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.

Front 1072

Treaty of Alliance 1778

Back 1072

(JA) ended

Front 1073

Treaty of Ghent

Back 1073

: Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Front 1074

Treaty Of Grenville

Back 1074

After their defeat at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794, 12 Native American tribes signed the Treaty of Grenville, which cleared the Ohio territory of tribes and opened it up to U.S. settlement

Front 1075

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Back 1075

Ended Mexican War - US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states - US paid Mexico $15 million dollars

Front 1076

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Back 1076

Ended French and Indian War

Front 1077

Treaty of Paris (1763):

Back 1077

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.

Front 1078

Treaty of Paris (1782)

Back 1078

The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.

Front 1079

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Back 1079

While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American History is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.

Front 1080

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Back 1080

Ended the Spanish-American War and developed an American empire overseas. Spain agreed to abandon Cuba and exchange Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to America for $20 million.

Front 1081

Treaty of Paris 1898

Back 1081

(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Front 1082

Treaty of Portsmouth

Back 1082

Ended Russo-Japanese War. (1905)

Front 1083

Treaty of San Lorenzo

Back 1083

Signed with Spain in 1795, the Treaty of San Lorenzo – also known as Pinckney's Treaty – gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.

Front 1084

Trent Affair

Back 1084

Two Confederate diplomats were dispatched to go to Europe on a mail steamer to try and gain support from Britain and France. The Union stopped this steamer and removed the two Confederate diplomats.

Front 1085

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

Back 1085

Accidentally killed 141 workers, prodded concerns that raised new questions of human and immigrant rights and of existing labor laws.

Front 1086

Triple Alliance

Back 1086

Original Allies in WWI: Britain, France, and Russia.

Front 1087

Triple Entente

Back 1087

Original Central Powers in WWI: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy.

Front 1088

Truman Doctrine

Back 1088

(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Front 1089

Truman-MacArthur controversy

Back 1089

MacArhur called for air strikes on China during Korean War. Truman said no, MacArthur disagreed publicly. Truman removed him for insubordination.

Front 1090

Tweed Ring

Back 1090

(USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly

Front 1091

Twelfth Amendment

Back 1091

1804 (TJ) , Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

Front 1092

Ty Cobb

Back 1092

Record for lifetime batting average.

Front 1093

Tydings McDuffie Act

Back 1093

(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. The nation did not want to have to support the Philippines if Japan attacked there.

Front 1094

U.S v. Butler

Back 1094

(FDR) 1936 as a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.

Front 1095

U.S. Steel Corporation

Back 1095

J.P. Morgan's steel empire, first billion-dollar corporation.

Front 1096

U.S. v. Knight Co.

Back 1096

Let sugar refinery slip through loophole of Sherman Anti-Trust Act, thereby weakening it.

Front 1097

U.S.S. Maine

Back 1097

Ship that exploded in Havana harbor, blamed on Spanish, sparked war.

Front 1098

Ulysses S. Grant

Back 1098

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Front 1099

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Back 1099

(MF) 1852, , a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral (caused Civil War), Europe applauds

Front 1100

Undeclared naval war with France

Back 1100

The French were infuriated with the US after Jay's Treaty, so began to attack American ships at sea.

Front 1101

Underground Railroad

Back 1101

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Front 1102

Underwood Tariff Bill

Back 1102

October 13, 1913 - Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad.

Front 1103

Union Advantages

Back 1103

in the Civil War â€" Larger number of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South’s initial material advantage.

Front 1104

Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined/transcontinental line

Back 1104

Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines met at Ogden, Utah, creating the first transcontinental railroad line.

Front 1105

Union Pacific Railroad*

Back 1105

(USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants

Front 1106

United Food and Commercial Workers International Union?

Back 1106

A labor union representing approximately 1.3 million workers in the United States and Canada in many industries, including health care, meatpacking, poultry and food processing, manufacturing, textile and chemical trades, and retail food. Until July 2005, UFCW was affiliated with the AFL-CIO, where it was the second largest union by membership. Along with two other members of the Change to Win Coalition, the UFCW formally disaffiliated with the AFL-CIO on July 29, 2005.

Front 1107

United Nations

Back 1107

(FDR) an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Front 1108

United States Embassy at Teheran, Iran

Back 1108

(JEC) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi became Iran "shah" and ayatollah khomeini didn't like this, shah wanted "white revolution", and shah exiled Khomeini, who later directed Islamic Republic, and kept hostages, Carter tried to help, he froze all Iranian assets in US, and also sent USS Nimitz in Gulf of Oman where 8 were killed, 2 events (1) Iran became victim of Iraq (2) 30 after RR became president, he talked tough on Carter's policy and 52 hostages were sent free.

Front 1109

United States v. E.C. Knight Co

Back 1109

(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Front 1110

University of Missippi and Alabama

Back 1110

(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there

Front 1111

Upton Sinclair/"The Jungle"

Back 1111

Described awful conditions of meat packing industry, led to Meat Inspection Act.

Front 1112

Urban Riots

Back 1112

(LBJ) , large scale rioting, summer 1966 and 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal and local govt.

Front 1113

Utopian communities

Back 1113

Communities seeking cooperation, communism ideals, and communitarianism.

Front 1114

Valley Forge

Back 1114

Quarters of American army one winter in revolutionary war. Very cold, but Washington kept the morale of the troops up.

Front 1115

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Back 1115

(GC2) 1895, Guiana and Venezula in conflict with each other (discovery of gold), Cleveland called for arbitration, The US determined to enforce the Monroe Doctrine by itself, without relying on the British (got most of the land) navy.

Front 1116

Vertical Integration

Back 1116

"Owning every step of the manufacturing process. Ex: An oil company owns the land the oil comes from, the business to extract the oil, the shipping business to ship the oil, and the gas stations to sell the oil."

Front 1117

Veterans' Bureau Scandal

Back 1117

(CC) Colonel Forbes goes to jail for conspiring to sell narcotics, liquor, and other government property

Front 1118

Vicksburg

Back 1118

(AL), 1863 , a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863)

Front 1119

Vietnam War

Back 1119

1954-1975. North tried to take over th South with help of Viet Cong. Eisenhower and Kenedy sent advisors, Johnson sent half a million troops. Tet offensive and My Lai massacre severe set back. Nixon and Kissinger negotiated cease fire and withdrawl. Lead to severe division of American society at home.

Front 1120

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 1120

Affirmations of States rights in the face of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Written by Madison and Jefferson. Included a statement of the power of nullification by the States.

Front 1121

Virginia and New Jersey Plans

Back 1121

The Virginia Plan called for a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation.

Front 1122

Virginia Company

Back 1122

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607, founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies. Confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights. 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

Front 1123

Virginia dynasty

Back 1123

4 of the first 5 presidents were from Virginia.

Front 1124

Virginia Plan

Back 1124

The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise.

Front 1125

Virginia Resolves

Back 1125

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Front 1126

Virtual Representation

Back 1126

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.

Front 1127

Volstead Act

Back 1127

(WW), implemented the 18th Admendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%, but then comes the speakeasies

Front 1128

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 1128

Eliminated obstacles used to block black voting, such as literacy tests. Enabled federal registrars to register voters.

Front 1129

Voting Rights Act*

Back 1129

(LBJ) , 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

Front 1130

W.E.B. DuBois

Back 1130

Black leader who fought for universal suffrage and civil rights, and founded the Nigara Movement and NAACP.

Front 1131

Wabash vs. Illinois

Back 1131

1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only pass through them, such as interstate transportation.

Front 1132

Wade-Davis Bill

Back 1132

Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

Front 1133

War Hawks

Back 1133

A term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated going to war against Great Britain in the War of 1812.

Front 1134

War Industries Board

Back 1134

(WW) , Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.

Front 1135

War is hell

Back 1135

Statement of Union General Sherman during Civil War.

Front 1136

War of 1812

Back 1136

Like second war of independence. Fought over alleged violations of American shipping rights. American soldiers attacked Canada unsuccessfully, and Britain burned the White House. Most famous battle was Battle of New Orleans led by Andrew Jackson (after peace had been signed, but army not informed).

Front 1137

War on Drugs

Back 1137

(GB1), William Bennett as there was a dramatic increase in drug use, and demand for illegal drugs, especially "crack" cocaine, political figures of both parties spoke heatedly about the need for a "war on drugs", but government efforts to stop drug imports and reduce demand had little effect.

Front 1138

War on poverty

Back 1138

Johnson's programs to help poor Americans, including job retraining and improvement of housing.

Front 1139

War Production Board

Back 1139

Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.

Front 1140

Warren Harding

Back 1140

President 1921-23. Opposed participation in the League of Nations. Many of his appointments were corrupt. He died before the full scope was revealed. Known as the Harding scandals.

Front 1141

Was the Cold War Over?*

Back 1141

(RR), Gorbachev = supported political settlements in Angola and Cambodia, and took out troops from Afghanistan, wanted more open society (perestroika "restructing", glasnost "openess"), also reduced miltary spendings, Bush didn't support the programs like Star Wars

Front 1142

Washington Conference

Back 1142

(WH), was a military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.

Front 1143

Washington Gladden

Back 1143

Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.

Front 1144

Washington's Farewell Address

Back 1144

Never delivered. Warned of the dangers of divisive party politics and warned agaisnt US alliances with other countries.

Front 1145

Washinton's Neutrality Proclamation

Back 1145

Established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict. (1793)

Front 1146

Watts riots

Back 1146

Riots in LA in 1965, 30 people died

Front 1147

Ways and Means Committee*

Back 1147

(GF) where almost all important work on tax law occurs; decides whether to go along with presidential requests for tax cuts or increases, changed under Ford

Front 1148

We are here Lafayette

Back 1148

Words spoken by American army officer when US forces arrived in France in WWI. Refers to repaying debt to Lafayette's for helping Americans in Revolutionary war.

Front 1149

We shall overcome

Back 1149

Best known song of the civil rights movement

Front 1150

Webster Ashburton Treaty

Back 1150

(JT), followed by Aroostook War, 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Front 1151

Welfare Reform

Back 1151

(WJC)"end welfare as we know it", poor ppl move from welfare to work, welfare payments to max of five years, welfare recipients engage in work within two years

Front 1152

Wendell Wilkie

Back 1152

The Republicans chose Wendell L. Willkie to run against President Roosevelt. Willkie's great appeal lay in his personality. The Republican platform condemned FDR's alleged dictatorship, as well as the New Deal. Willkie was opposed not so much to the New Deal as to its extravagances and inefficiencies.

Front 1153

Wesberry v. Sanders

Back 1153

(LBJ) 1964 , One person, one vote (in redistricting for federal elections, each congressional district was to be approximately the same) In Georgia, the 5th district had 3 to 4 times more people than did the other districts.

Front 1154

What is the difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation?

Back 1154

De facto segregation is segregation of races that actually exists, though not by law. De jure segregation is segregation of races by law.

Front 1155

What political party did Alexander Hamilton start?

Back 1155

The Federalist party in 1792, which advocated strong national government. It was opposed by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison's Republican party.

Front 1156

What sector are labor unions most influential in?

Back 1156

The government (public sector).

Front 1157

What states were part of the Northwest Territory?

Back 1157

Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana. They all became states in the early to mid 1800's.

Front 1158

What was the largest immigration decade in US history?

Back 1158

The 1910s. The 1980s were the second.

Front 1159

What year was FDR's court packing scheme?

Back 1159

1937

Front 1160

What year was the NAACP founded?

Back 1160

1910

Front 1161

When did the AFL and CIO merge?

Back 1161

1955

Front 1162

When did the U.S. constitution go into effect?

Back 1162

1789

Front 1163

When did the US enter WWI?

Back 1163

1918. The armistice was on Nov. 11 of the same year.

Front 1164

When was the CIO founded?

Back 1164

In 1935 by eight international unions within the American Federation of Labor to pressure the AFL, which had either opposed or given only lukewarm support to organizing mass production industries, to change its policies. After failing to change AFL policy from within, five of these eight unions split from the AFL to found the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival federation in 1938. The CIO rejoined the AFL, forming the new entity known as the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), in 1955.

Front 1165

When was the US Army desegregated?

Back 1165

After WWII, 1945-1950 by decree of president Truman.

Front 1166

When was the US constitution written?

Back 1166

1787

Front 1167

Where did the pilgrims settle?

Back 1167

In Massachussetts, established Plymouth in 1620.

Front 1168

Which president was elected because he opposed the League of Nations?

Back 1168

Harding. He opposed Wilson's league of nations, as did the US senate.

Front 1169

Which side did native americans fight on in the American Revolution?

Back 1169

Both, but mainly supported the British.

Front 1170

Whig party

Back 1170

Party formed to oppose Jackson and the democrats. Supported protective tariffs, national banking and federal aid for infrastructure. Fell into disunity over slavery, and later Republican party emerged from it.

Front 1171

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 1171

Rebellion against federal tax on alcohol. Was first important test of the power of the new federal government to enforce its laws after Constitution passed.

Front 1172

Whiskey Ring

Back 1172

After the Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury, Grant delcared, "Let no guilty man escape," his own secretary was found to be a culprit. However, he wrote a letter on his behalf , and country began to turn on Grant.

Front 1173

White Flight

Back 1173

Whites migrating/moving to the suburbs by the millions

Front 1174

Whitewater

Back 1174

(WJC) an Ame political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while govnr of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player

Front 1175

Who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Back 1175

The puritans in 1629.

Front 1176

Wild Bill Hickok

Back 1176

US marshall who pursued some of the worst outlaws of the old west.

Front 1177

Wildcat strike?

Back 1177

A strike without union authorization.

Front 1178

William Bennett

Back 1178

(RR) attention on educatio reform

Front 1179

William Douglas

Back 1179

Longest serving Supreme Court justice (1939-1975). Committed liberal.

Front 1180

William H. Taft

Back 1180

1909-1913, Republican, issue - conservation policies, antitrust laws, tariff, against Bryan. Dollar diplomacy

Front 1181

William Halsey

Back 1181

Admiral of US fleet in Pacific in WWII.

Front 1182

William Harry Harrison

Back 1182

1841, Whig Party, issue = avoided banking, tariff, internal improvments, slavery, loose vs strict construction, died

Front 1183

William Jennings Bryan

Back 1183

Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).

Front 1184

William K. Reilly

Back 1184

(GB1) 2000 EPA, antipollution, tighten automobile emissiosn

Front 1185

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 1185

A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession

Front 1186

William Marbury

Back 1186

He had been appointed as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams shortly before leaving office, but John Marshall, Adam’s Secretary of State didn’t deliver his commission as required. When Thomas Jefferson became President, he ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to not deliver his commission. Marbury petitioned and brought the case to the Supreme Court, but was unsuccessful and never became a Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.

Front 1187

William Marcy Tweed

Back 1187

Ran a network of corrupt NYC officials called the Tweed ring. Tammany Hall. Name synonomous with municipal corruption. Boss Tweed.

Front 1188

William McKinley

Back 1188

Led the US during the Spanish-American war. US also annexed Philippines in his presidency. Republican president who believed in the gold standard. His presidency was a time of rising jingoism and imperialism. Was assassinated by an anarchist.

Front 1189

WIlliam Penn

Back 1189

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Front 1190

William Pitt

Back 1190

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.

Front 1191

William Randolph Hurst

Back 1191

Pioneer in the kind of sensational reporting often called Yellow Journalism. Helped whip up hostility toward Spain, which led to the Spanish American war.

Front 1192

William Seward

Back 1192

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Best known for purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1967 for seven million dollars.

Front 1193

William Sherman

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(AL) , scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war. Leading Union general. Known for saying 'War is Hell.'

Front 1194

Wilmot Proviso

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(JP), David Wilmot Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created by states)

Front 1195

Wilson Gorman Tariff*****

Back 1195

(GC2) 1894, This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff, however again he was defeated on tariff program

Front 1196

Wilsonian Idealism

Back 1196

Set idealistic goals for peace

Front 1197

Winfield Scott

Back 1197

He commanded the main expedition inland on Mexico in 1847. He was known as “Old Fuss and Feathers” because of his resplendent uniforms and strict discipline. He was unable to do as he pleased because of his inadequate number of troops, the terrain, disease, etc. He battled his way to Mexico City by September 1847.

Front 1198

Wobblies

Back 1198

Haywood was the leader of the Wobblies. The International Workers of the World (Wobblies) were a militant, radical union. They favored socialism and opposed free enterprise. They were disliked by big business and less radical unions.

Front 1199

Women's christin Temperance Union

Back 1199

Women's group encouraging abstinence from alcohol. Leading force for prohibition.

Front 1200

Women's movement

Back 1200

A movement to secure legal, economic and social equality for women. Galvanized by work of Betty Friedan. Worked for equal pay, improved day care and abortion rights.

Front 1201

Women's Rights/Seneca Falls

Back 1201

Woman's Right Convention, prominent feminists read Declaration of Sentiments: "all men and women are created equal"

Front 1202

Women's Suffrage

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(WW) , National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war

Front 1203

Women's Trade Union League

Back 1203

Organized by female activists, helped give femal reformers an national stage for social investigation and advocacy.

Front 1204

Woodrow Wilson

Back 1204

President 1912-21. Initially opposed involvement in WWI, but later drawn in so 'the world may be made safe for democracy.' Created his 14 points for peace, encouraged creation of the League of Nations. Senate refused entry. Won Nobel prize.

Front 1205

Worcester v Georgia

Back 1205

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Front 1206

Works Progress Administration

Back 1206

Program of the New Deal to perform public works to put people back to work.

Front 1207

Work-to-rule?

Back 1207

A type of slowdown used by workers. It is not completely covered by US labor law.

Front 1208

Wounded knee

Back 1208

Creek in SD where US killed large number of Sioux in 1890. Last major military conflict between whites and Native Americans.

Front 1209

WW2 People

Back 1209

(FDR) Hitler, Mussolini (Axis with H), Winston Churchill, SW - Stimson, SN - Knox, (FDR), MacArthur

Front 1210

Wyatt Earp

Back 1210

Famous US Marshall in Dodge City, took part in famous gunfight at the OK Corral in Tombstone AZ in 1881

Front 1211

XYZ Affair

Back 1211

Incident in which French officials demanded a bribe to speak to American diplomats. Published in newspapers (but French names were replaced with X, Y, and Z) and completely reversed American sentiment towards France.

Front 1212

Yale College

Back 1212

Founded in 1701, it was the third college of the colonies.

Front 1213

Yalta Conference

Back 1213

(FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt.

Front 1214

Yellow journalism

Back 1214

Inflammatory, irresponsible reporting by newspapers to incite war. Used by William Randolph Hearst to incite the Spanish-American war.

Front 1215

Yellow Peril

Back 1215

A supposed threat to the US posed by Japan and China. Fear of asian immigration and Japan's rising military power.

Front 1216

Yom Kippur War

Back 1216

(RN), , This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Front 1217

Yorktown

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Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Front 1218

Zachary Taylor

Back 1218

Twelfth President. Famous general in Mexican War. Whig President. Opposed the spread of slavery. Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly a states to avoid the issue of slavery. Died suddenly in1850; replaced by Millard Fillmore

Front 1219

Zimmerman Note

Back 1219

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Front 1220

Zoot suit riots?

Back 1220

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, California during World War II, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican American youth gangs headed by pachucos, recognized because of the zoot suits they favored. The riots began in the racially charged atmosphere of Los Angeles, where the sailors, soldiers and marines returning from the war had already come into conflict with the local Mexican zoot suiters. On June 3, 1943, a group of servicemen on leave complained that they had been assaulted by a gang of pachucos. In response, they gathered and headed out to downtown and East Los Angeles, which was the center of the Mexican community. Once there, they attacked all the men they found wearing zoot suits, often ripping off the suits and burning them in the streets. In many instances, the police intervened by arresting beaten-up Mexican-American youth for disturbing the peace. African Americans and Filipino Americans suffered the same fate as Mexican Americans [1]. Several hundred pachucos and nine sailors were arrested as a result of the fighting that occurred over the next few days. Of the nine sailors that were arrested, eight were released with no charges, and one had to pay a small fine. The Mexican-Americans were not as fortunate. Many died in jail from their injuries because they were in dire need of medical attention. Many more were convicted of crimes that they did not commit. The government finally intervened on June 7, by declaring that Los Angeles would henceforth be off-limits to all military personnel. In response to the riots Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in her weekly column about the problems faced by the Mexican American community as a result of racism in the United States.