Foreign Policy Nixon To Present

Front 1

Détente

Back 1

reasonable tolerance of U.S. and USSR with one another to avoid catastrophe

Front 2

Nixon To China

Back 2

Nixon went to China to break severed relationships; got China to stop providing North Vietnam with supplies, etc.

Front 3

SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

Back 3

U.S. was developing more sophisticated technology than USSR; froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic system (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled.

Front 4

MIRV (Multiple Independent Renetry Vehicle)

Back 4

a collection of nuclear weapons carried on a single intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) or a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Using a MIRV warhead, a single launched missile can strike several targets, or fewer targets redundantly. (1 missile = 8 warheads)

Front 5

Anti-Ballistic Missile System

Back 5

could conduct research, but you couldn’t deploy it; *Soviets wanted nuclear arms reduction; USSR and US continued to used proxies to continue disputes (battles)
*By now, Soviets realizing technological superiority of US

Front 6

Jimmy Carter

Back 6

brought in Human Rights

Front 7

Human Rights

Back 7

should be litmus test of whether US would support an area; human rights were more important than Communists

Front 8

Panama Canal Treaty

Back 8

US helped support Panama’s rebellion, so in return, we got the canal as our property (land grant); US began turning area over to Panamanians by 2000

Front 9

Camp David Accords

Back 9

1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel at Camp David, with help of Jimmy Carter; Under the pact, Israel agreed to return captured territory to Egypt and to negotiate Palestinian autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; pact normalized relations between 2 nations and provided a framework for peace in the Middle East; Sadat (Egypt) was ultimately assassinated even though he used good judgment

Front 10

Iran Hostage Crisis

Back 10

huge amounts of oil money was pouring into Iran; change prompted a religious revival; Iranian students seized the US embassy compound in Tehran and held 52 Americans inside hostage for 444 days; were let go when Carter left office; caused American prestige to falter

Front 11

Ayatollah Khomeini

Back 11

religious revival leader in Iran that overthrew that last Shah of Iran

Front 12

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Back 12

US provided lots of arms to Afghanistan to help them beat the USSR; USSR had to withdraw in humiliation and Afghanis were very appreciative of US support

Front 13

Ronald Reagan

Back 13

wanted to revitalize military and utilize military; put lots of money into military; spirits brought up in the military; went into Grenada to avoid another hostage situation

Front 14

Anti-Sandinista Rebels

Back 14

Reagan spent money and organized a counterrevolutionary strategy to undermine Sandinista control in Nicaragua

Front 15

Boland Amendment

Back 15

forbade President from giving arms to Central American “Freedom Fighters”

Front 16

Iran-Contra Affair

Back 16

political scandal of mid-1980s in which Reagan administration attempted to secure release of US hostages held in Lebanon by authorizing the sale of arms to Iran. Some of the proceeds were then channeled to opponents of the govt. in Nicaragua

Front 17

Mikhail Gorbachev

Back 17

brought new vitality and excitement to kick start technology in USSR b/c he knew gap was becoming greater between USSR and US

Front 18

Glasnost

Back 18

USSR obstructed innovation; citizens were growing tired of restrictions; policy opened USSR for more freedom as there was no censorship of mass media

Front 19

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)

Back 19

focused on strategic defense against attack rather than offense; US could explode their missile while it was in space, which prompted an extreme scare for USSR

Front 20

Collapse of Communism

Back 20

USSR got tired of making sacrifices; once Gorbachev gave them some freedom, they wanted more, which caused collapse; Fall of Berlin Wall; we outspent them, their internal problems destroyed them; End of Cold War

Front 21

George H.W. Bush

Back 21

flexed his muscles; likeable, athletic guy that encouraged military

Front 22

Manuel Noriega

Back 22

Panamanian leader that had been anti-Communist and worked with CIA, but was involved in drug trafficking into US and was thought to be a spy for Castro; He was arrested and captured in the US invasion of Panama as his government was overthrown

Front 23

Saddam Hussein

Back 23

dictator of Iraq that invaded Kuwait without any cause; thought invasion would make him the leader of the Middle East; Bush got UN approval and established a coalition to destroy Iraqi forces

Front 24

First Gulf War

Back 24

formed a strong coalition; sent forces from the west through the desert which was unexpected; fight only lasted 96 hours; US didn’t want to have to support Iraq and have that presence in the Middle East, so we didn’t conquer Iraq; Iraq was put under a boycott, which was eventually violated; Bush didn’t want a weak Iraq to prevent Iran from taking over

Front 25

James Baker

Back 25

Sec. of State for Bush; designed the strategy to attack Iraqis

Front 26

Bill Clinton

Back 26

won presidency after economy turned sour

Front 27

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Back 27

all 3 countries could trade with each other without restrictions (no tariffs, etc)

Front 28

Kosovo

Back 28

US was fearful of genocide; predominantly Albanian part of Yugoslavi that was the site of a NATO air campaign in 1999, which reversed Serbian efforts to expel Albanian Kosovars from their homes

Front 29

Osama Bin Laden

Back 29

well-educated, wealthy and got support of Taliban to train terrorists in Afghanistan; head of Al-Qaeda terrorist network

Front 30

9/11

Back 30

Iraq had nothing to do with it, mostly Saudis; roughly 2,000 people were killed; After, we invaded Afghanistan and overthrew Taliban b/c they were supportive and harbored terrorists

Front 31

Iraq

Back 31

Bush wanted to get rid of Hussein; once you conquer it, you own it has caused us to have a large problem on our hands; we’ve tried to establish a democracy in the Middle East that can sustain itself and promote democratic ideals