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122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the name of the fibrous tissue that spans between the radius and ulnar bones?

Interosseous Membrane

What is the name of the triangular shaped bone which sits at the base of the thumb?

The trapezium carpal

What action do all the anterior forearm muscles have on the wrist as they work together?

The anterior forearm muscles flex the wrist together.

Going from the thumb to the the little finger (lateral to media) what are the 4 carpal bones that articulate with the metacarpal bones?




*i.e. the distal row of carpal bones*

Trapezium - sits at base of the thumb




Trapezoid - Sits next to trapezium and articulates with 2nd metacarpal bone




Capitiate - Sits in the middle and articulates with 3rd metacarpal




Hemate - 4th one along, sits most medially and articulates with the 4th/5th metacarpals

What is the name of the joint between the carpal bones of the hand and the metacarpal bones of the fingers?

Carpometacarpal Joints - CM joints

What is the 1st CM joint between?

1st CM joint is between the Trapezium carpal bone and the 1st metacarpal (thumb)






*CM go from distal to medial*

What type of joint is the 1st CM?

The 1st CM is a synovial saddle joint.

What bones make up the proximal row of carpal bones going from distal to medial?




*i.e the bones of the hand that articulate with the Radioulnar joint*

Scaphoid - Articulates with distal radius and Trapezium




Lunate - Articulates with distal radius, scaphoid, captiate, hamate and




Triquentrum - articulates with the articular disc during adduction of the wrist and the hamate, lunate and pisiform carpal bones.




Pisiform - Sits most laterally out of the proximal carpal bones.

What is the role of the Pisiform carpal bone?

The pisiform is essentially a sesamoid bone giving clinical advantage to the flexor carpi ulnas muscle.

Is it correct that the ulna does not articulate with the carpus, but is does articulate with the radius at the distal radioulnar joint?



Yes, the ulna does not articulate with the carpal bones but it does articulate with the distal radio ulnar joint

What type of joint is the distal radio ulnar joint?


Distal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint.

What is the role of the articular disc that lies between the ulnar and the carpal joints?

It helps to absorb the load placed on the ulna and the carpal joints during a fall on the hand.

What is the name of the joints between the carpal bones of the hand?

Intercarpal joints (IC joint)



What is the name of the wrist joint (think of what two bones are articulating)?

The wrist joint is called the Radiocarpal joint








*the ulna is NOT part of the wrist joint*

What type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint?

The RC joint is a synovial elipsoid joint - meaning movement can occur along 2 axis (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)





What is the most common type of fracture involving the wrist which is caused by an outstretched arm?

Collies facture

What is the name of the proximal bones of the fingers?

Metacarpal bones

What are the name of the distal bones of the fingers?

The distal bones are called the:




Proximal Phalanx


Middle Phalanx


Distal Phalanx

What is the name of the joint between the metacarpals and the phalanges?

Metacarpo-phalangeal Joint (MCP)




*the knuckle*

What is the name of the joint between the proximal and middle phalanx bones?

Proximal Inter-pharangeal Joint (PIP)

What is the name of the joint between the middle and distal phalanx bones?

Distal Inter-pharangeal Joint (DIP)

What is the name of the joint where the metacarpal bones articulate with each other at the base?

Intermetacarpal Joints (IM joint)

What type of joint is the MCP joint?

Condyloid Joint

What type of joint is the MCP joint between the 1st metacarpal and the trapezium?

The only exception is the thumb joint - Saddle joint.






*all the other MCP joint are condyloid*

What type of joints are the PIP and DIP joints?

PIP and DIP joint are both hinge joints.

What 4 muscles of the arm are the flexors of the elbow joint?

Bicpes Brachii


Brachialis


Bachioradialis


Pronator Teres






*out of these the principal flexor is the Bicpes Brachii*

With the arm in the antomical position, what sits more medially - the long head or short head of the bicpes Brachii?

The short head of the Bicpes brachii sits medially ti the long head

What two muscles are responsible for suppination of the wrist?

Two suppinators:




Biceps Brachii *primary suppinator*


Supinator (lies on the posterior forearm mainly)





What 2 muscles are responsible for pronation of the wrist?

Pronators:




Pronator Teres


Pronator Quadratus *principle pronator*

What 2 muscles are responsible for the extension of the elbow joint?

Extensors of elbow joint:



Tricpes Brachii *principal extensor*


Anconeus

How many heads does the Triceps Brachii have and what are their names?

Tricpes Brachii has 3 heads:




Long head (sits most medially)


Short head (most laterally)


Medial head (sits below both long and short)

What 4 muscles of the forearm are responsible for flexion of the wrist?

Flexor Carpi Radialis


Flexor Carpi Ulnaris


Pronator Teres
Brachioradialis




(these are the superficial ones, but also there is deep and intermediate)

What muscle is responsible for abdcution of the wrist?

Flexor carpi radialis

What muscle is responsible for adduction of the wrist?

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Where do most of the wrist flexors and digit flexors attatch to on the arm proximally?

Most wrist and digit flexors attatch proximaly to the medial epicondyle, upper radius&ulna.

What are the two muscles that make up the deep layer of the anterior forearm compartment, responsible for finger flexion?




Clue they lie in contact with the ulnar and radius.

Two deep muscles of the anterior forearm flexors:




Flexor Pollicis Longus (lies over the radial half and attatches to the 1st distal phalange )




Flexor digitorum profundus (lies of the ulnar half and atattches to the 2-5 distal phalanges)

What two deep muscles are responsible for finger flexion?

Flexor Digitorum Profudus




Flexor Pollicus Longus

What intermediate layer muscle is repsonsible for finger flexion?

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

What superficial layer muscles are responsible for wrist felxion?

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris/Radialis = Wrists




Palmaris Longus =

What deep layer muscle does the Flexor digitorum superficialis lie over?

The flexor digitorum superficialis lies directly over the Flexor digitorum profundus

What three muscles make up the superficial layer of the anterior forearm compartment and what action are they responsible for?

Superficial Layer = Wrist flexors:




Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (flexion and adduction)


Flexor Carpi Radialis (flexion and abduction)


Palmaris Longus

What muscles of the anterior forearm compartment connect to the thumb?

Flexor Pollicus Longus

What muscles of the anterior forearm compartment connect to the fingers?

Flexor digitorum profundus/superficialis

What muscles of the anterior forearm compartment connect to the wrist joint?

Flexor Carpi Ularis/Radialis



What muscles of the anterior forearm compartment connect to the palm of the hand?

Palmaris Longus

Where do the extensors of the wrist/fingers arise from?

The extensors of the wrist and fingers arise from the lateral epicondyle and interosseous membrane of the forearm.

What is the name of the 3 wrist extensor muscles?

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris


Extensor Capri Radialis Longus


Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

What is the name of the 2 thumb extensor muscles?

Extensor Pollicis Longus


Extensor Pollicis Brevis

What is the name of the 2 muscles responsible for the extension of the fingers?

Extensor Digitorum (all the digits)


Extensor Digiti minimum (Just the pinky)

What two extensor muscles are responsible for wrist abduction along with the flexor carpi radialis?

Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis

Which extensor muscles of the wrist is also responsible for wrist adduction along with the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Between extensor pollicus longus and brevis which attatches most lateral on the thumb?

The Pollicus brevis attatches most laterally.

What is the main extensor muscle for the fingers?

Extensor Digitorum

What is the role of the abductor pollicis longus?

Role is to adbuct the thumb and the wrist

What is the test to see if a patients has dammaged their FDS (flexor digitorum superficialis) or FDP (flexor digitroum profundus)?

Ask the patient to straighten out all their fingers and then bend one up.




If they cant bend the whole finger then dammage to the Superficialis (because that connects to the whole finger)




If they can't bend just the tip then you know it is damage to the Profundus because that connects to only the phalanges.

Why is it that fingers sit naturally flexed?

Because the flexor tendons are stronger than the extensor tendons.

If a patient had damage to their extensor digitorum tendons - e.g a cut across them, then how would you expect the fingers to sit?

With the extensor tendons out of action, the only tendons working are the flexors so the fingers would sit bent in and flexed.

Name the 4 deep extensor muscles of the forearm?

Abductor Pollicis Longus


Extensor Pollicus brevis


Extensor Pollicis longus


Extensor indicis






*the tendons of the deep extensor muscles of the forearm form the anatomical snuff box*

What is the only finger of the hand that cant adduct or abduct?

The middle finger

What is the name of the 3 intrisnic muscles of the hand that control the thumb?




(called the Thenar muscles)





3 Thenar Muscles:




Opponens Pollicis


Abductor Pollicis Brevis


Flexor Pollicis Brevis



What is the name of the bulge in the hand that covers the Thenar muscles?







Thenar eminence - palpable bulge of muscle just proximal to the thumb

What digit are the hypothenar muscles of the hand responsible for moving?

Hypothenar Muscles:




Move the 5th digit (little finger) - they are complementary to the thenar muscles in attatchment and function.




Both have opponens muscles which is what allows for the grasping motion in aposable thumbs.

What is the name of the 3 hypothenar muscles?




Abductor Digiti Minimum


Flexor digiti brevis


Opponens Digiti minimum






*opponens is always the big deep one on both thenar and hypothenar sides*




*abductors are at the edges and flexors are in the inside*

What intrinsic muscle of the hand is responsible for flexion of the thumb?

Flexor polliciis brevis

What intrisic muscle of the hand is responsible for Abduction of the thumb?

Abductor pollicis brevis

What intrinsic muscle of the hand is responsible for Adduction of the thumb?

Adductor Pollicis

What muscles of the hand are responsible for circumduction of the thumb?

All three thenar muscles are responsible for circumduction:




Opponens Pollicis


Abductor Pollicis Brevis


Flexor Pollicis Brevis



What is the name of the 4 deep muscles that make up the palmar region of the hand that can be seen from the front and the back of the palm?

Adductor Pollicis


(big muscle above Opponens pollicis)




Palmar Interosseus


Dorsal Interosseus


Lumbrical





What is the role of the Palmar Interosseus muscles and Dorsal Interossues muscles in terms of finger movement?

Palmar Interosseus - Adduct the fingers (close your palm)

Dorsal Interossues - Abduct the fingers (open the door)




*the middle finger has no palmar interossies becuase it doesnt adduct*

What is the role of the Lumbrical intrinsic muscles of the hand in terms of movement?

The Lumbrical muscle attatches proximally to the felxor digitorum profundus.




Lumbricals simultaneously flex the MCP joints and extend the PIP joint.

If there is damage to the deep intrinsic Lumbrical muscles then it can be called Intrisic plus hand or Intrisnic Minus hand, what is the appearance of each?

The lumbrical muscles are responsible for flexion of the MCP and PIP joint and so if damaged then....



The hand will claw in at the base of the fingers and middle of the fingers = Intrinsic Minus Hand aka Claw hand



The opposite occurs in Intrinsic Plus Hand, where the MCP and PIP joint straightens out.

What nerve innervates the brachioradialis and what is the action of this muscle?

The Brachioradialis is innervated by the radial nerve.




Its main action is to flex the elbow joint but it is also involved in pronating/supinating the wrist.

Does the Flexor Digitorum Profundus act on all the pharyngeal joint (distal and proximal), how does this vary from the action of the Felxor digitorum Superficialis?

The digitorum profundus acts on all the interpharygneal joints and so has complete movement of the fingers.




The digitorum superficialis only acts on the proximal interpharyngeal joints not the distal.

What is the main action of the flexor digitroum profundus and superficialis on the wrist joint?

Flexors of the wrist joint

The FDP has a split nerve supply, what nerve supplies the medial half of the FDP and what nerve supples the lateral half?

The medial half of the FDP is supplied by the ulnar nerve.




The lateral half of the FDP is supplied by the median nerve.




*So if there is a problem with the ulnar nerve you would loose flexion of your little finger and ring finger.




If there was damage to the median nerve then you would loose flexion of you middle and index finger*

Which nerve innervates the flexor pollicis longus?

Median nerve






*if they cant flex their thumb then thinking damage to the median nerve*

What nerve supplies the pronator quadratus?

The median nerve

What nerve lies next to the brachial artery in the cubital fossa?

The median nerve




*median nerve is the main nerve of the anterior forearm*

Which forearm muscles does the median nerve not supply in the forearm?



What muscle supplies them instead?

The Flexor Carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum Profundus are not supplied by the median nerve.




Instead they are supplied by the ulnar nerve.

What is the relationship of the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve during their course in the forearm?

The ulnar nerve lies medially and posterioly to the ulnar artery.




V >>>A>>>>N

What bones of the hand do the lateral and medial carpal tunnels run through?

The lateral tunnel runs between the pissiform and hemmate bones.

The medial tunnel runs between the trapezium and scaphoid bones

What structures pass through the carpal tunnels of the hand?

Passing through the carpal tunnel is:




4 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus


Median nerve


4 tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis


1 tendon of the flexor pollicus longus

Compression of what nerve leads to the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by compression of the median nerve

Which nerve innervates the thenar muscles?

The median nerve

What nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles?

The ulnar nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles

What nerve innervates the adductor pollicis of the thumb?

The ulnar nerve

From which long flexor tendon does the lumbrical muscles of the hand origonate?

The lumbricals origionate from the Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus

What action does the lumbircals have on the MCP (metocarpo-pharyngeal joint) and also the PIP (proximal interpharygeal joint)?

The lumbricals flex the MCP and simultaneously extend the PIP.

What is the action of the palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles on the hand?

The palmar interossues - Adduct the fingers






The dorsal interossues - Abduct the fingers

What nerve innervates the dorsal and palmar interossues muscles?

Ulnar nerve

What does segmental level mean?

Root value




i.e if it says which segmental level is the ulnar nerve then say C8-T1

Which artery is the main contributor to the superficial palmar arch of the hand?

Main contributor to superficial palmar arch is the Ulnar artery.

What ligament does the median nerve enter the hand through?

The median nerve enters the hand through the transverse carpal ligament.

The ulnar nerve innervates all the muscles of the hand apart from which 2 groups?

The ulnar nerve DOESN'T innervate the Thenar muscles or 1st/2nd lumbricals

What is the technical name of the wrist joint?



What type of joint is it?

The wrist joint is called the Radio-carpal joint.






It is a synovial condyloid joint.

What is the action of extensor carpi radialis on the wrist joint?

Extend and abduct the wrist joint

What is the action of the extensor carpi unaris on the wrist joint?

Extend and adduct the wrist joint

Apart from extending the wrist joint, what other action is involved with the help of flexor carpi ulnaris?

Cicrumduction

What muscles is the main extensor of the of the medial 4 digits?

Extensor digitorum

What 3 muscles are responsible for extending or abducting the thumb?

Abductor pollicis longus


Extensor pollicis Brevis


Extensor pollicis longus

What nerve innervates all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?



(i.e extensor muscles)

Radial nerve

What nerve supplies the suppinator muscle?

Radial nerve

Where do ganglions appear most commonly?

Ganglions (or synovial cysts) appear most commonly on the dorsum of the hand.

What bone is fractured in a collies fracture?




(most common fracture of the wrist joint)

The distal part of the radial bone is fractured in a collies fracture






(right at the radio-carpal joint)

Which two carpal bones can be felt within the anatomical snuff box?

The scaphoid and trapezium bones of the hand can be felt within the snuff box.

What two tendons form the walls of the anatomical snuff box?

Medial border = Tendon of Extensor Pollicis longus




Lateral border = Tendon of Extensor Pollicis brevis/Abductor pollicis longus

What artery lies in the floor of the snuff box?

The radial artery



(can feel it pulsating if you press in the snuff box)

Which nerve innervates EPL, EPB & APL?




(borders of the anatomical snuff box)

Radial nerve




*often damaged in a scaphoid fracture*

What is the action of the brachioradialis muscle?

Flexion of the elbow

What nerve innervates the brachioradialis muscle?

Radial nerve

What type of joint is the wrist joint (radio-carpal)?

Synovial condyloid joint

Name the muscles that adduct the wrist joint?

Flexor and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Which nerve carries sensations from the lateral 3 fingers of the hand?

Median nerve

What is the action of the Dorsal interosseil muscles?

Abduct the fingers

What is the nerve supply to the dorsal interosseil muscles?

Ulnar nerve (ulnar nerve supplies majority of intrisic hand muscles)

What is the action of the abductor pollicis on the thumb?

Abducts the thumb

What nerve innervates the extensor carpi ulnaris?

Radial nerve

What type of joint is the interpharyngeal joints?

Interpharygneal joints = Hinge

What is the innervation of the 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles?

Median nerve

What is the action of the extensor digitorum?

Extends the wrist and the medial 4 fingers

What is the innervation of the extensor digitorum?

Radial nerve

What is the mnemonic used to remember the carpal bones?

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle:




Scaphoid


Lunate


Triquetrum


Pisiform


Trapezium


Trapezoid


Capitate


Hamate