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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the average % of digestability of cell continets of ruminants on all forage diets |
90-100% |
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what are the 2 main factors that affect degradability of cell wall consituents |
crysallinity of cellulose
lignification of cell wall |
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why are herbivores well suited for forage diets |
relative proportions /volume of the digestive tract that is devoted to microbial degredation is 2/3 for cows and horses
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horses are known as what kind of fiber fermenter |
hindgut |
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cows are know as what kind of fiber fermenter |
microbial or foregut |
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how does regurgitation of forage and chewing of cut improve forage digestion in ruminants |
smaller particles= larger surface area |
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what happens when excssive amounts of solluable CHO reach the hindgut of the horse |
excessive amounts of lactic acid |
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compared to a ruminant, horses need a higher or lower diet of crude protein? Why? |
higher, fermentation takes place after absorption in the intestine |
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how does the intake and rate of passage of forage through the digestive system compare between horses and ruminents |
horses have a smaller stomach and a higher rate of passage |
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unlike horses, ruminents perform better on what type of forage? Why |
lust vegitation
rapid digestion and rate of passage |
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what is the primary source of protein for ruminants |
microbes |
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forage utilation is limited by intake of N if the diet is less than 6-7% CP. Why? |
not enogh N to maintane proper microbial activities |
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At what level of CP in the diet is N wasted? What happens to the excess? |
12%
Secreted in the urine |
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How do ruminants survive on low quality diets? |
recycle Nitrogen in the liver, used in the saliva |
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How do tannins in certain forages affect the protein availability |
binds with the protein to reduce soluability |
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What is bypass protein?
Where is it absorbed in the animal? |
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lower gut |
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where is the bottleneck in the ruminant digestive tract compared to the horse? |
? |
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As fiber increases what happens to digestability and intake |
? |
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What does relative feed value represent |
calculation of digestability and intake
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why does the RFV equation use an adjustment factor of 1.29 |
full bloom alfalfa= 100 RFV |
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% DDM= |
88.9-(0.779*%ADF) |
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%DMI= |
120/%NDF |
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RFV= |
DDM*DMI/1.29 |
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What are the problems associated with RFV |
DDM and DMI assume constant for all forages constant relationship to digestability |
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In the RFQ equation, DDM is replaced with what estimate? |
TDN |
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What is RFQ a better measure of? |
digestable fiber |
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What are the implications if RFQ is higher than the RFV for the same sample |
seller could have gotten more for the hay, buyer got a good deal |
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What are the implications if the RFQ is lower than the RFV for the same sample |
wont perform as expected |
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What technology makes it possible to easily estimate the variables need to calucalate RFQ? |
NIRS near infrared spectoscopy |
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What changes within the plant with advancing maturity |
increase CWC |
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what is the major factor that affects forage quality |
? |
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What happens to CP as the plant matures |
decreases |
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Definition of forage digestability |
? |
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digestibility is good for what measure |
? |
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what is the major factor regulating intake of ruminants on all forage diets |
? |
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the concentration and composition of NDF in the diet affects what |
? |
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What factors contribute the he differences observed in forage quality between grasses and alfalfas |
? |
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what factors are affected by adding legumes to a grass stand |
? |
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which have greater rates of digestion, grasses or legumes |
? |
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as far as total digestabilty o fthe NDF fraction, which are greater, grasses or legumes? |
? |
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Why do we tend to harvest at the late but to early bloom stage for legumes? |
? |
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What factors require the feeding of higher quality forages in an animals diet?
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how does adding legumes to a grass stand improve forage quality? |
? |
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what are the main forage quality paramenters that are affected (L to G)? |
? |
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What is a frothy bloat generally associated with feeding off of? |
? |
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What changes occurs in the rumen when bloat occurs |
? |
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what plant and animal factors are associated with bloat |
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how can pastures be managed to minimize risk of bloat |
? |
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how can animals be managed to prevent bloat |
? |
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what causes grass tetany in the animal |
? |
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what animals are most affect by grass tetany |
cattle |
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What forages and eviromental factors are associated with the occurance of grass tetany? |
? |
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how can the forage and animals be managed to prevent grass tetany? |
? |
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How can N fertalization promote the occurance of grass tetany? |
? |
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What growth conditions increase the occurance of toxic levels in nitrates |
drought or stress |
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what symptoms are associated with acute nitrate toxicity, especially blood color? |
? |
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why does the blood turn a chocolate brown |
no oxygen |
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What forages can accumulate potentially toxic levels of nitrates |
? |
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at what concentration is nitrate same in forages |
? |
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what plant components tend to accumulate higher levels of nitrate? |
? |
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how can forages high in nitrate be safely fed? |
? |
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how does nitrogen fertalization affect nitrate accumulation in forages? |
? |
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Does hay loose toxicity during storage? |
? |
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What species are associated with prussic acid poisoning? |
sorghums |
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when does the greatest risk of poisoning occur |
grazing fresh forages |
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what steps can be taken to prevent prussic acid poisoning in cattle? |
feeding silages are usually safe dont allow to graze young plants or regrowth delay grazing 10-14 days after frost |
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compared to nitrate toxicity, what color does the blood appear and why? |
bright red, |
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what forage species in endophyte toxicity most commonly associated with? |
? |
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what disorders are associated with cattle and horses that consume endophyte infected tall fescue? |
? |
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How can the forage and animals be managed to prevent endophyte toxicity? |
? |
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Blister beetles are primarily toxic to what type of animal and in what type of hay |
horse
alfalfa
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how do you avoid potential problems with blister beetles when buying hay? |
avoid hay raised near rangelands summer cuttings avoid hay cut after bloom |
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how can you alter management practices to better minimize the blister beetle contamination in the hay? |
inspect field (swarms, treat with savin) cut before bloom do not condition |
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what species of blister beetle is most toxic? What characteristic does it display that can compound the problem? |
? |
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by what 2 sources can energy demand of legumes be satisfied? |
/ |
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when do carbohydrate reserves become important as an energy supply for legumes? |
? |
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Give 3 examples of when legumes need to draw from carbohydrate reserves? |
? |
