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137 Cards in this Set
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Zinc (Zn) = component of many metalloenzymes in pathways for metabolism |
Sources:
animal sources= meat, milk, LIVER forages and grains= usu. less available Inorganic= Zinc Sulfate is best |
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Zn Absorption |
Zn= readily enters enterocytes Zn= regulated by liver, by increasing or decreasing metallothionein (in intestinal mucosal cells) = takes weeks to change this Metallothionein = binds Zn & they are excreted in feces HIGH Fe or Ca = reduces Zn absorption |
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Zn Deficiency |
Symptoms:
reduced feed intake, reduced growth, infertility, reduced testes, weak hoof horn, parakeratosis of the skin, depletion of spleen and lymph nodes |
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Parakeratosis of Swine |
= scaly, cracked skin with lesions = More severe = can impair growth, anorexia, lethargic = caused by excessive keratinization of skin Treatment = add zinc to diet or reduce Ca |
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Genetic Deficiency of cattle & dogs in: Black Pied & Dutch-Friesan cattle Alaskan Huskies & Malamutes |
Reduces zinc absorption Symptoms: develop scaly, thickened skin within months; grow slowly; susceptible to infection Treatment: Feed HIGH Zn diet |
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Zinc Toxicity Causes: ingestion of coins, nuts, bolts, esp. PENNIES!!! Stomach quickly liberates free ions of Zn=oxidative stress/damage |
Symptoms: hemolytic crisis = icterus, anorexia, vomiting; anemia; elevated liver enzymes Treatment: REMOVE toxin as soon as possible & support renal function with fluids |
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Copper Functions |
1) AEROBIC RESPIRATION 2) Strong bone and other connective tissues 3) Essential for absorption & transport of IRON 4) Production of melanin 5) Helps protect cells from free radical oxygen metabolites, esp. imp. for immune cells |
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Copper deficiency |
1) unthrifty performance 2) fragile bones, torn ligaments (ex. swayback = torn ligaments of spine) 3) Iron deficiency = hypochromic microcytic anemia 4) Lack of hair coat color 5) increased susceptibility to infections |
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Copper Sources |
Grains, forages = dependent on soil Cu Animal sources = LIVER, meat Inorganic = copper sulfate is most common |
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Copper as growth promotant |
used in baby pigs and chick diets to guard against diarrheal organisms Problem: extra Cu is excreted in feces and increases Cu levels in forages and grains grown on these farms |
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Swayback of lambs = neonatal enzootic ataxia |
copper deficient ewes give birth to lambs with demyelination of cerebrum and motor nerve tracts = weak, ataxic lambs = Can Not be cured :( |
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Cu Toxicity =generally restricted to ruminants b/c Monogastrics = can absorb & tolerate Cu better, as well as excrete Cu |
= copper accumulates in liver over time > stress causes massive release of Cu, bile=icterus & Cu to blood = hemolysis of Rbc > sludging of blood > organ failure |
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Bedlington Terrier |
genetically predisposed to abnormal liver accumulation of Cu = can't get rid of Cu well through bile Treatment: Must limit Cu in diet |
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Molybdenum |
= component of enzymes found in milk & many tissues = Absorption= unregulated, passive diffusion = stored in liver, kidney, and bone = In intestines, interacts with sulfate to form complex that binds copper making it unavailable |
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Copper Deficiency |
Symptoms: chronic diarrhea light/unpigmented circles around eyes Causes: copper deficient diet molybdenum high diet |
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Teart or Peat Scours of Ruminants |
occurs when cattle and sheep ingest plants high in molybdenum, such as those grown in peat or muck soils these animals become copper deficient = chronic diarrhea & unpigmented circles around eyes |
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Manganese (Mn) |
= required for production of bone collagen and cartilage = antioxidant = minimize accumulation of reactive forms of oxygen = low absorption = accumulates in liver |
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Mn Deficiency |
impaired growth; skeletal abnormalities= shortened and deformed; disturbed or depressed reproduction w/ birth defects= ataxia, weak legs, enlarged joints, stiffness, twisted legs; lower conception rate = smaller ovaries and "silent" heats |
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What affects true copper Absorption? in ruminents the Rumen adds complexity |
Copper LOW = CRIP INCREASED=ENHANCE Cu Cu HIGH = CRIP Decreased & Metallothionein INCREASED=DECREASE Cu Problem: Metallothionein production is primarily controlled by ZINC STATUS = HIGH Zn = LOW Cu |
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The liver stores... |
Vitamin D & A Iron Zn Cu Mn |
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Iodine Function |
synthesis of thyroid hormones that regulate energy metabolism. **Thyroid hormone production increases w/ cold weather (to increase BMR), growth & lactation |
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Iodine Sources 80-90% absorption |
Forage & grain iodine depend on soil (closer to ocean = INCREASE in iodine) Seafood Can show up in milk Thyroid Glands of animals = in meat & bone meal pentacalcium orthoperiodate |
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Iodine Deficiency |
REDUCES thyroid hormone production Leading to: enlargement of thyroid (goiter), offspring = hairless, weak, dead (one case where mother comes 1st) |
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Goiter |
1) lack of thyroxine stimulates pituitary to make TSH 2) thyroid follicle cells overstimulate & colloid fills non-iodized and can NOT be secreted |
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Factors affecting iodine.. offending feedstuffs must be reduced |
Goitrogens = compounds that interfere w/ synthesis or secretion of thyroid hormones 1) cyanogenic: impair iodine uptake. Ex. soybeans, beets, corn, sweet pot., white clover, & millet 2) Progoitrins & goitrins: prevent synthesis Ex. rape, kale, cabbage, turnips, mustard |
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excess Iodine |
Ruminants: caused depression, salivation, oculonasal discharge, tachycardia, hyperthermia, circulatory collapse, abortion Hyperthyroidism = occurs often in cats & may be associated with high levels of Iodine and/or Selenium in cat food (esp. canned cat food) |
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Cobalt and Vitamin B12 |
cobalt=component of Vitamin B12 B12 = cofactor Important for: conversion of propionate and |
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Sources of B12: Must have___for Vit B12 absorption |
MICROBES= only natural source = produced by ruminant microbes intrinsic factor = binds and forms complex with vit B12 |
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Vitamin B 12 Deficiency Cobalt deficiency |
energy insufficient, homocysteine builds up in blood which can lead to anemia Rumen bacteria do not function properly due to lack of cobalt and thus lack of Vit B12 Ruminent: depend on microbes that require cobalt to make B12 |
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Symptoms B12 Deficiency Cobalt deficiency |
Non-ruminents: vit B12 def. only = anemia, poor growth & productivity, reduced fertility
Ruminent: failure to grow, unthriftiness, weight loss; fatty degeneration of liver, anemia |
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Chromium |
can increase the effect of insulin on tissues |
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Chromium Deficiency = RARE = ? Low absorption Sources: Cr +3 = non-toxic Cr+6 = highly toxic |
= causes hyperthyroidism brewer's yeast, chromium nicotinate, c. picolinate |
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Fluoride: stannous fluoride (tin) & plants grown in contaminated soil Function? toxicosis? |
in very small amounts strengthens bone high amounts kill osteocytes |
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Aluminum |
abundant in soil, but not absorbed well REDUCES phosphate by binding to it |
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Arsenic Function |
body requires very small amount antibiotic and anti-coccidial |
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Arsenic as a toxin |
= well absorbed can contaminate soil & forages Inorganic = more toxic depressed growth, cardiac dysrythmias, uncoordinated gait |
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Silicon |
primarily found combined with oxygen Poorly absorbed can decrease dry matter digestibility & urinary calculi (more likely due to LOW Mg) in ruminents |
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Vanadium |
poultry: causes poor grade of eggs |
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Cadmium =heavy metal =found in galvanized iron, nickel-cadmium batteries, plastics, urban waste |
interfers w/ Cu & Zn absorption by binding to metallothionein |
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Lead = most common cause of toxicoses in domestic animals Sources Symptoms |
leaded gasoline, paint, batteries, linoleum, asphalt roofing, can be released in milk impaired neurological fxn, blindness, irritability, intestinal pain, colic, abortion, microcytic hypochromic anemia stored in bone REDUCES Copper levels in blood & liver |
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ACUTE intoxication is the greatest concern to animal health Symptoms |
impaired neuro. fxn = blindness & irritability; intestinal pain; colic; abortion; microcytic hypochromic anemia; |
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Lead also reduces ___ levels in blood and the liver How to diagnose? |
copper and therefore can cause anemia in this way as well test whole blood for lead concentration |
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Antioxidants |
Vitamin C; Carotenes; vitamin E; phytochemicals; selenium; copper; zinc; manganese |
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Free radicals are... |
...any species capable of independent existance that contains 1 or more unpaired electrons ...they're unstable, very reactive, and short-lived as they tend to "steal" an electron from other molecules |
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Are free radicals good? |
Yes, in SMALL concentrations they are important for redox reactions, immune function, & intracellular signaling |
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How are radicals a problem? |
they attack sites of increased electron density, such as * Nitrogen atoms in proteins & DNA = modification or damage = can cause cell death * C=C bonds in polyunsat. fatty acids & phospholipids = leaky cell mem. = cell death |
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Superoxide dismutase |
neutralizes free radicals by catalyzing the conversion of 2 molecules of superoxide (O2-) |
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Selenium = important b/c.. |
= component of glutathione peroxidase (protects cytosol of cells against free radicals) = critical to thyroid hormone production = critical role in cardiac & skeletal muscle |
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Selenium deficiency causes |
infertility; poor growth |
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Exudative diathesis (poultry) |
Can be caused by Se Deficiency =generalized edema due to abnormal permeability of the capillaries = slow growth and High mortality Treatment: some of the effects can be reduced by Vitamin E |
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pancreatic fibrosis (poultry) |
can be caused by Se deficiency =atrophy of the pancreas = interfering with digestion of lipids b/c of low amounts of lipase & trypsin
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hepatosis diaetetica (pigs) |
can be caused by Se &/or vit E deficiency = severe necrosis of the liver |
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mulberry heart disease (pigs) |
* can be caused by Se &/or vit E deficiency
= white streaking/ lesions in the heart= reduced heart function = enlarged heart to compensate = circulatory failure too much Cu may interfere w/ Se |
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White muscle disease (lambs, calves, foals, pigs, rabbits, poultry) Symptoms |
*can be caused by Se deficiency = nutritional muscular dystrophy causing necrotic changes in striated muscle = white striations visible in muscle tissue = leaking of enzymes out of muscle = reluctant to stand & unsteady |
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Retained placenta of dairy cows mastitis |
Se &/or Vit E deficiency increases the risks for these |
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Se Toxicity |
causes pro-oxidant affects = hepatic and renal damage, hemorrhagic exudate in the lungs, ascities = fluid buildup in body cavities, stumbling, blindness, gastroenteritis |
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Blind staggers (acute) & alkali disease (chronic condition) in cattle & horses Cause? Symptoms? |
caused by selenium toxicity (Se can be found in certain plants: princes, plume, woody aster = common in deserts) = lameness, hoof malformations, emaciation, loss of hair |
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Selenium & hyperthyroidism CONNECTION? |
Se levels in canned cat food = 20x requirement!! = borderline Toxic! Increased Se = higher enzyme activity & more T3 = hyperthyroidism BUT CANNED FOOD ALSO EXCESSIVELY HIGH IN IODINE = HYPERTHYROIDISM |
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VITAMIN E = TOCOPHEROLS Functions = |
1) Antioxidant = 1st line of defense against lipid peroxidation(both synthetic &natural = effective) 2) Enhances Immune Response = required for gene expression (natural = better) 3) Regulates Platelet aggregation = inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase activity decreasing prostaglandin production (natural = better) |
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Vitamin E Sources Natural vs Synthetic |
Natural = alpha-tocopherol = fat soluble and easily absorbed Synthetic = only 1/8 of synthetic is the same as the natural form = most are prepared as acetate or succinate esters to enhance stability, but they must be cleaved in intestine in order to be absorbed Ex) Piglets can't cleave synthetic until >10days |
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Vitamin E Deficiency can cause... |
Steatitis/steatosis: yellow fat disease in mink, cats, ferrets = results in lipid peroxidation leading to inflammation & necrosis in adipose tissue Common causes = too much fish or brain in diet |
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Vitamin C = Ascorbic Acid Functions? |
1) Enzyme cofactor: a. Imp. for collagen production, so it's essential for maintenance of blood vessels, bone and cartilage, and wound healing b. Synthesis of carnitine = essential for ATP production c. Biosynthesis of norepinephrine 2) Antioxidant |
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Vitamin C Sources |
MOST ANIMALS SYNTHESIZE ALL THE VIT C THEY NEED using their liver enzymes or in the kidneys humans, primates, guinea pigs, capybara, bats, some birds, & fish must consume enough daily = fresh fruits & veggies & algae = stored in kidneys and liver (imp. for predator fish) |
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Vitamin C deficiency Symptoms: Can appear within about 2 weeks of shortage |
guinea pigs: weight loss, enlarged & painful joints, internal hemorrhage, weak & lame, diarrhea, foot & skin sores, dental problems Fish: malformed vertebra Scurvy = leads to liver spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous membranes = advanced disease = open wounds, loss of teeth, and death |
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Vitamin C degrades in __ |
less than 3 months |
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Vitamin A = refers to several compounds that posses activity of retinal or retinol = fat soluble = stored in liver sources=? |
Retinol = only in animal liver and fat Carotenes = plant precursors of Vit A = high levels in fresh yellow, red, green, or orange plants Supplements: retinyl esters = stable form of Vit A |
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Vitamin A functions |
Precursor to a group of hormones, retinoic acids vision, embryonic development, reproduction, cell differentiation, gene transcription, skin health, bone growth, hematopoiesis, immune modulation, anti-oxidant activity (carotenes) |
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Vitamin A Deficiency similar to vit A toxicity |
short & thick bones and abnormal skull/narrow foramina Decreased fertility, abortions, birth defects (domed heads, blindness, thickened joints), testicular degeneration Epithelial cell atrophy & metaplasia = increased infections Decreased immune response |
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Carotene functions... |
alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin = provitamin A Other carotenoids = NO pro-vitamin A activity Antioxidants B-carotene = unique function in reproduction |
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Hypovitaminosis A in turtles |
swollen eyelids, weight loss, raw skin, abnormal eyes in embryos |
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Avian Vit A Deficiency |
white plaques/hyperkeratosis in & around mouth, eyes, and sinuses conjunctivitis (pink eye), sinusitis, bumblefoot (thick, irregular skin on foot) |
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Vitamin A toxicity (polar bear livers contain a deadly amount of vit A) Symptoms: |
anorexia, thickened skin, congenital defects (such as cleft palate, although rare), bone: accelerated resorption and accelerated formation of periosteal bone, premature closure of physis |
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Vit A toxicity in cats = common in cats fed high amounts of liver symptoms? |
excessive bone resorption subperiosteal bone formation **exostosis= bone formation in tendons and other abnormal places**only in toxicity arthrodesis/fusion of joints |
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Hyena Disease of Cattle (vit A often given as treatment for scours) |
premature closure of physes, esp. in hindlimb = limbs are shorter, esp. the hindlimb |
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Vit A Deficiency in humans |
#1 cause of blindness in children immune deficiency |
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Vitamin K Sources |
Vit K1 = synthesized by plants; green leafy forages
Vit K2 = synthesized by bacteria; in ruminents, produces all they need; in monogastrics, absorption is poor so must be supplemented as well Synthetic Vit K3 = menadione ring structure by itself |
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Vitamin K Functions |
Required for synthesis of many of the calcium-binding proteins = involved in blood coagulation = essential for mineralization of bone tissues Posttranscriptional modification of AA = dependent on Vit K |
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Vit K Deficiency |
reduces prothrombin of the blood= increases coagulation time = hemorrhaging & blood in body cavities Can be caused by vitamin K antagonists = warfarin/dicoumarol which bind to epoxide reductase and interfere with regeneration of Vit K (often used in rodenticides) |
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Sweet clover poisoning in cows, sheep, horses |
= hemorrhagic disease Cause = sweet clover contains lots of coumarins = harmless, unless the plant spoils, molds and becomes it becomes dicoumarol=warfarin=vit K antagonist |
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Vitamin K problems can be caused by... |
Fish oil = blocks delivery of Vit K to the liver= liver can't make enough coagulation factor proteins Antibiotics = kill bacteria producing Vit K Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs = free coumarins found naturally in forages that are normally neutralized by proteins in the blood, these block Vit K recycling= Vit K Def. |
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How can you determine Vitamin K deficiency? |
prothrombin clotting time (PCT) should clot within 15 secs=normal |
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Thiamine/ Vitamin B1 = water soluble, so hard to store & secreted in urine Sources |
common, esp. in meat, yeast In ruminants, microbes make their Vit B grains However, heat treatment or refining grains removes thiamine Synthetic = thiamine HCl = add 10x more b/c about 90% destroyed in food processing |
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Thiamine/ Vitamin B1
Functions |
Thiamine pyrophosphate= active form in tissues = enzyme cofactor important for: **Carbohydrate metabolism (TCA cycle) |
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Thiamine deficiency causes: |
1) inadequate amounts in diet 2) thiaminases in feed = destroy Vit B1 or convert it to an anti-vitamin = binds to enzymes that produce thiamine, so they can no longer produce thiamine 3) sulfites = preservative in foods, can degrade thiamine 4) prolonged exposure to heat & oxygen can oxidize thiamine |
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Thiamine Deficiency pigs, poultry, lamb (not enough rumen bact. yet), fox marine mammals, mink, cat Symptoms |
Neuritis = uncoordinated gait = opisthotonus (head arched back) Poor energy conversion = poor growth, poor nerve function Cardiomegaly (b/c heart depends on carb metabolism) |
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Bracken fern poisoning |
= thiaminase can get into hay not a problem for cows, rumen can detoxify Causes loss of condition/scruffy physical appearance, weight loss, slight uncoordinated movements |
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Chastek paralysis of fox, marine mammals, mink, and cats Symptoms? Cause? |
walk stiff-legged, then spastic convulsions, and paralysis Often caused by raw fish diets that contain lots of thiaminases (normally destroyed by cooking fish); coccidiostat |
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What happens if rumen bacteria produce thiaminases or thiamine antagonists? = bacterial surface enzymes that can occur at larger levels in ruminants under acidotic conditions often seen when fed very high grain diets |
Low tissue thiamine = energy starved tissues = Cerebrocortical necrosis = polioencephalomalacia Symptoms: depressed, cross-eyed, often blind, hyperesthesia, recumbency Treatment w/ intravenous thiamine |
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Riboflavin / Vit B2 function? sources? |
Electron transport and generation of ATP Yeast, kidney, liver, eggs, spinach, peas, |
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Riboflavin Deficiency
Symptoms Species |
dermatitis, alopecia, impotence and scrotal dermatitis, opthalmic problems, including catarrhal discharge (tears), photophobia, cataracts, lens opacity Poultry: curled-toe paralysis = lesions in sciatic and brachial nerves Equine: uveitis/periodic opthalmia; conjunctivitis, vascularization of cornea |
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Niacin/B3/nicotinic acid function source Deficiency |
Essential for carb, protein, and lipid metabol. Soybean meal; PROCESSED corn, oats, wheat Poor growth; dry, rough skin; diarrhea; Pellagra, Black tongue, loss of pappillae on tongue |
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Niacin infections, ketosis and fatty liver?? |
High dose Niacin used to treat yeast infections and possibly Staph infections too Shown to aid in prevention of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows |
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Pantothenic acid / Vitamin B5 Function Sources |
Important for oxidative metabolism of carbs, esp gluconeogenesis, synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, synthesis of steroid hormones Common: meats, corn, vegetables |
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Pantothenic acid deficiency |
poor growth, poor hair growth & coat condition, lack of steroid synthesis, paresthesia Poultry: decreased egg hatchability & embryonic death, scaly legs, crust/scabs near beak & eyes Pig: goose-stepping due to nerve degeneration |
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Pyridoxine / vitamin B6 functions sources deficiency = can be caused by certain drugs, such as isoniazid and penicillamine |
important for metabolic transformation of amino acids; heme synthesis; neurotransmitter production produced by bacteria; whole grains; yeast poor growth, dermatitis, general metabolic dysfunction, microcytic hypochromic anemia, ataxia, convulsions and muscle twitching Hens: infertile eggs |
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Biotin / B7/ Vit H Function Sources deficiency more common in cats, mink, foxes = could be caused by long-term antibiotic use or diets high in fat, esp raw or rancid or high grain diets (interfers w/ biotin) |
Vital for metabolism of fatty acids and leucine; gluconeogenesis Produced by microbes; soybeans, brewers yeast, milk, cabbage, corn-soybean diets poor hair coats & color, alopecia, scaly dermatitis, esp. around eyes and mouth poor hoof growth in cattle & horses |
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Folic acid/B9 function sources deficiency = used by some meds to prevent intestinal microbes |
AA metabolism, DNA & RNA synthesis, neurotransmitter production green leaves, stored in liver, produced by microbes reduced growth, poor hair coat, poor feather development, Macrocytic hypochromic anemia , Slipped tendon/ perosis |
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Choline function Required in large amounts compared to other vitamins sources deficiency ruminent need protected choline |
Major component of cell membranes can be synthesized by body, provided adaquate methionine; component of Ach; methyl donor (methionine conversion); fatty acid metabilism corn-soybean meal; high protein feed; egg yolk; soy; liver Fatty liver, incoordination, kidney degeneration |
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Water 65-70% of vertebral bodies Sources Deficiency Exercise and heat can increase requirement Softened water could also provide Na+ requirement Quality |
voluntary Water intake (drinking) and metabolic water production <1000mg/L total dissolved solids and pH = 4-11; Nitrates = bad! = browm blood; Iron = bad, increases oxidative stress |
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"Salt poisoning" |
Severe dehydration = hyperosmolarity of blood and CSF = Draws in excess fluid = Edema in brain |
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Urolithiasis Causes |
"stones" in urethra, bladder, &/or kidney 1) infection allowing protein accumulation & raise in pH 2) failure to make factors that inhibit crystallization 3) urine solutes rise high enough or pH changes enough to cause precipitation of minerals |
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Types: struvite (cats, ruminants) silica uroliths (sandy soils, ruminents) calcium oxalate (all species) calcium carbonate mucoprotein (horses, rabbits) urate (dalmations) cystine (newfoundlands, labs) |
tend to be finer, sand-like particles; Mg NH4 PO4 x 6H2O high in silica oxalate formed binds Ca and forms insoluble crystal precipitate stones stones |
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Treatment or prevention of urolithiasis |
1) Get animal to produce more dilute urine -feed moist food - add salt 2) Acidify urine (pH6-6.5) if stone more soluble in acid - add anions to diet (NH4 Cl; HCl), sulfate & sulfur containing amino acids 3) Avoid over-supplementing with minerals contributing to uroliths -Ca, Magnesium, oxalate precursors |
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Acidify Urine (pH6.5) by adjusting diet cation-anion difference? |
YES: Struvite, Ca phosphate, silicate NO: Ca Oxalate= want to decrease Ca and pH = 6.6-6.8; Urate crystals = combine salt with low plant protein/low DNA diet; cystine crystals = alkanize urine, avoid high cysteine diet |
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Posthitis (Pizzle rot) |
Nutritional disease caused by high protein diets (alfalfa hay) urine= high in urea and alkaline = scalds prepuce and allow bacteria growth = don't want to extend penis |
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Horse Facts: Hands=? Jeanette=? Sound? gestation? weaning? Fillies become sexual mature at ___months Most horses are "broke at ___years Bones are mature at ___years |
= 4 inches = offspring of a stud horse and female donkey (called a Jennie) = horse that is Not lame = 11 months ; weaned at about 1 year 18 months but best to wait until 4 years old broke by 2 years not mature until 4 years old |
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Things to avoid with Horses? |
Black Walnut Shaving= toxic, cause foot prob. Deadly: wild blue fax, ELDERBERRY, milkweed, foxglove, oleander, lily of the valley, water hemlock, YEW, avocado Colic/diarrhea: horse chesnut, pokeweed, azaleas, Mesquite Other: horsetail, bracken fern, yellow star thistle, etc. |
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Healthy foals nurse ___ times/hour for 1-2 mins. Weight gain ~ 2.5 lbs/day Day 1 consumes __of body wt as milk Day 7 consumes __of body weight as milk |
5-7 times a day 15% of body wt 25% of body wt |
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Foals need a diet... And intense feeding can.. But Mares need a... |
high in protein & calcium
increase the risk of skeletal development prob. higher energy diet |
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Horse Diet ___ is often rate limiting for horses ___ , ___, and ____ratio are also important |
Lysine Ca, Phosphorus, and Energy:Protein ratio |
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Developmental Orthopedic Disease seen in horses, dogs, pigs, etc. Symptoms? Causes? |
epiphysitis, osteochondrosis, some forms of arthritis, contracted flexor tendons at pastern Causes: hard exercise too early; heritable; nutrition: excessive calorie/ protein ratio in diet |
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Changes for Geriatric Horse Diet: |
1) provide energy in more digestible form (ex. vegetable oil) 2) Higher protein for muscle replacement (ex. higher soybean meal, add crystalline lysine) 3) B vitamins (may increase appetite and support cecal microbes) 4) May need total pelleted or mash diet or hay soaked in water, if teeth terrible 5) Use High digestible fiber, such as beet or citrus pulp |
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Middle pituitary tumors = equine cushing's disease excess cortisol> hyperglycemic> hyperinsulinemic = fast turnover of body protein = muscle wasting Diet Changes? |
Need diet that provides energy but w/o causing hyperglycemia =use less starch, more oil, and digestible fiber |
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Laminitis Causes? |
= inflammation of the lamellae of the hoof and can eventually cause the separation of the hoof wall from laminar corium black walnut toxicity, lameness in contralateral limb, corticosteroids, feeding changes, endotoxemia (colonic torsion, enteritis, colitis, grain overload, pleuropneumonia, septic metritis |
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Metabolic syndrome |
high starch diets -> excessive insulin surges -> promotes visceral fat -> insulin resistance -> hyperglycemia, which over time seems to compromise endothelial cell fnx= increased predisposition to laminitis, pre-cushing's = hyperadrenocortisolism
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leukoencephalomalacia how can horses get this? symptoms? |
softening of the white matter of the brain horses can develop this if they eat corn contaminated by mold = fusarium moniliforme anorexia, depression, blindness, ataxia, proprioceptive deficits, weak pharyngeal muscles, somnolence (drowsiness) |
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis |
sarcocystis neurona larvae migrate through brain -> inflammatory rxn -> ataxia, horse becomes unsound |
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cantharidin/blister beetle |
beetles in hay -> cause GI irritation, colic, and can even cause death |
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Heaves = cause? nutritional treatment? |
chronic respiratory obstruction; has to use muscles to assist in expiration; wheezing, coughing common; Cause: exposure to dusty, moldy hay, esp in poor ventilated area Treatment: pasture as much as possible, dust & mold free hay, reduce hay in diet by increasing pelleted feed or including beet pulp, and/or soak hay in water for 5 mins prior to feeding |
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Joint health supplements beneficial effect? evidence? |
1) provide substrates to enhance synthesis by chondrocytes and synoviocytes 2) inhibit degenerative enzymes 3) prevent formation of fibrin & thrombin plaque in synovium Studies show significant results when injecting product into joint, little evidence for oral drugs |
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How can you determine the nutrient content of pet food? |
1) Obtain average analyzed values from manufacturer 2) Order laboratory analysis 3) Calculate content based on book values for individual ingredients (difficult to figure out amount in commercial products) 4) Use Information given in label guaranteed analysis (least reliable) |
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3 keys to evaluating Dog/cat food |
1) Ensure animals have been fed this pet food by AAFCO standards 2) Determine food's nutrient content for key nutrients (energy, protein, Ca, P) and compare the nutrient content with requirements of the animal it's intended for |
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Food allergies only seen upon repeated exposure to a food ingredient Symptoms:
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1) Dermatological reaction: Dogs = papules or hives, pruritus at tips of ears, lesions are BILATERAL Cats = pruritus at head, neck, ears; miliary dermatitis (feels like millet seeds/tiny bumps under crusts in skin) 2) Gastro-intestinal response to allergens (not as common) = vomiting; diarrhea, profuse, watery, mucousy indicates immune response |
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What is an allergen? the most commonly fed proteins = the most common allergens |
generally proteins greater than 8-10 amino acids long; can also be glycoproteins or other proteinaceous materials that can stimulate an immune response |
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Wheat gluten & gliadin intolerance Causes? Result? Gluten Foods? |
Some animals do not have the capability to digest this protein well and it ends up binding to the normal proteins of the gut. The body recognizes this as abnormal resulting in an immune reaction This leads to atrophy of the gut lining and malabsorption also letting bacteria and other allergens in = celiac disease Barley, buckwheat, rye, wheat, oats |
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What should a diet look like for intestinal disorders? or an ideal elimination food |
more digestible food and high protein digestibility novel protein sources and limit the number of sources, free of food additives, free of excessive levels of vasoactive amines |
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Obesity Negative results |
more orthopedic joint problems diabetes (mostly type II = body doesn't respond to insulin well anymore) hepatic lipidosis if they become anorectic (cats!) carcinoma of bladder - dogs decreased heat tolerance |
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What should a weight reduction plan look like? |
= feed to energy intake of what they should weigh = transition them to the diet food over several days = fewer calories, reduced fat, increased fiber & crude protein, rely on cellulose to satisfy/give full feeling = exercise!! |
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Developmental orthopedic disease: canine hip dysplasia, osteochondritis dissecans Risk factors? |
genetic predisposition!! ex) Large breed dogs free choice feeding as puppy to 1 year Too much energy in food Calorie: Protein ratio too high Too much calcium in diet? more likely it's due to Ca interactions w/ other minerals (Ex. zinc) |
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Cardiac disease and diet contributing factors? diet? |
studies show that cats with cardiomyopathy = low plasma taurine, also dogs have low heart tissue carnitine Low Na (due to edema), High Mg, thin=increase energy, fat = decrease energy, cats = add taurine |
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Renal Failure = substances normally excreted build up in blood = brain, nerve dysfunction (urea, ammonia); nutritional 2ndary hyperparathyroidism, bone pathology (phosphorus); dehydration; acidosis; hypokalemia Diet?? |
Limit Salt No excess protein (& high quality = meat, egg whites) Limit phosphorus and use phosphate binders No excess potassium High CHO/lipid (except for diabetic animal) (do n't allow body to use muscle protein 4 energy) Add omega 3 No plant oils b/c linoleic acid = bad!! |
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Diet for hairballs? |
Higher fiber and mineral oil/other lubricants to allow hairball to move thru GI; Petroleum jelly on front paw |
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Skin disorder diet? |
omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids; increase zinc and copper; vitamin E and A |
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Anaerobic activities rely on _____ loading and glycolysis for energy Aerobic activities rely more on ____ oxidized directly by muscle and it's more energy dense |
Carbohydrate fat |
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Liver disease = nitrogen builds up in the body as ammonia (b/c liver doesn't convert to urea to be excreted) diet? |
avoid excess protein! and use only highly digestible, high quality source increase levels of fermentable fiber, K, and Zn, Vit B, E, C, and K, arginine, taurine, carnitine |
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Dalmations = prevent urate uroliths Avoid = ok = |
kidney, fish, legumes, game meats, liver, whole grains, oatmeal, spinach, poultry cheese, eggs, fats, milk, most veggies |
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Diabetes diet? |
Weight control & exercise! Avoid Sugar and use complex carbs with low glycemic index (ex. wheat bran, soy fiber, and beet pulp) Increase protein (esp in cat) (amino acids) Reduced fat If not on insulin, Food into several small meals |
