(For Final) Chapter 19: Reproduction And Development

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Sexual Reproduction

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Organs called gonads produce haploid sperm or eggs through meiotic cell division. A sperm and egg fuse to produce a diploid fertilized egg (zygote), which then undergoes repeated mitotic cell divisions to produce an offspring. Because the offspring receives genes from both of its parents, it's not genetically identical to either.

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Asexual Reproduction

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A single animal produces offspring, usually through repeated mitotic cell divisions in some part of its body. The offspring are therefore genetically identical to the parent.

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Gonad

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An organ that produces gametes

In male, it's testes.

In female, it's ovaries.

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Zygote

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A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

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SRY Gene

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A sex determining gene on the Y chromosome in mammals that determines maleness and is essential for development of the testes. Also called testes-determining gene.

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Regeneration

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The ability to regrow lost/damaged body parts.

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Fission

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The act of splitting or dividing something into two or more parts; a form of reproduction.

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Parthenogenesis

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A reproduction process; egg cells develop into offspring without being fertilized.

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Ovary

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The female gonad; where eggs are produced.

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Eggs/Ovum

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Large, haploid cells containing food reserves that provide nourishment for the embryo. Produced in the ovary.

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Embryo

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An offspring in its early stages of development before birth or hatching.

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Testis/Testes

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The male gonad; produces small haploid sperm.

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Sperm

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Have almost no cytoplasm and no food reserves. Can swim by thrashing their tails. Produced in the testes.

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Fertilization

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The union of sperm and egg, produces a diploid zygote.

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External Fertilization

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Sperm and egg unite outside the bodies of the parents. Sperm and eggs are typically released into water and the sperm swim to reach the eggs.

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Spawning

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When sperm and eggs are released into water during external fertilization.

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Internal Fertilization

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Sperm are placed within the female's moist reproductive tract, where her eggs are fertilized.

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Copulation

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Internal fertilization usually occurs by this; the male deposits sperm directly into the female's reproductive tract.

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Ovulation

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The release of a mature egg cell from the ovary of the female.

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Spermatogenesis

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The processes that produce haploid sperm

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Spermatogenesis: Stage 1

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-begins as the committed daughter cell differentiates into a primary spermatocyte (which undergoes meiotic cell division)

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Spermatogenesis: Stage 2

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-after meiosis 1, each primary spermatocyte gives rise to two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
-each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2, producing two spermatids
-each primary spermatocyte generates a total of four spermatids

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Spermatogenesis: Stage 3

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-spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division

-spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids are enfolded in the Sertoli cells

-the developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule into which the mature sperm are released

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Primary Spermatocyte

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Large diploid cell that will undergo meiotic cell division in spermatogenesis

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Secondary Spermatocytes

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Haploid cells; two are created after primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis.

undergo meiosis 2 and produce two spermatids

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Spermatid

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A haploid cell derived from the secondary spermatocyte by meiosis 2; differentiates into the mature sperm

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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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A hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, which stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

This hormone is involved in the menstrual cycle and in spermatogenesis.

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Testosterone

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Male sex hormone; produced in testes.

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Estrogen

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Female sex hormone; produced in ovaries.

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Scrotum

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Where the testes are located; a pouch that hangs outside the main body cavity.

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Seminiferous Tubules

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A series of tubes in which sperm are produced; located in each testis.

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Interstitial Cells

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Synthesize testosterone, and are located in the spaces between the tubules.

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Spermatogonia

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A diploid cell, lining the walls of the seminiferous tubules, that gives rise to a primary spermatocyte.

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Sertoli Cell

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In the seminiferous tubule, a large cell that regulates spermatogenesis and nourishes the developing sperm.

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Acrosome

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A vesicle, located at the tip of the head of an animal sperm, that contains enzymes needed to dissolve protective layers around the egg.

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Epididymis

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A series of tubes that connect with and receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules of the testis, and empty into the vas deferens.

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Vas Deferens

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A tube that carries sperm out of the scrotum. The tube connecting the epididymis of the testis with the urethra.

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Urethra

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Conducts semen from the vas deferens and urine from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis.

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Penis

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Deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract.

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Semen

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The sperm containing fluid produced by the male reproductive tract.

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Seminal Vesicles

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In male mammals, a gland that produces a basic, fructose-containing fluid that forms part of the semen.

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Prostate Gland

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A gland that produces part of the fluid component of semen; prostatic fluid is basic and contains a chemical that activates sperm movement.

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Bulbourethral Gland

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In male mammals, a gland that secretes a basic, mucous-containing fluid that forms part of the semen.

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Oogenesis

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The process by which egg cells are formed.

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Oogonia/Oogonium

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In female animals, a diploid cell that gives rise to a primary oocyte.

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Primary Oocyte

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A diploid cell, derived from the oogonium by growth and differentiation, that undergoes meiotic cell division, producing the egg.

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Follicle

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In the ovary of female mammals, the oocyte and its surrounding accessory cells.

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Menstrual Cycle

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In human females, a roughly 28-day cycle during which hormonal interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary coordinate ovulation and the preparation of the uterus to receive and nourish a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, the uterine lining is shed during menstruation.

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Secondary Oocyte

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A large haploid cell derived from the diploid primary oocyte by meiosis 1.

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Polar Body

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In oogenesis, a small cell, containing a nucleus but virtually no cytoplasm, produced by both the first meiotic division and the second meiotic division.

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Corpus Luteum

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In the mammalian ovary, a structure that is derived from the follicle after ovulation and that secretes the morons estrogen and progesterone.

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Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube/Oviduct

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The tube leading from the ovary to the uterus, into which the secondary oocyte(egg cell) is released.

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Cilia

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Fringed "fingers" along the opening to the uterine tube that nearly surround the ovary. They create a current that sweeps the ovulated egg into the uterine tube. The lining transport the fertilized egg down the tube into the uterus.

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Uterus

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In female mammals, the part of the reproductive tract that houses the embryo during pregnancy.

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Endometrium

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The inner lining of the uterus.

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Placenta

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The structure that transfers oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes between mother and embryo.

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Myometrium

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The outer muscular wall of the uterus.

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Cervix

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A ring of connective tissue that encircles a tiny opening; nearly closes off the lower end of the uterus.

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Vagina

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An opening to the outside; serves both as the receptacle for the penis and sperm during intercourse and as the birth canal.

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Menstruation

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In human females, the monthly discharge of uterine tissue and blood from the uterus.

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Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG)

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A hormone secreted by the chorion (one of the fetal membranes) that maintains the integrity of the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

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Menstrual Cycle Phases

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Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal

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Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase

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-first phase in menstrual cycle

-early in this phase, the lining of the uterus is at its most thin. levels of estrogen and progesterone are at their lowest.
-later in this phase, the proliferation (thickening) of the uterine lining occurs (preparing for a possible pregnancy)
-ends when hormone called luteinizing hormone peaks

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Menstrual Cycle: Ovulation Phase

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-second phase in menstrual cycle

-following a surge of luteinzing hormone (LH) an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male's sperm

-marks the end of the follicular phase

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Menstrual Cycle: Luteal Phase

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-third stage in menstrual cycle
-estrogen and progesterone increase, and work together to make changes in the lining of the uterus that prepare it to accept an embryo, if conception occurs
-when conception(pregnancy) don't occur, the estrogen and progesterone levels decline, and the endometrial lining of the uterus begins to shed, leading to menstruation

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Uterine Cycle

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Changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus.

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Uterine Cycle: Step 1

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-day 1 of menstrual cycle, uterus starts to shed the endometrium that had developed during the previous cycle

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Uterine Cycle: Step 2

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-few days into the menstrual cycle, estrogen (released by the developing follicles) stimulates renewed development of the endometrium

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Uterine Cycle: Step 3

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-after ovulation, the corpus luteum develops and releases estrogen and progesterone, which further stimulate the growth of the endometrium

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Uterine Cycle: Step 4

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-the degeneration of the corpus luteum at the end of the ovarian cycle causes a sharp drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone
-endometrium begins to disintegrate.

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Corpus Albican

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The regressed form of the corpus luteum; formed when the corpus luteum is being broken down by macrophages and fibroblasts lay down type 1 collagen

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Gastrulation

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The process where a blastula develops into a gastrula, including the formation of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm