• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/47

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Angiosperms are classified as
-having an enclosed seed
-deciduous
-hardwoods
-have cotyledons
-have juvenile (non-compound) leaves
-have mature leaves
Gymnosperms are classified as
-having a naked seed (ovule is exposed)
-evergreens
-softwoods
-have cotyledons
-have primary needles (always single needles)
-have secondary needles
Kleb's Concept
Environment and Genetics impact the Physiology of the tree
(Different trees can adapt to different environments, and may be able to outcompete another species, if it couldn't in another environment.)
Describe meristems
where all cell division takes place, where growth happens, has differentiated cells, and maturation occurs
Describe the 2 types of meristems that trees have
Apical- found in buds at tips, responsible for "upward growth"

Lateral- found in trunk, responsible for "outward growth"
What is a psuedoterminal bud?
A terminal bud that kept growing past the growing season, but then died in bad weather, so it withers away and the previous bud becomes the terminal bud. That original bud that died is a "false" terminal bud.
What is pith?
dead, corky, spongey cells that are found inside the twig. Can be solid or chambered.
Describe the 2 different types of specialized buds.(Dormant & Adventitious)
Dormant- In springtime, the bud never elongated, and after a growing season, it gets covered over. The bud only grows enough each year to stay on the surface of the bark. These will elongate in the event of stress. (Has Pith Trace)

Adventitious- Spontaneously arise on old portions of the tree. Are mostly found on roots, but sometimes on branches. When the root system gets exposed to light, the root meristem will grow another tree. (NO Pith Trace.)
What is auxin? Where does it come from? If it is produced or not produced?
A growth regulator that originates at the top of the tree. If auxin is being produced, it travels down to tell dormant buds not to grow.
What is leaf size dependent on?
# of cells dividing AND size of cells
What is the cuticle?
On a leaf, a waxy layer to prevent water loss
What is the epidermis?
On a leaf, thick layer that helps prevent water loss
What are palisade cells?
In a leaf, long, vertical cells heavily involved in photosynthesis
What are spongey mesophyll cells?
In a leaf, it's the free air space between cells, aid in gas exchange
pen (s)
рУчка (и) f.
Xylem (general def.)
Is the dead, hollow vascular tissue that aids in water and nutrient transport
Phloem (general def)
Is the live vascular tissue that moves carbs and sugars.
Moves in any direction
(source --> sink.)
Pine needle structure
A pie in 3-5 slices.
The vascular bundle is in center, surrounded by spongey mesophyll. Stomata are never on the outside plane.
Describe the 2 types of growth patterns (fixed & free)
Fixed: have pre-formed leaf primordia (embryonic leaves) that overwinter in the bud and they elongate the following spring. [DETERMINATE]
Free: the bud and meristem are simultaneously dividing, and the leaves and shoots elongate the same year they are formed. [INDETERMINATE]
Explain cambial growth
The vascular cambium has a lateral meristem that ranges from branch tip to root tip on the trunk. This is how the trunk and branches thicken each year.
Which is formed more per year, xylem or phloem?
Xylem. Much more xylem is formed per year than phloem
What is diffuse porous wood formation?
Medium-sized pores in xylem are produced, but they are equally distributed through the growth year ring. Annual rings are visible.
What is ring-porous wood formation?
Very huge diameter xylem cells are produced in spring. These large cells tend to be concentrated at the beginning of the annual growth ring.
What is semi-diffuse wood formation?
Large xylem cells start at the ring, but taper off through the growing season.
Explain growth activity in the spring. (What starts first?)
Growth is a tip-downward movement. Buds are swelling before any activity on the trunk can be detected.
Early(spring) wood vs. Late wood
Spring wood forms first in the season, late wood forms later on
Why does reaction wood occur?
If a tree is off-center, it makes reaction wood to try to get itself vertical
Describe the 2 diff. types of reaction wood (compression & tension)
Compression rxn wood: forms in gymnos on the lower side of the bend. (Trying to push itself back up.)
Tension rxn wood: forms in angios on the upper side of the bend. (Trying to pull itself back up.)
Diff b/w sapwood and heartwood
Sapwood- is the functioning xylem (outermost 10-15 rings of xylem)
Heartwood- is the non-functioning xylem (inner core). Stays around for longer because of certain chemicals to prevent degradation.
How does a false annual ring occur?
If growth season has been bad, but gets way better towards the end, the tree will start growing again.
False rings may not go around entire circumference.
What is cork formed from?
cork cambium (phellogen)
What are the 3 parts that the periderm is made up of?
Phellem- produced on the outisde (dead cork)
Phellogen- the cork cambium (divides into cork cells)
Phelloderm- produced on the inside. Not all species have this. (These are living cells.)
What is bark made from?
Alternating layers of cork and crushed phloem. Cork cambium is embedded in the phloem.
What causes different types of bark?
The periderm. The cork cambium isn't present in every spot on the tree all the time.. this is what causes ridges and patterns.
What are the main purposes of bark?
-Chemically inert (resistant to pollution)
-mechanically sound (branch-branch abrasion, rocks, etc.)
-fire resistant (thickness of bark saves trees from fire.)
T/F: Fine roots contain most of the root system's length.
TRUE. Fine roots give the overall roots system 90% of its length, but only 5% of its mass.
What is fine root turnover?
How often the little roots stay alive/ how often new little roots are formed.
What are the basic functions of roots?
Absorb (water and nutrients)
Stabilization
Storage (starches)
Synthesis (growth regulators)
Stress sensors
Describe some types of root growth patterns.
Root growth is highly variable and opportunistic.. follow the path of least resistance.
Episodic- could be dormant or could be continuous. Highly variable.
Quiscence- roots don't become entirely dormant.
Primary vs. Secondary growth in roots
Primary: elongation/differentiation and production of root hairs
Secondary: growth of diameter
What is suberine?
A wax-like substance that forms as secondary growth is happening. Coincides w/ roots turning brown.
Function of suberized roots..
Take up water through cracks that are formed from secondary growth on the inside. Older fine roots play a major role in water/nutrient uptake.
4 types of specialized roots
Mycorrhizae
Nodulated roots
Actinorrhizae
Abnormal growth
What do mycorrhizae do?
Fungal roots on all woody plants that can be endo/ectotropic. They pick up water and nutrients to give to tree. (Mainly Phosphorus)
What to nodulated roots do?
Rhizobial root nodule formed by bacterium Rhizobium.
Produce a sort-of "Nitrogen fertilizer" for the tree
What are actinorrhizal roots?
Actinomycete (neither fungus nor bacterium) that affect the tree
What are 2 cases of abnormal growth?
Lamma's growth: buds that are destined to overwinter pop open because of crazy weather fluxuations.
Proleptic growth: weird elongated buds-- like they're trying to become twigs.