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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of the world's infant formula does Ireland provide? |
15% |
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What is the sales turnover of Irish infant formula? |
€626 million/year |
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How many people does the Irish Infant formula industry employ? |
1000 |
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What percentage of the milk quota goes towards infant formula? |
12% |
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How long do culture based protocols take to detect Enterobacter sakazakii? |
5-7 days |
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What was cronobacter formerly known as? |
Enterobacter sakazakii |
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What family is cronobacter from? |
enterobacteriaceae |
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Is cronobacter gram positive or negative? |
negative |
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Is cronobacter motile or non-motile? |
motile |
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What shape is cronobacter? |
rod |
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Is cronobacter aerobic or anaerobic? |
facultatively anaerobic |
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What is cronobacter resistant to? |
desiccation |
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What kind of pathogen is cronobacter? |
opportunistic |
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What type of infects does cronobacter cause? |
nosocomial |
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How does cronobacter cause meningitis? |
ingestion, survives stomach pH, attaches to intestinal epithelia, crosses into vascular system, survives vascular system, crosses BBB |
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Whos is most at risk for E. sakazakii infection? |
Neonates <1 month |
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What 3 dieseases are caused by E. sakazakii infection? |
meningitis, UTI, bacteremia |
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When does meningitis causing infection usually develop? |
6 days |
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When does bacteremia causing infection usually develop? |
35 days |
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What 2 pregnancy outcomes does bacteremia cause? |
premature delivery, extremely low BW |
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What are the 3 symptoms of cronobacter infection in infants? |
necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis |
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What are the 3 long term complications caused by cronobacter infection? |
delayed neurological development, hydrocephalus, permanent neurological damage |
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What is the infectious dose of cronobacter for infants? |
unknown |
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What is the infectious period of cronobacter in infants? |
unknown |
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What is the duration of illness caused by cronobacter in infants? |
unknown |
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What food is most commonly associated with cronobacter? |
infant formula |
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Cronobacter can colonize the roots of which 2 plants? |
tomato and maize |
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What microorganism is cronobacter often found with? |
rhizosphere |
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What 3 characteristics help cronobacter grow in the environment? |
yellow pigmentation, EPS and persistence in desiccated state |
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What 4 methods are used to detect/identify cronobacter? |
ribosomal DNA, target gene detection, suppressive subtractive hybridisation, microarrays |
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What 5 methods are used for surveillance and environmental monitoring of cronobacter? |
PFGE, RAPD, Ribotyping, rep-PCR, MLVA |
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What are the 6 stages of identification of cronobacter? |
incubation, recovery of cells, spread plate, real-time PCR, incubation, identification |
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Which 2 microorganisms are the highest concern in IMF? |
Salmonella and Cronobacter |
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What allows for rapid growth of microorganisms in infant formula? |
Reconstitution |
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What is an indicator of risk of contamination of infant formula? |
enterobacteriaceae |
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What is a-Glucocsidase? |
Biochemical feature used to differentiate between Cronobacter and enterobacteriaceae |
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What re the 2 molecular targets for cronobacter? |
gluA and dnaG |
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How are specific genii of cronobacter identified? |
a-glucosidase-based PCR |
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How are cronobacter species identified? |
rpoB-based PCR |
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What is rpoB-based PCR based on? |
Sequence polymorphism contained within rpoB |
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What are the 3 reasons for sub-typing? |
QC of products containing beneficial bacteria, food processing applications, food-borne disease tracking |
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Why is sub-typing used in food processing? |
ingredient QC, track source of contamination in food menufacturing |
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How many generations of sub-typing are there? |
4 |
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What is the main sub-typing method used for cronobacter? |
PFGE |
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What is a major source of microorganism introduction of infant formula production? |
air-intake filters |
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What can PFGE identify? |
persistent clones that contaminate environment, food processing and humans |
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What are the 4 factors that facilitate pathogens to survive food production? |
growth rates in food matrices, heat resistance, resistance to biocides and virulence |
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What are the steps in measuring heat resistance? |
32 sterilized stainless steel coupons inoculated with 100ml cronobacter-PIF suspension, dried in laminar flow for 4hrs, heated, transferred to WIB broth, enumerated by RABIT |
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What method was used to evaluate a 300g sample of PIF? |
Hydrophobic grid membrane filter method (HGMF) |
