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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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80-90% of cases of lameness in FA are where?
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below the fetlock (the foot)
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in FA lameness, lameness in the mostly coming from where? followed by?
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mostly lateral claw on the rear limb
followed by medial claw on the front limb |
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what are some predisposing factors to FA lameness?
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genetic
diet hygiene housing systems |
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T or F
Lameness is a significant cause of economic loss. |
True.
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*What are some infxs dz associated lameness? (6)
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Foot and mouth
mucosal dz/bovine virus diarrhea MCF salmonellosis vesicular stomatitis bluetongue |
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*what infxs lameness dz's are reportable? (4)
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F and M
MCF vesicular stomatitis bluetongue |
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What are some foot problems in FA?
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Sole ulcer
interdigital phlegmon interditital dermatitis digital dermatitis interdigital hyperplasia septic processes of the foot laminitis vertical and horizontal horn fissures P3 fx |
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if you saw a circular area of hemorrhage and necrosis in area of sole-bulb junction, what would you think is the problem? What is another name of this?
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sole ulcer (Rusterholz ulcer)
Pododermatitis circumscripta |
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T or F
regarding sole ulcers, medial front claw > lateral hind claw. |
FALSE.
lateral hind claw > medial front claw |
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are sole ulcers more common bilateral or unilateral?
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bilateral
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who do we see sole ulcers in more frequently?
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confined dairy cows
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what is the process of a sole ulcer?
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subclinical laminitis damages horn-producing tissue (corium) and softens sole horn
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what are some predisposing factors to sole ulcers?
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poor claw maintenance
overgrown horn suspensory breakdown metabolic events |
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Tx of sole ulcer
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trim all 4 claws correctly
place block underneath unaffected claw remove protruding granulation tissue + bandage abx (systemic, regional) if local sepsis soft bedding |
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what dz is a cellulitis of the interdigital subcutaneous tissues?
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interdigital phlegmone
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what are other names for interdigital phlegmone?
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interdigital necrobacillosis
foot rot |
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what is interdigital phlegmone?
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infxn of skin lesion in between claws
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causative agent of foot rot
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fusobacterium necrophorum
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can you see systemic signs with interdigital phlegmone?
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Yes
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do clinical signs of interdigital phlegmone progress rapidly or slowly?
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rapidly
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what are the cx of interdigital phlegmone (foot rot)?
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swelling
heat pain (lameness) redness |
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what is the claw separation seen in foot rot due to?
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swelling
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can you see fever with foot rot? What else might you see in severe cases?
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Yes!!
in severe cases can see skin necrosis, purulent exudate |
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what are you ddx for foot rot? (2)
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retrobulbar abscess
septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint |
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tx of foot rot
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systemic abx (high penicillin dose)
cleanse area bandage w/ frequent changes improve stall hygiene |
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* what is your main differential if you see really thickened skin in between the claws (dermal hyperplasia)?
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interdigital dermatitis
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what is interditial dermatitis?
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inflammation of interdigital epidermis
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what is the causative agent of interdigital dermatitis?
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spyochetes
Dichelobacter nodosus others |
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would you be able to tell that an animal has early stage interdigital dermatitis? What might develop in later stages?
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no because it is subclinical in early stages
later stages may result in heel erosions |
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what is the tx for interdigital dermatitis?
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topical tx such as cleaning and local abx
improve stall hygiene clean foot baths |
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what is a contagious foot dz? (not the infectious ones from before but a specific foot dz)
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digital dermatitis
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what would you see on the foot in a patient that would lead you to think it's digital dermatitis?
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superficial inflammation of epidermis above coronary band and interdigital space
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could you expect to see other herd members affected with digital dermatitis? Why or why not?
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yes-it spreads rapidly through a herd because it's CONTAGIOUS.
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what are the two types of lesions seen with digital dermatits?
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erosive/reactive
proliferative |
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if you saw a strawberry lesion in the interdigital space of a cow, what would you think it is?
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the erosive/reactive type of digital dermatitis
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what would a proliferative lesion of digital dermatitis look like?
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wart-like
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Tx of digital dermatitis
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topical abx after cleaning
footbaths to prevent spread sx resection of large lesions improve stall hygiene |
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Can you give systemic abx in digital dermatitis?
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NO, they consistently DON'T work
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what other foot dz could the proliferative lesion of digital dermatitis look like?
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interdigital hyperplasia (corn)
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what is interdigital hyperplasia of the foot?
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proliferative reaction of the interdigital skin
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what is your lameness level going to be with interdigital hyperplasia?
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moderate to severe lameness
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what is the etiology of interdigital hyperplasia?
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excessive spreading of claws due to ligamentous deficiency. Stretching of the interdigital skin, resulting in hyperplasia.
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tx of interdigital hyperplasia
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surgical en bloc resection
bandage wire toes together |
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what can be caused secondary to ANY of the foot problems or trauma?
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septic arthritis/bursitis/tenosynovitis
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what are your tx options for septic processes of the foot?
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abx PLUS: (Have to do more than just abx.)
lavage synoviotomy digital amputation ankylosis/arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint |
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what are some reasons you would perform a digit amputation? (4)
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P3 fx
coffin/pastern jt luxation pedal osteitis, deep sepsis septic arthritis of coffin/pastern jt |
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what are the advantages of doing a digit amputation?
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rapid procedure
inexpensive ability to remove all infected tissues cattle usually return to full production quite soon |
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what are the disadvantages of doing a digit amputation? (3)
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reduced lifetime (commonly culled within 2 yrs)
heavy animals do poorly poor cosmetic results |
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who are poor candidates for digit amputation?
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> 15000 lbs
lateral hind claw (especially in breeding bulls) medial front claw |
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how do you choose at which level you will amputate the digit?
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depending on extent of infxn/site of location
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what are some levels that you can amputate a digit?what is the most common level of digit amputation?
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at the level of distal P1! (most common)
through proximal interphalangeal jt through P2 (at coronary band) through distal interphalangeal jt |
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how many days are you going to give abx after digit amputation?
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3-5 days post op
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how many days are you going to bandage the foot post op amputation?
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bandage foot for 10 days, change 5 days post-op
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what are the approaches you can make for arthrodesis of coffin jt?
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plantar/palmar
solar dorsal |
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what are the advantages of arthrodesis of coffin jt?
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longer production life
improved outcome in heavy animals lateral hind claws medial front claws better cosmetic outcome |
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what are the disadvantagesof arthrodesis of the coffin jt?
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more expensive
more technically challenging more post-op care needed slower return to productivity due to more pain |
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if the DDFT, it's tendon sheath or navicular bone are NOT affected, what approach would you use for arhtrodesis?
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dorsal approach
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how do you perform a facilitated ankylosis?
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cancellous bone graft in jt space
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what is the etiology of septic arthritis/synovitis? (3)
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hematogenous
penetration foot infxn |
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if you see sever lameness in a cow and the joint is closed and/or cellulitis, what is your main differential?
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septic arthritis/synovitis
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tx for septic arthritis
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treat primary problem
jt lavage regional limb perfusion with abx/lidocaine systemic abx arhtrotomy |
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what are some causes of long bone trauma in FA? Where are the fx common in juveniles vs adults?
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trauma/calving
epiphyseal fx in juveniles diaphyseal fx in adults |
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tx of long bone fx in FA
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external fixation
internal fixation transfixation cast cast |
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why are cattle more prone to coxofemoral luxation?
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shallow acetabulum
no accessory ligament |
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what are some causes of coxofemoral luxation in cattle?
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slippery floors
post-partum events |
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T or F
caudodorsal luxation is the most common luxation of the coxofemoral jt in cattle |
False!
CRANIOdorsal is the most common |
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what are your ddx for coxofemoral luxation in cattle?
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pelvic fx
proximal femoral fx separated proximal femoral physis septic arthritis of hip or stifle |
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what are signs of coxofemoral luxation in cattle?
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unable to bear weight, may be down
shorter leg rotated outward (stifle and toes) external pelvic landmarks are abnormal crepitus upon manipulation of the limb |
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in what time frame do you need to be in to have successful treatment of the coxofemoral luxation in cattle?
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< 48 hrs
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tx for coxofemoral luxation
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closed reduction
open reduction (yeah right) femoral head resection |
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what is elso heel?
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spastic paresis
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what causes spastic paresis in cattle? what muscle is shortened?
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neuromuscular contracture disorder, resulting in progressive hyperextended posture in rear limbs.
Gastroc is shortened |
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what is the usual signalment for spastic paresis?
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purebred calves 1-6 mos
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should you breed animals with spastic paresis?
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no, it's heritable
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tx options for spastic paresis?
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tenotomy of gastrocnemius tendon
tibial neurectomy |
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what might you see if you have trauma or vascular patholgy and you get devitalized bone? Where is this commonly seen?
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bone sequestration
exposed areas such as the tuber coxae |
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tx for bone sequestration
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debride and systemic abx
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what is hygroma? and what causes it? and where is it most commonly seen?
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fluid swelling (bursa)
caused by chronic trauma most commonly seen in carpus and tarsus |
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tx of hygroma
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drain and inject with atropine, corticosteroids, abx
resection if infected |
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what is a common cause of femoral neuropahthy/patellar luxation?
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calves-birthing trauma
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is it more common for the patella to luxate medially or laterally in FA?
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lateral
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what might you see clinically in a cow that has femoral neuropathy or patellare luxation?
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limb instability (not able to bear weight)
atrophy of quads |
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what do you often see in endstage OA in FA?
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cruciate injuries
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what are the signs of cruciate injuries in cattle?
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lameness
effusion anterior drawer rads (yes, she had this under signs) |
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what are the rx for cruciate injuries in FA?
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rest
reconstruction |
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OC is most common in what jt in FA? what other areas are affected?
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tibiotarsal jt (most common)
stifle shoulder carpus fetlock |
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what is the lay term for the effusion seen with OC?
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bog
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where are two areas that are commonly affected by DJD in FA?
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hip and stifle
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dx of DJD in FA
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pain
effusion rads |
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Rx for DJD in FA
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palliative
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