Fom Set 5

Front 1

ATP yield equation

Back 1

{(n/2)*12} + [{(n/2-1)*5}-2]

Front 2

Serpins

Back 2

serine protease inhibitors - irreversible suicide inhibitors. mimic natural substrates, but in intermediate step, changes shape and inhibits serine protease

Front 3

antithrombin

Back 3

type of serpin, inhibits coagulation in blood clotting. If antithrombin is too low, too much clotting; if it's too high, too much bleeding

Front 4

alpha-1-antitrypsin

Back 4

inhibits neurophil elastase in lungs (protective)
- inactivated when person is a smoker.
- low levels, emphysema, cirrhosis
- some ppl have predisposition to low levels

Front 5

chelation

Back 5

treatment for heavy metal poisoning - competes with heavy metal for enzyme - wants to speed up poisons dissociation.
problem - it interferes with MMPs, other proteases

Front 6

Aspects of line-weaver burk

Back 6

Vmax = 1/Yaxis intercept
Km = -1/x-axis intercept
slope= Km/Vmax

Front 7

Ki

Back 7

equilibrium constant for inhibitor

Front 8

heme oxidase

Back 8

catalyzes breakdown of heme.
- stress response, increase in tumors
- you WANT to inhibit (use antifungals?)

Front 9

myasthenia gravis
glaucoma

Back 9

too few receptors for acetylcholine. Symptoms alleviate when signal persists for long time in the receptors

Front 10

Carbamates

Back 10

drug, lets acetylcholine stay in receptors longer. inhibits acetylcholinesterase.
Exs: neostigime - competes as substrate, slows enzyme down
If OD on carbamites, nerve signal is overstimulated, paralysis@

Front 11

ischemia

Back 11

restriction in blood supply to an organ - heart attack or stroke

Front 12

neutrophils

Back 12

if encounter bacterium, convert NADPH to NADP+ and e-. electron combins with 02 --> superoxide, kind of like bleach, bacteria explode

Front 13

Fenton reaction

Back 13

superoxide and H+ form hydrogen peroxide. Then, hydrogen peroxide adds to iron II to create an OH radical and OH- and Fe3+. Then, Fe3+ can be oxidized back to Fe2+ and react again.

Front 14

arachidonic acid

Back 14

catabolism of this is important for immunity and signalling, but has free radical side products. Free rads can insert randomly into FA --> toxin, decrease fluidity

Front 15

superoxide dismutase

Back 15

SOD, gets rid of superoxide radicals. 3 forms: mitochondrial (Mn cofactor, SOD2; cytoplasmic (Cu/Zn cofactor, SOD1); extracellular (Cu/Zn cofactors, SOD3)

Front 16

glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase

Back 16

enzyme - catalyzes oxidation of glutathione to glutathione disulfide. Reduces H202 to H20.
Glutathione reductase reduces glutathione disulfide to glutathione and oxidizes NADPH to NADP+.
In diabetes, glutathione is irreversibly altered. Without glutathione, less ways to get rid of peroxide. AND no way to generate NADP+

Front 17

cartilage

Back 17

consists of 1) cells 2) ground substance 3) extracellular fibers
ground substance + extracellular fibers = matrix

Front 18

hyaline cartilage

Back 18

- type II collagen
- perichondrium - dense connective tissue surrounding
- in external auditory meatus, cartilage models of long bones

Front 19

elastic cartilage

Back 19

- in pinna in ear, larynx
- type II collagen + elastic fibers
- perichondrium surrounds
(these aren't smooth like hyaline cartilage cause of elastic fibers)

Front 20

fibrocartilage

Back 20

- in intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
- type I collagen
- no perichondrium

Front 21

proteoglycan aggregate

Back 21

proteoglycan subunits attached to hyaluronic acid, forms bottle brush arrangement

Front 22

cartilage matrix

Back 22

consists of ground substance (proteoglycans) and fibers (collagen - for elastic, hyalin cartilage, collagen = type II)

Front 23

canaliculi

Back 23

canals that extend from one lacuna to another

Front 24

compact/lamellar/cortical bone

Back 24

dense areas wihtout cavities, packed with Haversian systems. Around periphery of bone

Front 25

cancellous/trabecular bone

Back 25

3D lattice of branching bony spicules, forming trabeculae around marrow in center

Front 26

epiphysis

Back 26

end of long bone

Front 27

diaphysis

Back 27

shaft of long bone

Front 28

metaphysis

Back 28

between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bone

Front 29

periosteum

Back 29

dense, connective tissue around outside of bone

Front 30

endosteum

Back 30

lines marrow cavities

Front 31

Organic Part of bone matrix

Back 31

35%, contains proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans synthesized by osteogenic cell. Type 1 collagen (makes up 95% or organic matrix) is in amorphous ground substance

Front 32

inorganic part of bone matrix

Back 32

made up of hydroxyapatite crystals.

Front 33

osteoprogenitor cells

Back 33

stem cells. capable of generating into osteoblasts.In periosteum and endosteum as bone lining cells

Front 34

osteoblasts

Back 34

synthesize and secrete organic matrix of bone - collagenous (type I) and noncollagenous and alkaline phosphate.

Front 35

osteoid

Back 35

collagenous and noncollagenous material made by osteoblasts; noncalcified

Front 36

alkaline phosphatase

Back 36

increases local calcium:phosphate ratio

Front 37

osteoclasts

Back 37

big, multinucleate. come from monocytes not osteoprogenitors. seals itself in lacuna, produces acidic environment (like lysosome outside of cell) - breaks down bone matrix. Ruffled border.

Front 38

osteocytes

Back 38

mature bone cells. osteoblasts that have entrapped themselves in calcified matrix. Communicate through gap jxns. May be able to do a little resorption and bone deposition

Front 39

bone-lining cells

Back 39

have osteogenic potential and can respond to parathyroid hormone by shifting calcium flux between bone fluid and extracellular fluid

Front 40

Volkmann's canal

Back 40

connects 1 haversian canal to another or a haversian canal to the surface

Front 41

ARF cycle

Back 41

activation of osteoblasts, resorption by osteoclasts, reversal (osteoclasts shut down), formation (osteoblasts lay down bone), resting phase

Front 42

parathyroid hormone

Back 42

works in bone, kidneys and intestine. low blood-calcium levels, stimulation of parathyroid hormone, causes birth of osteoclasts and increases ruffled border activity (via stimulation of osteoblasts!!!) NO receptors for PTH on osteoclasts

Front 43

calcitonin

Back 43

acts to decrease blood-calcium levels. less effective than PTH

Front 44

vitamin D

Back 44

signals osteoblasts to signal osteoclasts to break down bone and increase in number. NO receptors for vitamin D on osteoclasts

Front 45

RANK-L and RANK

Back 45

ligand/receptor - message sent by osteoblasts to osteoclasts to increase ruffled border activity

Front 46

macrophage-colony stimulating factor

Back 46

stimulates osteoclast precursor (monocyte) to differentiate into an osteoclast. produced by osteoblast

Front 47

osteoprotegerin

Back 47

decoy receptor for RANK. can take up RANK ligan and shut down osteoclasts activity. Secreted by osteoblasts

Front 48

bisphosphonates

Back 48

induces osteoclast death. In osteoporosis, too many osteoclasts!