Fogo Quiz Chapter 6 Definitions

Front 1

What is the layer of dense irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage?

Back 1

perichondrium

Front 2

What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

Back 2

Hyaline cartilage

Front 3

What type of cartilage is only found in two skeletal locations...the external ear and the epiglottis?

Back 3

Elastic cartilage

Front 4

What type of cartilage is the most compressable and has the most tensile strength?

Back 4

Fibrocartilage

Front 5

What is appositional growth?

Back 5

Growth of cartilage from the outside. Cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage.

Front 6

What is interstitial growth?

Back 6

Growth of cartilage from the "inside". The lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

Front 7

How many named bones are there in the human skeleton?

Back 7

206
(probably not on quiz, just trivia)

Front 8

What is the axial skeleton?

Back 8

The axial skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage. These bones are most involved in protecting, supporting, and carrying other body parts.

Front 9

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Back 9

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Front 10

What are long bones

Back 10

Long bones are bones that are longer than they are wide. A long bone has a shaft plus two ends. All limb bones except the patella and the wrist and ankle bones are long bones.

Front 11

What are short bones?

Back 11

Short bones are roughly cube shaped bones. The bones of the wrist and the ankle are an example.

Front 12

What is a sesamoid bone?

Back 12

A bone shaped like a sesema seed. A special type of short bone that form in a tendon.

Front 13

What is a flat bone?

Back 13

A flat bone is thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapula, ribs and skull bones are all flat bones.Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone (the diploë) sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone.

Front 14

What are irregular bones

Back 14

Irregular bones are bones that have complicated shapes that do not fit into any of the other categories. Examples include the vertebrae and the hip bones.

Front 15

Name the five function of bones:

Back 15

1.) Support
2.) Protection
3.) Movement
4.) Mineral and growth factor storage
5.) Blood cell formation

Front 16

What is hematopoiesis?

Back 16

Blood cell formation

Front 17

Define "Bone Markings"

Back 17

Projections, depressions, and openings on bones that serve at sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves.

Front 18

Define "compact bone"

Back 18

The dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye.

Front 19

Define "spongy bone"

Back 19

Internal to the compact bone. Is a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae

Front 20

What is another name for spongy bone?

Back 20

Cancellous bone

Front 21

Define "trabeculae"

Back 21

strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone. Literally means "little beams"

Front 22

What is red marrow?

Back 22

Hematopoietic tissue that is typically found within the trabecular cavitities of spongy bone of long bones and the diploe of flat bones.

Front 23

What is an ostoeblast?

Back 23

Bone forming cells. Literally means "bone germinators"

Front 24

What is on osteoclast?

Back 24

bone destoying cells. Literally means "bone breakers"

Front 25

What is the periosteum?

Back 25

A glistening white, double layer membrane that covers the entire external surface of long bone except for the joint surfaces.

Front 26

Define epephyseal plate.

Back 26

Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone.

Front 27

What is epiphysis?

Back 27

The end of long bone, attached to the shaft.

Front 28

What is diaphysis?

Back 28

Elongated shaft of a long bone.Forms the long axis of the bone (on long bones)

Front 29

Tuberosity

Back 29

Large rounded projection, may be roughened
(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 30

Crest

Back 30

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 31

Trochanter

Back 31

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 32

Line

Back 32

Narrow ridge of bone. Less prominent than a crest.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 33

Tubercle

Back 33

Small rounded projection or process

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 34

Epicholyle

Back 34

Raised area on or above a condyle.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 35

Spine

Back 35

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 36

Process

Back 36

Any bony prominence.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment section)

Front 37

Head

Back 37

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that help to form joints)

Front 38

Facet

Back 38

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that help to form joints)

Front 39

Condyle

Back 39

Rounded articular projection.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that help to form joints)

Front 40

Ramus

Back 40

Armlike bar of bone.

(From Bone Marking Table- Projections that help to form joints)

Front 41

Meatus

Back 41

Canal-like passageway
(From Bone Marking Table- Depressions and Opening Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to pass secion)

Front 42

Sinus

Back 42

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

(From Bone Marking Table- Depressions and Opening Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to pass secion)

Front 43

Fossa

Back 43

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

(From Bone Marking Table- Depressions and Opening Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to pass secion)

Front 44

Groove

Back 44

Furrow

(From Bone Marking Table- Depressions and Opening Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to pass secion)

Front 45

Fissure

Back 45

Narrow, slitlike opening

(From Bone Marking Table- Depressions and Opening Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to pass secion)

Front 46

Foramen

Back 46

Round or oval opening through a bone

(From Bone Marking Table- Depressions and Opening Allowing Blood Vessels and Nerves to pass secion)

Front 47

Define Medullary Cavity of bone

Back 47

Within the diaphysis of bone. Also known as a "marrow cavity".In adults, the medullary cavity contains fat (yellow marrow) and is called the yellow bone marrow cavity.

Front 48

epiphyseal line

Back 48

Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone. A remnant of the epiphyseal plate, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone.

Front 49

metaphysis.

Back 49

The region where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet, whether it is the epiphyseal plate or line.

Front 50

Name the three structures of Long bones.

Back 50

Diaphysis, epiphysis, and Membranes

Front 51

What is a nutrient foramen

Back 51

Literally means an "opening". How the periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels. They enter the diaphysis through this.

Front 52

What are Sharpley's fibers?

Back 52

How the periosteum is secured to the underlying bone.

Front 53

What is endosteum

Back 53

A delicate connective tissue membrane that covers the internal bone surfaces. covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone. Contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Front 54

What is diploe

Back 54

In flat bones, the spongy bone is called this. Means "folded".

Front 55

red marrow

Back 55

A hematopoietic tissue that is typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploë of flat bones.

Front 56

What are the osteogenic cells?(also called osteoprogenitor cells)

Back 56

actively mitotic stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum of bone tissue. Some of their progeny differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) while others persist as bone stem cells to provide osteoblasts in the future

Front 57

Define Osteon

Back 57

The structural unit of compact bone. An elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone. It functions as a tiny, weight bearing pillar. A group of hollow tubes of bone matrix.

Front 58

What is another name for Compact Bone?

Back 58

Lamellar bone

Front 59

What is the name of the matrix tube in an osteon

Back 59

Lamella. Lamella contains collagen fibers.

Front 60

What is a Haversion canal

Back 60

The central canal running through each osteon. Contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteon’s cells.

Front 61

Volkmann’s canals or perforating canals

Back 61

A second type of canal found in osteons. This canal lies at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and the medullary cavity

Front 62

What is an osteocyte

Back 62

Mature blood cell.

Front 63

canaliculi

Back 63

Hairlike canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal

Front 64

What cells are responsible for bone modeling?

Back 64

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 65

Interstitial lamellae

Back 65

Incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons, filling the gaps between forming osteons, or representing the remnants of an osteon that has been cut through by bone remodeling.

Front 66

Lacunae

Back 66

A small space, cavity, or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells.

Front 67

What is Unmineralized bone matrix.

Back 67

Osteoid

Front 68

Osteogenesis

Back 68

The process of bone formation; also called ossification.

Front 69

Endochondral ossification

Back 69

Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.

Front 70

Bone remodeling

Back 70

Process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors.

Front 71

Bone resorption

Back 71

The removal of osseous tissue; part of the continuous bone remodeling process.

Front 72

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 72

Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.

Front 73

Calcitonin

Back 73

Hormone released by the thyroid that promotes a decrease in calcium levels in the blood.

Front 74

Fracture

Back 74

A break in a bone.

Front 75

Hematoma

Back 75

Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site

Front 76

Callus

Back 76

(1) Localized thickening of skin epidermis resulting from physical trauma; (2) repair tissue (fibrous or bony) formed at a fracture site.

Front 77

Osteomalacia

Back 77

Disorder in which bones are inadequately mineralized; soft bones.

Front 78

Osteoporosis

Back 78

Decreased density and strength of bone resulting from a gradual decrease in rate of bone formation

Front 79

Paget’s disease

Back 79

Disorder characterized by excessive bone breakdown and abnormal bone formation.

Front 80

Achondroplasia

Back 80

A congenital condition involving defective cartilage and endochondral bone growth so that the limbs are too short but the membrane bones are of normal size; a type of dwarfism.

Front 81

Bony spur

Back 81

Abnormal projection from a bone due to bony overgrowth; common in aging bones.

Front 82

Ostealgia

Back 82

Pain in a bone.

Front 83

Osteitis

Back 83

Inflammation of bony tissue.

Front 84

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 84

Also called brittle bone disease, a disorder in which the bone matrix contains inadequate amounts of collagen, putting it at risk for shattering

Front 85

Osteomyelitis

Back 85

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (e.g., compound bone fracture), or spread from an infection near the bone. Commonly affects the long bones, causing acute pain and fever. May result in joint stiffness, bone destruction, and shortening of a limb. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy, draining of any abscesses (local collections of pus) formed, and removal of dead bone fragments (which prevent healing).

Front 86

Osteosarcoma

Back 86

A form of bone cancer typically arising in a long bone of a limb and most often in those 10–25 years of age. Grows aggressively, painfully eroding the bone; tends to metastasize to the lungs and cause secondary lung tumors. Usual treatment is amputation of the affected bone or limb, followed by chemotherapy and surgical removal of any metastases. Survival rate is about 50% if detected early.

Front 87

Pathologic fracture

Back 87

Fracture in a diseased bone involving slight (coughing or a quick turn) or no physical trauma. For example, a hip bone weakened by osteoporosis may break and cause the person to fall, rather than breaking because of the fall.

Front 88

Traction

Back 88

Placing sustained tension on a body region to keep the parts of a fractured bone in proper alignment; also prevents spasms of skeletal muscles, which would separate the fractured bone ends or crush the spinal cord in the case of vertebral column fractures.