Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid/base Balance

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Substances that break up or dissociate into electrically charged components when they dissolve in water are called

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electrolytes

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A base is a chemical compound that takes up hydrogen ions from a solution and leaves the solution with an excess of

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hydroxyl ions

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A common base in the body is

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ammonia

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In a solution, an acid liberates

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hydrogen ions

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Water encompasses about 50% of the body weight of a normal adult

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female

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The water found inside all cells of the body occupies a compartment known as the

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intracellular fluid compartment

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The portion of body water that exists in the extracellular fluid compartment is approximately

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one-third

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About 75% of the extracellular fluid of the body exists in interstitial fluid and

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lymph

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Sinovial fluid, sweat, and cerebrospinal fluid are different types of

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transcellular fluids

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The concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid is usually low, but the concentration of protein is high in the

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plasma

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Water leaves the body by means of activities occurring in the lungs, skin, intestines, and

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kidney

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The principal mechanism by which water moves into and out of cells is

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osmosis

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Much of the water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid is due to the presence of

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proteins

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The body's thirst mechanism is controlled by a nerve center in the

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hypothalamus

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Tubular reabsorption of water taking place in the kidneys is controlled by the hormone known as

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antidiuretic hormone

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The hormone aldosterone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys through its activity on the reabsorption of

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sodium ions

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Such things as blood viscosity and the length of the blood vessel influence the fluid movement factor called

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resistance

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The mechanism for controlling the flow of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid is known as

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Starling's law of the capillaries

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The pressure of water in the blood is referred to as the

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hydrostatic pressure

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The colloid osmotic pressure present in the capillaries depends upon the presence of plasma

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proteins

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According to Starling's law, at the arteriole end of the capillary water leaves the capillary and enters the interstitial fluid because the hydrostatic pressure exceeds the

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colloid osmotic pressure

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The loss of water at the arteriole end of the capillary is similar to that taking place in the glomerulus of the kidney, and the process is called

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filtration

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At the venule end of the capillary, water leaves the interstitial space and enters the capillary because the colloid osmotic pressure exceeds the

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hydrostatic pressure

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The movement of water into the capillary at the venule end is known as

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adsorption

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The movement of fluids between the interstitial space and the intracellular environment is controlled by pressure known as

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osmotic pressure

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The presence of abnormally large amounts of water in the interstitial tissue causes the condition

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edema

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Negatively charged ions are known as

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anions

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Electrolytes are obtained for the body from drinking water, metabolic reaction, and

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foods

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Approximately 90% of the cations in the extracellular fluids consist of

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sodium ions

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The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephron secretes a sodium regulating substance called

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renin

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The release of aldosterone to regulate sodium reabsorption in the tubules is stimulated by the substance

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angiotensin II

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In addition to regulating the sodium ion concentration, aldosterone also regulates the body's level of

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potassium ions

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Excessive amounts of potassium ions in the body can lead to fibrillations of the

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heart

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The ion that plays roles in blood clot formation, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and as the structural component of teeth and bones is

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calcium

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The regulation of calcium ions in the body is governed by hormones produced by the parathyroid gland and the

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thyroid gland

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The maximum number of hydrogen ions possible in a solution is provided by a(n)

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strong acid

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An example of a weak acid is

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carbonic acid

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The concentration of hydrogen ions in the body fluid is expressed as

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pH

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A buffer system is used to prevent substantial changes in a solution's

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pH

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A buffer solution generally contains a weak acid and a(n)

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salt

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Proteins act as powerful buffers in the body because they contain carboxyl groups and

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amino groups

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The respiratory center helps regulate the acid/base balance of the body by controlling the rate of

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respiration

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During periods of intense physical exercise, the cells increase carbon dioxide production, which leads to an increase of the blood content of

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carbonic acid

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One of the most important plasma proteins that provides a protein buffer system is

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albumin

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The kidneys help regulate the acid/base balance by excreting hydrogen ions in the

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urine

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In the kidneys, the alkaline condition of the blood can be regulated by the excretion of

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bicarbonate ions

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Hydrogen ions can be removed by a reaction between hydrogen and ammonia molecules to produce

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ammonium ions

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To determine the acid/base status of the body, samples are removed from the

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systemic arterial blood

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Normally, the pH of arterial blood is

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7.4

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Should the pH increase significantly above the set level in the body, the condition is known as

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alkalosis