Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
All the fluid outside a cell is called
|
extracellular fluids
|
|
|
What are the components of extracellular fluid?
|
Interstitial fluid
Intravascular fluid Transcellular fluid |
|
|
Body fluids are distributed into two distinct compartments:
|
Intracellular fluids
Extracellular fluids |
|
|
What terms are related to the composition of body fluids?
|
Cations (positive electrolytes)
Anions (negative electrolytes) mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter) Solute ( a dissolved electrolyte) |
|
|
An element or compound that, when dissolved or dissociated in water or another solvent, separates into electrically charge ions
|
electrolytes
|
|
|
Postively charge electrolytes are called
|
cations
(ex. Na+, K+, Ca2+) |
|
|
Negatively charged electrolytes are called
|
anions
(ex. CL-, HCO3-, SO4-) |
|
|
What does mEq/L represent?
|
Milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
is the number of grams of the specific electrolyte (solute) dissolved in a liter of plasma (solution) |
|
|
The solution in which a solute is dissolved is called a
|
solvent
|
|
|
The substance dissolved in a given solution
|
solute
|
|
|
This process equalizes concentrations of moelcules on both sides of the membrane
|
Osmosis
(oz-moh-sis) |
|
|
The rate of omosis depends on the
|
concentration of the solute
temperature of the solution electrical charges of the solutes difference between osmotic pressure on both sides of the membrane |
|
|
A unit of measurement for a solution.
The amount of a substance in a solution in the form of molecules or ions, or both. |
osmol
|
|
|
The drawing power of water depending of the number of molecules in the solution.
|
osmotic pressure
|
|
|
The osmotic pressure of a solution expresed in osmols (kg)
The measure used to evaluate serum and urine in lab tests |
osmolality
|
|
|
the concentration of an osmotic solution especially when measured in osmols or milliosmols per liter of solution (mL)
|
osmolarity
|
|
|
Solutions on both sides of the semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration
|
Isotonic solution
ex. normal saline 0.9% NaCl |
|
|
A solution of higher osmotic pressure, which pulls fluid from cells, causing them to shrink
|
hypertonic solution
ex. 3 % NaCL |
|
|
A solution of lower osmotic pressure, which moves fluid into the cells, causing them to enlarge
|
hypotonic solution
ex, 0.45% NaCl |
|
|
A serum protein naturally produced by the body
|
albumin
|
|
|
Pressure on intravascular compartments that pulls water from interstitial fluid back into the capillaries
|
colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure
|
|
|
The random movement of a solute (gas or solid) in a solution across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Resulting in even distribution of the solute
|
diffusion
|
|
|
The difference between two concentrations around a membrane is called
|
concentration gradient
|
|
|
The rate of diffusion is affect by
|
moelcule size
concentraion and temperature of the solution The larger the molecule and cooler the solution, the slow the rate of diffusion |
|
|
Movement across a membrane using ATP
|
active transport
|
|
|
The process by which water and diffusble substances moves together across a membrane from higher to lower pressure
|
filtration
|
|
|
The accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space
|
edema
|
|
|
Physiological balance is termed
|
homeostasis
|
|
|
In what three ways are body fluids regulated?
|
fluid intake
hormonal controls fluid output |
|
|
Where is the thirst control center?
|
In the hypothalamus in the brain
|
|
|
What continually monitors serum osmotic pressure?
|
osmoreceptors
|
|
|
What stimulates thirst?
|
Increased plasma osmolality (thirst) occurs with any condition that interferes with the oral ingestion of fluids or the intake of hypertonic (salty) fluids (3% NaCl)
|
|
|
Excessive fluid loss from vomiting or hemorrhage is called
|
hypovolemia (shock)
|
|
|
The inability to sense or respond to the thirst mechanism
|
dehydration
|
|
|
How are solutions classified?
|
Isotonic
Hypertonic Hypotonic |
|
|
A condition in which the heart fails to pump adequate amounts of blood to the tissues, resulting in accumulation of blood returning to the heart from the veins, and often accompanied by distension of the ventricles, edema, and shortness of breath
|
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
|
|
|
What terms are related to the movement of body fluids?
|
Osmosis
Osmols Osmotic Pressure Osmolality (kg) Osmolarity (ml) Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution Diffusion Concentration gradient Filtration Active transport |
|
|
Which terms are related to the regulation of body fluids?
|
Osmoreceptors
Hypovolemia Dehydration Antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
What is released from the posterior pitutary gland in response to blood osmolarity?
|
Antidiurectic hormone (ADH)
|
|
|
Changes in renal perfusion inititate the renin-angiotension-aldosterone mechanism. What is the effect of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone mechanism?
|
1. Sodium and water retention
2. Restoration of blood volume and improved perfusion. |
|
|
What hormone is secreted by the artial cells of the heart?
|
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
|
|
|
What is the role of ANP?
|
1. ANP causes sodium loss and inhibits the thrirst mechanism
2. Regulates fluid and electrolytes balance 3. Maintains vascular tone (by reducing vessel stretching and preventing increased blood volume) |
|
|
What are 4 organs of water loss?
|
Skin
Lungs Sweat glands GI tract |
|
|
What is the difference between "Insensible water Loss" and "Sensible water loss"?
|
Insensible water loss is continuous that occurs through the skin and lungs.
Sensible water loss occurs with perspiration. |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte sodium be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Sodium is found in extracellular fluids (ECF)
Norma values: 135-145 mEq/L Normal function: maintains water balance Regulated by: dietary intake and aldosterone secretions |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte potassium be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Potassium is found in intracellular fluids (ICF)
Normal values: 3.5-5 mEq/L Normal function: regulates metabolic activities and necessary for glycogen deposits in liver and muscle Regulated by: dietary intake and renal secretions |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte calcium be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Calcium is found in bone
Normal values: 4.5-5.5mg/dL Normal function: bone formation, blood clotting, and nerve impulses Regulated by: bone formation, blood clotting, and musclular contractions |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte magnesium be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Magnesium is found bone
Normal values: 1.5-2.5 mgEQ/L Normal function: enzyme activities, cardac & skeletal movement Regulated by: dietary intake, renal secretions, and parathroid hormone |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte chloride be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Chloride is found in extracellular fluids (ECF)
Normal values: 95-105 mEq/L Normal function: transports with sodum Regulated by: dietary intake and kidneys |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte bicarbonate be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Bicarbonate is found in both intracellular fluids(ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
Normal values: 22-26 mEq/L Normal function: Acid-Base Balancing Regulates : renal regulating renal mecanism |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte phosphate be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Phosphate is found in the intradellualr fluid
Normal values are 2.8-4.5 mg/dl Normal function is to promote neuromuscular action Regulated by: Dietary intake, renal mechanism and intestinal absorption |
|
|
List the 8 electolyte distribuances (imbalances).
|
1. Hyponatremia (vomiting and diarrhea)
2. Hypernatremia (excessive salt, diabetes) 3. Hypokalemia (potassium wasting) 4. Hyperkalemia (renal failure, FVD) 5. Hypocalcemia (Vitamin D Deficit, Chronic alcoholism) 6. Hypercalcemia (osteroporsis prolonged immobilization) 7. Hypomagnesemia (malnutrition, alcoholism) 8. Hypermagnesemia ( renal failure, excess magnesium intake) |
|
|
List 3 types of acid-base regulators in the body:
|
1. chemical regulation
2. biological regulation 3. physiological regulation |
|
|
The presence of sodium in the blood
|
Natremia
|
|
|
The presence of potassium in the blood
|
Kalemia
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hyponatremia?
|
1. Serum sodium < 135 mgEq/L
2. Serum osmolality 280 mg/kg 3. Urine specific gravity < 1.010 |
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
|
Postural hypotension, postural dizziness, tachycardia, dry mucous membrane, nausea and vomitting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, convulsions, coma, personality change, apprehension
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hypernatremia?
|
Serum sodium > 145 mEq/L
Serum osmolality > 300 mOsm/kg Urine specific gravity = 1.030 |
|
|
What are the signs and symptons associated with hypernatremia?
|
Extreme thirst, dry, flushed skin, convulsions, fever, postural hypotension, agitation, restlessness, irritability
|
|
|
What is normal serum osmalilty?
|
Normal serum osmolality range is 275 - 295 mOsm/kg
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hypokalemia?
|
Serum potassium < 3.5 mEq/L
EKG adnormalities: flattenT wave, ST segment depression; U wave; ventricular dysrhythmias |
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
|
Weakness and fatigue, muscle weakness, intestinal distention, decreased bowel sounds, paresthesias, nausea and vomitting, decreased deep tendon reflexes, and weak, irregular pulse
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hyperkalemia?
|
Serum potassium > 5.0 mEq/L
EKG/ECG abnormalities - peaked T waves and widened QRS complex (bradycardia, heart block, dysrhythmias); cardiac arrest |
|
|
What are the signs and symptons associated with hyperkalemia?
|
Anxiety, Paresthesia; abdominal cramps, diarrhea, Weakness, and Dysrhythmias
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hypocalcemia?
|
Serum ionized calcium level < 4.5 mEq/L or
total serum calcium level < 8.5 mg/dL EKG abnormalities: ventricular tachycardia |
|
|
What are the signs and symptons associated with hypocalcemia?
|
Numbness and tingling of fingers and circumoral (around mouth) region, hyperactive reflexes, positive Trousseau's sign (carpopedal spasm with hypoxia), postive Chvostek's sign (contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped) tetany, muscle cramps, pathological fractures
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hypercalcemia?
|
Serum ionized calcium level > 5.5 mEq/L or
total serum calcium > 10.5 mEq/L X-rays show general osteoporosis, widespread bone cavitation, urinary stones, and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level 25mg/100mL; elevated creatinine level 1.5mg/mL caused by FVD, renal damage caused by urolithiasis; EKG abnormalities: Heart block |
|
|
What are the signs and symptons associated with hypercalcemia?
|
Anoxeria, nausea and vomitting, weakness, hypoactive rflexes, lethargy, flank pain (from kidney stones), decreased LOC, cardiac arrest, personality changes
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hypomagnesemia?
|
Serum magnesium level < 1.5 mEq/L
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptons associated with hypomagnesemia?
|
Muscular tremors, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, confusion and disorientation, tachycardia, hypertension, dysrhythmias, and psoitive Chovstek's sign and Trousseau's sign
|
|
|
What are the lab findings that indicate hypermagnesemia?
|
Serum magnesium level > 2.5 mEq/L
EKG abnormalities: prolonged QT interval, AV block |
|
|
What are the signs and symptons associated with hypermagnesemia?
|
Acute elevations in magnesium levels
hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, decreased depth and rate of respirations, hypotension, and flushing |
|
|
What causes hyponatremia?
|
GI losses: vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction
Renal losses: kidney disease; diuretics, adrenal insufficiency Skin loss: excessiver perspirations, burns Psychogenic: polydipsoia (excessive thrist) syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
|
|
What causes hypernatremia?
|
Excessive salt intake
Excess aldosterone secretion Diabetes insipidus Increased insensible and sensible water loss Water deprivation |
|
|
What causes hypokalemia?
|
Use of potassium wasting diuretics
GI losses Alkalosis (bicarbonate level above normal) Excess aldosterone secretion Polyuria (excessive urination) Extreme sweating Diabetes ketoacidosis |
|
|
What causes hyperkalemia?
|
Renal failure
Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) Massive cellular damage, such as burns and trauma Adrenal insufficiency Diabetes ketoacidosis Rapid infusion of stored blood Use of potassium sparing diuretics Ingestion of potassium salt substitutes |
|
|
What causes hypocalcemia?
|
Chronic renal failure
Chronic alcoholism Alkalosis Pancreatitis Vitamin D deficiency Rapid blood infusion Hypoalbuminemia Hypoparathyroidism |
|
|
What causes hypercalcemia?
|
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteometastasis Paget's disease Osteoporosis Prolonged immoblization Acidosis Thiazide diuretics |
|
|
A chronic disease characterized by episodic accelerated bone resorption and growth of abnormal replacement bone, causing bone pain, deformation, fractures, and osteosarcoma; osteitis deformans
|
Paget's disease
|
|
|
Spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland; seen in tetany
|
Chvostek's sign or Chvostek-Weiss's sign
|
|
|
A test for latent tetany in which carpal spasm is induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff on the upper arm to a pressure exceeding systolic blood pressure for 3 minutes. A positive test may be seen in hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
|
Trousseau's sign
|
|
|
a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components, sometimes resulting in pain, decreased height, and skeletal deformities: common in older persons, primarily postmenopausal women, but also associated with long-term steroid therapy and certain endocrine disorders.
|
Osteoporosis
|
|
|
What causes hypochloremia?
|
Usually associated with sodium imbalances (low sodium levels)
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of hypochloremia?
|
Vomiting
NG suction Metabloic alkalosis results as the body increases reabsorption of bicaronate ions |
|
|
What causes hyperchloremia?
|
Usually associated with sodium imbalances (high sodium levels)
|
|
|
What causes fluid distribuannces?
|
Illness
Injury Medication |
|
|
What are the 2 types of fluid imbalances?
|
Isotonic
Osmolar |
|
|
When does isotonic deficit or excess occur?
|
Isotonic deficit or execss occurs when water and electrolytes are gained or lost in equal proportions and osmolarity (the concentration of serum) remains unchanged.
|
|
|
When do osmolar imbalances occur?
|
Osmolar imbalances occur when losses or excesses of only water that affec osmolality
|
|
|
What regulates the body's chemical balance?
|
Acidity and alkalinity regulated the body's chemical balance
|
|
|
How is acididty and alkalinity measured?
|
Acidity and alkalinity are measured by pH
pH must range from 7.35 - 7.45 to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
How is acid-base balances and oxygenation evaluated?
|
ABG - arterial blood gas analysis is the most effective way to evaluate acid-base balances and oxygenation
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of pH?
|
Measures hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
Normal atrial blood pH ranges from 7.35 - 7.45 Acidic pH < 7.35 Alkalotic pH > 7.45 |
|
|
What are the 6 component of ABG analysis?
|
1. pH
2. PaCO2 3. PaO2 4. Oxygen Saturation 5. Base Excess 6. Bicarbonate |
|
|
abnormal redness of the skin due to capillary congestion (as in inflammation
|
erythemia
(er-uh-thee-muh) |
|
|
a hormone produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland, instrumental in the regulation of sodium and potassium reabsorption by the cells of the tubular portion of the kidney
|
Aldosterone
|
|
|
Where can the electrolyte chloride be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Chloride is major anion in ECF
Chloride transport follows sodium Normal values: 95 - 105 mEq/L Regulated by: dietary intake and kidneys |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte bicarbonate be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Bicarbonate isfound in ICF and ECF
Bicarbonate ion is essential maintaining the acid-base balance in the body Aterial normal values: 22 - 26 mEq/L Venous normal values (carbon dioxide content) 24 - 0 mEq/L Regulated by: kidneys |
|
|
Where can the electrolyte phosphorus-phosphate be found?
What are its normal values and functions? How is it regulated? |
Exist in the body as phosphate (PO43-), found mostly in ICF
Works with calcium to maintain bones and teeth Normally absorbed through the GI system Normal values: 2.8 - 4.5 mEq/L Regulated by: dietary intake, renal execretion, GI absorption and PTH |
