Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid Balance

Front 1

Water accounts for about ____ of your body mass?

Back 1

Half

Front 2

Infants are ___% of water?

Back 2

73% or more

Front 3

How much dos water account for in old age?

Back 3

43%

Front 4

A health y young man is about _% water and a healthy young woman is about _%

Back 4

man 60%, woman 50%

Front 5

What tissue is the least hydrated in the body?

Back 5

Adipose;20% water

Front 6

What tissue has the most water?

Back 6

skelital muscle 75%

Front 7

Water occuoies what two main fluid compartments in the body?

Back 7

Intracellular fluic compartment(ICF) about 25L of the 40 L in the body. (2) Extracellular fluid comapratment(ECF)(1/3 of water

Front 8

The extracellular fluid compartment is divisible into what two subcompartments?

Back 8

(1)Plasm(2)interstitial fluid (the microscpic places between tissue cells)

Front 9

Nonelectrolytes

Back 9

have bonds, usually covalent, that prevent them from dissociating in solution, therfore no electrically charged species are created when nonelectrolytes dissolve in water. (glucos,creatine,urea)

Front 10

Electrolytes

Back 10

Chemical compounds that DO dissacociate into ions in water(inoganic salts,both inorganic and organic acids and bases, and some proteins

Front 11

Water accounts for about ____ of your body mass?

Back 11

Half

Front 12

Infants are ___% of water?

Back 12

73% or more

Front 13

How much dos water account for in old age?

Back 13

43%

Front 14

A health y young man is about _% water and a healthy young woman is about _%

Back 14

man 60%, woman 50%

Front 15

What tissue is the least hydrated in the body?

Back 15

Adipose;20% water

Front 16

What has much greater osmotic power becuse it dissacoiates into at least two ions?

Back 16

Electrolytes

Front 17

Electrolyte concentrations are ussually expressed in _____.

Back 17

milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

Front 18

Formula for the concentration of any ion in solution

Back 18

mEq/L=(ionconcentration (mg/L)/atomic wheight of ion(mg/mmol)) X ( no. of electrical charges on ion)

Front 19

The ICF contains only small amounts of __and ___

Back 19

sodium and chloride

Front 20

The ICF most abundent cation is ____an dmost abundant anion is ____

Back 20

potassium= cation, HPO4 2- = anion

Front 21

What are the factors that determine body water content?

Back 21

Sex ( women have more fat then men), fat ( has the least amount of water of all the body tissues), amount of skelital muscle(has the most amount of water), age, mass

Front 22

Echange between plasma and IF occure across _____?

Back 22

Capillary membranes

Front 23

Nearly protein free plasma is forced out of the blood into the intersitual space by what?

Back 23

hydrostatic pressure

Front 24

This filtered protein free plasm from the intersitual space is forced back into the blood for reabsorption by what?

Back 24

colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure of plasma proteins

Front 25

The small amount of plasm left in the intersitual space after most of it is reabsorbed is usually picked up by what?

Back 25

lyphatic vessels, which return it back to the blood.

Front 26

Gluose and oxygen typically move ____the cells and metabolic wastes move ___

Back 26

into the cells ; metabolic wastes move out

Front 27

What circulates throughout the body and liks the external and internal environments?

Back 27

Plasma

Front 28

Icreasing the ECF solut content (mainly the NACL concentration) can be expected to cause what?

Back 28

osmotic and volume changes in the INF (namely a shift of water out of the cells)

Front 29

The ICF volume is determined by what?

Back 29

the ECF solute concentration

Front 30

For the body to remain properly hydrated.....

Back 30

water intake must = water output

Front 31

water produced by cellular metabolism is called?

Back 31

metabolic water or water of oxidation

Front 32

Insensible water loss

Back 32

water that veporizes out of the lungs in expired air or diffuses directly through the skin

Front 33

About __% of water is excreted by the kidneys in urine.

Back 33

60%

Front 34

A rise in plasm osmolality triggers what?

Back 34

(1)thirst, which propts us to drink water and (2)release of ADH, which causes the kidneys to conserve water and excreete concentrated urine. A decline in osmolality triigers the opposite

Front 35

What is the driving force of water intake?

Back 35

The thirs mechanism. An increasein plasma osmoality of only 2-3% excites the hypothalmic thirst center

Front 36

A dry mouth also occures from an increase in plasma osmolality because?

Back 36

the rise in plasma oncotic pressure causes less fluid to leave the blood stream, an dthe salivery glands obtain the water they require from the blood, therefore less saliva is produced, reinforcing the drive to drink, the same respons in produced by a decline in blood volume or pressure (10-15% decrease required)

Front 37

When are the hypothalmic thirst center neurons stimulated?

Back 37

When their osmoreceptors lose water by osmosisto hypertonic ECF, or are activated by angiotensin II, by barorecptor inputs, or other stimuli, collectivley these events cause the sensation of thirst. This is why some bars gice out free salt snacks to their patrons

Front 38

What is the negative feedback system for thirst?

Back 38

the damoing of thirst begins as the mucosa of the mouth and throat is mostened and continues as strech receptors in the stomache and intestine are activated, provideing feedback signals that inhibit the thirst center

Front 39

Obligatory water loss reflects

Back 39

(1)when we eat an adequate diet, our kidneysmust excrete 900-1200mOsm of solutes to maintane blood homeostasis (2)human kidneys must flush urine solutes out of the body in water

Front 40

Normally the kidneys begin to eliminate excess water about _ minutes after it is ingested

Back 40

30What is always regulated in tadum to maintain water balance?

Front 41

What is always regulated in tandum

Back 41

the water balance and sodium

Front 42

The amount of water reabsorbed in the renal collecting ducts is proportional to ____release?

Back 42

ADH

Front 43

When ADH is low what happens?

Back 43

Most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed but simply allowed to pass through because of the lack of aquaporins in the luminal membranes of the principa cells prevents the movement of water

Front 44

What happens when ADH levels are high?

Back 44

aquaporins are inserted in the principal cell luminal membranes and nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbes; a small volume of concentrated urine is secreted

Front 45

A decrease in ECF osmolality ___ADH release and allows more water to be excreted into the urine, restoring normal blood osmolality

Back 45

inhibits

Front 46

A___in ECF osmolality stimulates ADH release

Back 46

increase

Front 47

A decrease in blood pressure triggers an ____ in ADH secreation.

Back 47

increase

Front 48

Factors that triger aDH release by reducing blood volume are?

Back 48

fever; excessive sweating;vomiting, or diarrhea; sever blood loss, and traumatic burns, under these conditions aDH also acts to increase blood volume by constricitng arterioles

Front 49

Dehydration

Back 49

when water ouput exceeds water intake over a period of time, may also be caused by diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus

Front 50

Hypotonic Hydration

Back 50

overhydration; the EFC is deluted, its sodium content is normal, but there is still excess water, hyponatramia(low EFC NA+), damaging to neurons, could leave to coma or death

Front 51

Edema

Back 51

an atypical accumulation of fluid in the intersitial space, leading to tissue swelling; caused by any event that steps up the flow of fluid out of the blood or hinders its return

Front 52

Electrolyte Balance

Back 52

the salt balance in the body

Front 53

phosphates are liberated during what?

Back 53

catabolism of nucleic acids and bone matrix

Front 54

Which salts account for 90-95% of all solutes in the ECF?

Back 54

NaHCO and NaCl

Front 55

What is the single most abundant cation in the ECF and the only one exerting significant osmotic pressure?

Back 55

Na+

Front 56

Water follows ___

Back 56

salt

Front 57

In a healthy individuale nearly all Na+ can be reabsorbed

Back 57

true

Front 58

Sodium

Back 58

hypermatremia; cause dehydration, Hyponatremia; cause: solute loss, water retention

Front 59

Potassium

Back 59

hyperkalemia; cause renal failure,deficit of aldosterone, burns or tissue injuries, consquence:nausea,vomiting,diarrhea Hypokalemia; cause:gastrointestinal tract disturbance, cushings disease, consequence:cardiac arrhythmias

Front 60

Phosphate

Back 60

hyperphosphatemia: cause: decreased urinary loss do to renal failure,hyperparathyroidism
Hypophosphatemia: causes: decreased intestinal absorption, increased urinary output

Front 61

Chloride

Back 61

hyperchloremia: cause: dehydration, hypochloremia: metabolic alkalosis, aldosterone deficiency

Front 62

Calcium

Back 62

hypercalemia:cause:hyperparathroidism, consequences= kidney stones, nausa
hypocalcemia: cause: burns, renal failure

Front 63

Magnesium

Back 63

hypermagnesemia:cause: rare, occurs in renal failure consequence = lethargy
hypomagnesemia: cause:alchoholism, loss of intestinal contents, consequencs: Tremors, tetany, convulsions

Front 64

Aldosterone usually promotes __ and ___

Back 64

sodium and water retention

Front 65

addison's disease

Back 65

hypoaldosteronism

Front 66

Barorecptors

Back 66

lets the cardiovascular centers know that blood volume/pressure has risen

Front 67

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Back 67

It reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention

Front 68

Estrogens

Back 68

are chemically similar to aldosterone, and enhance NaCl reabsortion, because water follows, many women retain fluid as their estrogen levels rise during their menstrual cycle

Front 69

Progesterone

Back 69

appears to decrease Na+ reabsorption by blocking the effect aldosterone has on renal tubules, thus it has a diuretic-like effect and promotes Na+ and water loss

Front 70

glucocoritodes

Back 70

Ex cortisol and hydrocortisol: enhances tubular reabsorption of Na+ and promote an increased glomular filtration rate

Front 71

hypocalcemia

Back 71

causes tetany

Front 72

bones

Back 72

PTH activates osteroclasts, which breaks down the bone matrix resulting in the release of calcium

Front 73

small intestine

Back 73

PTH enhances intestinal absorption of Ca indirectly by stimulation to transform vitamin D to its active form

Front 74

The normal ph of arterial blood is?

Back 74

7.4

Front 75

Two components of the nephron are

Back 75

Two components of the nephron are

Front 76

The efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron may form long loop-shaped vessels called

Back 76

vasa recta

Front 77

What structure is not part of the renal tubules

Back 77

Glomuruli

Front 78

The nephron is considered to be the

Back 78

The nephron is considered to be the

Front 79

The entire responsibility of urine formation lies in the?

Back 79

nephron

Front 80

Blood in the urine may be a symtom of ?

Back 80

bladder cancer

Front 81

tubular secretion is effective in

Back 81

controling blood pH

Front 82

The turminal portion of the urinary system is the?

Back 82

urethra