Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Respiratory acidosis
|
PaCO2 up
Ph down |
|
|
Respiratory alkalosis
|
PaCO2 down
Ph up |
|
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
HCO3 down
Ph down |
|
|
Metabolic alkalosis
|
HCO3 up
Ph up |
|
|
Basic disorder
|
Ph normal one component normal and one is high or low
|
|
|
Partially compensated
|
Ph abnormal both components high or low
|
|
|
Fully compensated
|
Ph normal both components high or low
|
|
|
cut off rule
|
7.40Ph
|
|
|
Ph
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
Paco2
|
35-45 mm Hg
|
|
|
HCO3
|
22-26 mEq/l
|
|
|
PO2
|
80-100 mm Hg
|
|
|
SAO2
|
95%
|
|
|
causes of respiratory acidosis
|
COPD, sedation, head trauma, drug overdose, chest trauma (pneumothorax)CNS disorders, sleep apnea, pulmonary edema
|
|
|
causes of metabolic acidosis
|
diarrhea, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, diabetes, starvation, acute alcoholism, hyperkalemia
|
|
|
causes of Respiratory alkalosis
|
anxiety/fear, hypoxia, pain, fever, sepsis, CHF, asthma, ARDS, pulmonary embolus
|
|
|
causes of metalbolic alkalosis
|
Vomiting, N/G suctioning, diurectic, increased antacids, hypokalemia, adminstration of HCO3
|
|
|
respiratory acidosis
symptoms |
restleness, dizziness, dyspnea, headache, coma, tremors, disorientation
|
|
|
metabolic acidosis
symptoms |
drowziness, headache, coma, seizures, hyperventilation, hyperkalemia, nausea/vomiting, cardiac dysrhythmias, diarhhea
|
|
|
respiratory aklalosis
symptoms |
anxiety, lightheadedness, palpations/diaphoresis, tinnitus, nausae/vomiting, chest tightness, cardiac dysrhythmias
|
|
|
metabolic alkalosis
symptoms |
numbness/tingling, seizures, hypokalemia, hypoventilation, cardiac dysrhythmias, confusion, nervousness
|
|
|
fluid spacing
|
first space- ICF and ECF
second space- abnormal ISF (edema) third space-areas normallly without fluid |
|
|
cations
|
postive ions
|
|
|
anions
|
negative ions
|
|
|
electrolyte functions
|
promote neuromuscular function
maintain fluid osmolarity regulate H+ distribution body fluids between compartments |
|
|
Potassium K+
|
3.5-5.1
|
|
|
Magnesium
Phosphate |
Mg+1.5-2.5
PO4 3.5-4.5 |
|
|
Sodium Na+
|
135.-145
|
|
|
Calcium Ca+
|
8.5-10
|
|
|
Anions
|
Bicarbonate 20-30
Chloride 96-106 Phosphate 2.8-4.5 Protein 6-8 |
|
|
Potassium
|
major ICF cation
|
|
|
sodium
|
major ECF cation
effects H2O dist. ECF& ICF Na pump effects nerve impulse transmission kidneys regualte ECF Na via ADH effect on H2O |
|
|
what happens in low sodium
|
aldersterone up
sodium reabsorption H2O reabsorption Blood volume Cardiac output |
|
|
potassium
|
main ICF cation
controls osmotic pressure neuromuscular activity(heart) effects skeletal muscle and cardiac excitability regulates ABB effects glucose transport Aldersterone conserves Na & H2O pormotes K excretion |
|
|
Potassium acid base balance
|
hyperkalemia=acidosis
hypokalemia=alkalosis |
|
|
digitalis
|
hypokalemia can enhance effect of drug causing digitalis toxicity
|
|
|
sodium/potassium relationship
|
inverse in the kidneys factors that cause Na retension(blood loss,increased aldersterone)cause K loss
|
|
|
hyponatremia S & S
|
anorexia, nausea/vomiting, lethargy, CONFUSION, muscle cramps, twitching, seisures
|
|
|
hyponatremia causes & tx
|
diuretics, GI loss, diaphoresis, water excess, hypotonic solutions(slowly to avoid intracanial pressure prob)
Give NS IV & oral Na |
|
|
Hypernatremia S&S
|
thirst, hyperpyrexia, dry mouth, lethargy, irratilbility, siezures, hallucinations
|
|
|
hypernatremia causes & tx
|
water loss, hypertonic tube feedings, diabetes insipidus, hyperventalation, diarrhea, renal failure
give IV solutions without NA |
|
|
hypokalemia S&S
|
fatigue, anorexia, n/v, muscle weakness, Slow GI motility, paresthesia,
Heart-Flat T waves, ST wave depression, U wave presence, ventricular arryth., PVC's, bradycardia, enhanced digitalis effect |
|
|
hypokalemia causes
|
diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, gastric suction, hyperaldosteronism(renal issue),bulimia, shift form ECF into ICF(effect serumK)
|
|
|
treat hypokalemia
|
Dose 20mEq/l or run of 10mEq/l in 100ml in hour oral/IV potassium no bolus/no IV push must be diluted use pump assess renal function restrict foods high in K renal dialysis |
|
|
hyperkalemia S&S
|
muscle weakness, dysrhythmia's, flaccid paralysis, anxiety/irritability, paresthesia, diarrhea, abd. cramping
Tall T-waves, prolung PR inteval, ST depression, loss of Pwave wide QRS |
|
|
Hyperkalemia treat
|
20-20% IV Glucose with regular insulin(pushes K into cells) Kayexalate enema, dialysis(if needed)Monitor EKG
|
|
|
hyperkalemia causes
|
insufficient renal function, K shift from ICF to ECF, trauma(burns), hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis
|
|
|
hypocalcemia s&s
|
diarrhea, numbness,tingling seizures, Increased DTR, tetany, ekg changes, laryngeal stridor
Chvosteks sign Trousseaus sign |
|
|
hypocalcemia causes
|
Renal failure
hypoparathyroidism malabsorption pancreatitis |
|
|
Hypocalcemia tx
|
administer oral/IV calcium gluconate
Airway patency with laryngeal stridor |
|
|
Hypercalcemia S&S
|
muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, n/v, dysrhythmias, lethargy, bone pain, confusion/memory loss, nephrolithiasis
|
|
|
PTH: (PARATHYROID HORMONE) relationship to calcium
hypocalcemia |
a ↓Ca ↑PTH→
a 1. ↑ BONE RESORPTION→CA MOVES OUT OF BONE a 2. ↑ GI ABSORPTION a 3 ↑ RENAL REABSORPTION OF Ca |
|
|
balancing factor for calcium
|
|
|
|
hypercalcemia causes
|
|
|
|
signs of hypercalcemia
|
LETHARGY /MUSCLE WEAKNESS /
FATIGUE |
|
|
interventions for hypercalcemia
|
|
|
|
PHOSPHATE FACTS
|
|
|
|
PHOSPHATE 3.5-4.5 mg/dl
|
normal level of phosphate
|
|
|
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
|
|
