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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diffusion
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molecules moving from high to low concentration
requires NO energy |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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molecules moving from high to low using a specific carrier
requires NO energy |
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Active Transport
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molecule moving against concentration gradient
ex: Na- K pump requires external energy |
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Osmosis
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movement of H2O from low solute to high solute
when membrane is permeable to H2O BUT not solute requires NO energy |
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Osmotic Pressure
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amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow
determined by concentration of solutes in solutions major force that holdfluids in vascular system @ capillary level |
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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force w/in a fluid compartment
major force that pushes H2O out of vascular system @ capillary level |
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Oncotic Pressure
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osmotic pressure exerted by collids in solution
pulls fluid back into the vascular space at venous side |
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1st spacing
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normal distribution in ICF and ECF
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2nd spacing
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abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid [edema]
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3rd spacing
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fluid accumulation in part of the body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF [often seen in disease states]
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hypothalamic regulation
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osmreceptors in hypothalamus sense fluid deficit--- increases thirst
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pituitary regulation
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releases antiduretic hormone [ADH]
renal tubules "save" H2O |
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adrenal cotical regulation
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releases hormones to regulate H2O and electrolytes
cortisol and aldosterone [saves Na and H2O |
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Renal Regulation
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adjust urine volume
renin, angiotension, aldosterone system [RAAS] |
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Cardiac Regulation
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natriuretic peptides are antagonists to RAAS---
suppress secretion of RAAS---- decrease BP and blood volume |
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GI Regulation
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oral intake accounts for most H2O in body
small amount of H2O eliminate by GI in feces |
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Insensible water loss
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invisible vaporization from lungs an skin to regulat body temp.
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hypovolemia
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ECF volume deficit
Causes: diarrhea, hemorrhage, inadequate intake, plasma-to-interstital fluid shift S/S: hypotension, thirst, oliguria, decreased cap refill, confusion, fatigue tx: replace H2O and electroyltes with IV solutions |
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hypervolemia
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fluid volume excess
causes: excess intake, abnormal retention, interstital-to-plasma fluid shift, increased age S/S: increased fluid volume, edema, tachycardia, HTN, confusion, weight gain, dyspnea tx: remove fluid w/out changing electroytle composition, diuretics |
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hyperkalemia
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increase potassium
causes: kidney disease, burns, excessive dosage, use of ACE inhibitors S/S: cardiac irregularities [vent. fib], weakness, nausea, diarrhea, irritability tx: admin K+ free fluids, dialysis, diuretics, IV insulin or sodium bicarbonate |
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hypokalemia
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decreased potassium
cause: diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, inadequate intake S/S: loss of muscle tone, vomiting, cardia dyrhythmias [PVCs], abdominal distention, bradycardia, CNS changes tx: increase dietary intake, PO/ IV replacement |
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hypernatremia
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increased sodium
cause: DM, excess NaCl IV fluid, renal failure S/S: dry mucous membranes, oliguria, thirst, lethary, seizures, coma tx: low sodium diet, sodium free fluid intake, diuretics |
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hyponatremia
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low sodium
cause: diuretics, diarrhea, GI suction, excess water intake S/S: abdominal cramps, convulsions, nausea, vomiting tx: NaCl IV fluid and tablets PO, fluid restriction,D5W |
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Hypercalemia
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high calcium
cause: hyperparathyroidism, prolonged immobility, excess intake of vit D./ Ca+ S/S: flank pain, deep bone pain, relaxed mm, thirst, confusion, decreased memory, fatigue tx: correct primary problem, increase fluid intake, loop diuretic, mobilization |
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Hypocalemia
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low calcium
cause: removal of parathyroid glands, admin electroylte fredd IV flds., acute pancreatitis S/S: tingling of extremities, tetany, cramps, convulsions, +trousseaus's or +chvostek's sign tx: PO/IV replacement, treat anxiety and pain |
