Fluid And Electrolyte Balance

Front 1

Sodium

Back 1

135-145 mEq/L

Front 2

Potassium

Back 2

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 3

Calcium

Back 3

8.5-10.5 mEq/L

Front 4

Magnesium

Back 4

1.8-3.0 mEq/L

Front 5

Chloride

Back 5

98-106 mEq/L

Front 6

Phosphorous

Back 6

2.5-4.5 mEq/L

Front 7

Bicarbonate

Back 7

24-31 mEq/L

Front 8

Hypernatremia

Back 8

Caused by dehydration = can lead to CNS dysfunction due to brain cell shrinkage; agitation, headache, neuromuscular excitability, seizures or coma. Tx: give fluids & monitor.

Front 9

Hyponatremia

Back 9

due to gain or water or loss of Na. Caused by diuretics, increased ADH levels (NO PEE). Manifests as muscle cramps, weakness, dec. skin turgor, dec. BP. Tx: Sports drinks, salt tablets

Front 10

Hyperkalemia

Back 10

due to dec renal elimination, excessive & rapid administration of K+ from ICF to ECF. Manifests as changes in EKG- abnl. Heart rhythms, peaked & narrowed T waves & widening QRS, cardiac dysrhythmias & death. Interferes with skeletal muscles

Front 11

Hypokalemia

Back 11

due to vomiting, diarrhea, laxative abuse, severe sweating or medications. Manifests as hyperactive reflexes, muscle weakness & cardiac disturbances. Tx: restore nl. K balance with foods, meds & IV fluids

Front 12

Hypocalcemia

Back 12

as increased neuromuscular excitability & cardiovascular effects (hypotension, etc.), bone pain; Tests: Trousseau’s sign (BP cuff= muscle spasm in hand), Chvostek’s sign (facial spasm with tap)

Front 13

Hypercalcemia

Back 13

increased bone reabsorption due to neoplasms & hyperparathyroidism. Manifests as changes in neural exciteability, alterations in smooth & cardiac muscle function. Chronic hypercalcemia can cause kidney stones

Front 14

Hypomagnesemia

Back 14

caused by alcohol, malnutrition and small bowel surgery. Manifests neurologically & cardiovascularly

Front 15

Hypermagnesemia

Back 15

caused by renal insufficiency & excessive intake (ex. Antacids). Manifests as neuromuscular or cardiovascular- lethargy, confusion, hypotension & coma.

Front 16

Hypophosphetemia

Back 16

caused by decreased intestinal absorption, inc. renal elimination & malnutrition. It manifests as neural, musculoskeletal & blood disorders.

Front 17

Hyperphosphatemia

Back 17

caused by renal failure, trauma & laxatives. Manifests as parasthesias, tetany, & hypotension. Tx is directed at cause

Front 18

Hypochloremia

Back 18

caused in combination with other electrolyte abnormalities due to vomiting. Manifests depending on other electrolytes involved. Tx: tx problem & stop vomiting

Front 19

Hyperchloremia

Back 19

caused in combination with other electrolyte abnormalities. Manifests depending on other electrolytes involved. Tx: treat problem

Front 20

Intra celluar fluid

Back 20

40%- (P-, K+. Mg+)

Front 21

Extracellular fluid

Back 21

20% (Na+, Cl-, Ca+, HCO3-)