Fluid And Electrolyte

Front 1

When the body's water content rises enough to cause sodium levels to be measured at less than 136 mEq/L, a state of occurs. True

Back 1

False

Front 2

Aldosterone is secreted in response to rising levels of which ion in the blood? True

Back 2

False

Front 3

An acid–base problem that occurs in starvation and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus is . True

Back 3

False

Front 4

Aldosterone is secreted in response to rising levels of which ion in the blood? True

Back 4

False

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Front 5

An acid–base problem that occurs in starvation and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus is . True

Back 5

False

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Front 6

Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration alters pH by lowering or raising the . True

Back 6

False

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Front 7

When the body's water content rises enough to cause sodium levels to be measured at less than 136 mEq/L, a state of occurs. True

Back 7

False

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Front 8

When the pH of the plasma falls below 7.35, the physiological state of acidosis exists, and when the pH of the plasma rises above 7.45, the physiological state of exists. True

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False

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Front 9

1 Antidiuretic hormoneA Elevate systemic blood pressure, promote thirst, and stimulate the release of aldosterone and ADH"2 Atrial and brain natriuretic hormoneB Activates angiotensin3 Aldosteronec Reduces thirst, lowers blood pressure and plasma volume"4 Renind Stimulates water conservation at the kidneys, and stimulates the thirst center"5 Angiotensin I and IIe Conserves sodium and increases sensitivity to salty tastes

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Front 10

1 Muscle spasms, convulsions2 Muscle weakness, cramps 3 Alkalosis, anorexia 4 Anorexia, osteoporosis a Hypocalcemia b Hypochloremia c Hypomagnesemia

Back 10

d Hypophosphatemia

Hint 10

d Hypophosphatemia

Front 11

A metabolic alkalosis can be due to __________.near drowningprolonged tissue hypoxiaprolonged vomiting

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Front 12

A metabolic alkalosis can occur as a result of __________.hypercapniaprolonged tissue hypoxianear drowningprolonged vomiting

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Front 13

A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is a __________.respiratory acid–base disordersevere bicarbonate lossmetabolic acid–base disordercondition known as ketoacidosis

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Front 14

Abnormal levels of the hormones calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone would lead to an imbalance of which electrolyte?potassiumchloridemagnesiumcalcium

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Front 15

Acidosis can cause all of the following EXCEPT __________.kidney failurecoma and deathperipheral vasoconstrictioncardiac arrhythmias

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Front 16

Acidosis is a more common problem than alkalosis because many acids are by-products of metabolic reactions. Which of the following acids fits that description?lactic acidsulfuric acidphosphoric acidcarbonic acidAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 17

Acute respiratory acidosis can occur in each of the following instances EXCEPT __________.when there is inadequate circulatory supply to the lungswhen chemoreceptors fail to respond to pH changeswhen normal respiratory function is compromised but compensatory mechanisms have not failedwhen pulmonary ventilation cannot be increased

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Front 18

After a person consumes a meal, the levels of which ion rise in the blood in response to increased acid production in the stomach?bicarbonatehydrogen

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Front 19

Alcohol and barbiturate use could cause a desensitization of the respiratory centers, leading to __________.acute respiratory alkalosischronic metabolic acidosischronic respiratory acidosisacute metabolic alkalosis

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Front 20

Alicia is excited and begins to hyperventilate. Because of this activity, she may experience some mild respiratory alkalosis.True

Back 20

False

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Front 21

All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the __________.intracellular fluidextracellular fluidfluid balanceregulatory hormones

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Front 22

An increase in ADH secretion will lead to an increase in micturition.True

Back 22

FalseFalse

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Front 23

An organic acid __________.is produced during starvation or excessive lipid catabolismmay be a by-product of aerobic metabolismis lactic acidAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 24

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by __________.triggering the secretion of aldosteronecausing the release of ADHstimulating thirstAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 25

Approximately __________ of peritoneal fluid is produced and reabsorbed each day.100 mL1 liter2 liters7 liters

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Front 26

As a result of the aging process, the ability to regulate pH through renal compensation changes as a result of __________.a reduction in the number of functional nephronsincreased glomerular filtrationa reduction in the rate of insensible perspirationincreased ability to concentrate urine

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Front 27

As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases in the plasma, plasma pH decreases.True

Back 27

False

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Front 28

Atrial natriuretic peptide __________.reduces thirstblocks aldosterone releaseblocks ADH releaseAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 29

Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone __________.blocks the release of aldosteroneblocks the release of ADHreduces thirstAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 30

Blood pH is normally measured at __________.pH 7.35–7.45pH 6–7pH 4pH 1–2

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Front 31

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to the ______ of circulating blood. PCO2hydrogen ion concentrationPO2bicarbonate ion concentration

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Front 32

Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in __________.respiratory alkalosisrespiratory acidosismetabolic acidosismetabolic alkalosis

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Front 33

Deviations outside of the normal pH range due to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations __________.disrupt the stability of cell membraneschange the activities of important enzymesalter protein structureAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 34

Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include __________.emphysema and renal failureneural damage and CNS diseaseheart failure and hypotensionAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 35

Extracellular fluids in the body consist of __________.interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymphaqueous humor, perilymph, and endolymphcerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and serous fluidsAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 36

Frequent causes of metabolic acidosis include __________.severe kidney damagechronic pulmonary disorderspoorly controlled diabetes mellituspersistent vomitingboth severe kidney damage and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

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Front 37

High concentrations of hydrogen ions in body tissues can __________.change the shape of complex moleculesdisrupt cell membranesbreak chemical bondsimpair tissue functions

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Front 38

Hypercapnia, or an elevation of carbon dioxide in the blood, is a sign of __________.metabolic alkalosisrespiratory acidosisrespiratory alkalosismetabolic acidosis

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Front 39

Hyperventilation causes __________.metabolic alkalosismetabolic acidosisrespiratory acidosisrespiratory alkalosis

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Front 40

Hypocapnia __________.refers to low levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodis a self-correcting condition when caused by hyperventilationcan be caused by hyperventilation, which can be used to counter respiratory acidosisAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 41

Hypoventilation causes __________.metabolic acidosisrespiratory alkalosisrespiratory acidosismetabolic alkalosis

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Front 42

If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move __________.in both directions until osmotic equilibrium is restoredin response to the pressure of carrier moleculesfrom the ECF into the cell until osmotic equilibrium is restoredfrom the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored

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Front 43

Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in __________.plasma volume or osmolarityhypothalamic osmoreceptorscell receptors that respond to ICF volumeshormone levels

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Front 44

In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases, the carboxyl group (COOH) of the amino acid dissociates and releases __________.a hydrogen iona hydroxyl iona molecule of carbon monoxidea molecule of carbon dioxide

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Front 45

In which of the following ways do renal and pulmonary mechanisms NOT support the body's buffer systems?control of the excretion of acids and basessecretion and absorption of hydroxide ionssecretion and absorption of hydrogen ionsgeneration of additional buffers

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Front 46

In which of the following would water represent the highest percentage of body weight?60-year-old male80-year-old malemale infant30-year-old male

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Front 47

Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by __________.lowering or raising the PCO2lowering or raising the PO2increasing the production of lactic acidAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 48

Interstitial fluid, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid are all considered ________________ fluid.extracellularacidicintracellularalkaline

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Front 49

Ketone bodies accumulate in the blood during conditions of __________.hypercapniastarvationexcessive lipid intakehyperventilation

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Front 50

Match each of the following terms with its correct definition:1 Alkaline tidea A condition in which partial pressure of carbon dioxide is below normal levels.2 Ketoacidosisb The temporary increase in bicarbonate ion levels in the bloodstream during meals3 Lactic acidosisc condition that can be brought on by prolonged tissue hypoxia or excessive strenuous exercise4 Hypocapniad A condition that may occur during starvation because of an increase in the breakdown of proteins for metabolism

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Front 51

Match the disorder with the underlying fluid imbalance:1 HypokalemiaA Producing large quantities of metabolic acids (fixed or organic acids)2 HypercalcemiaB"Hyperventilation that washes out the carbon dioxide in the blood, increasing the pH"3 Acute respiratory acidosisc Elevated levels of bicarbonate ions in blood plasma4 Respiratory alkalosisD Plasma concentrations of potassium below 2 mEq/L5 Metabolic acidosisE Calcium concentrations of the ECF in excess of 11 mEq/L

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Front 52

Normal ECF pH values are limited to the range between __________.6.35 and 8.356.0 and 8.07.35 and 7.456.8 and 7.0

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Front 53

Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by __________.antidiuretic hormone (ADH)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)aldosteroneAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 54

Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the following fluid compartments?cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)lymphblood plasmainterstitial fluid (IF)intracellular fluid (ICF)

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Front 55

Prolonged vomiting and loss of stomach acid cause __________.metabolic acidosisrespiratory acidosismetabolic alkalosisrespiratory alkalosis

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Front 56

Prolonged vomiting can result in __________.metabolic acidosisrespiratory acidosisrespiratory alkalosismetabolic alkalosis

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Front 57

Protein buffer systems do NOT affect __________.interstitial fluidblood plasmaintracellular fluidAll of these substances are affected by protein buffers.

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Front 58

Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by __________.controlling the excretion of acids and basessecreting or generating hydrogen ionsgenerating additional buffers when necessaryAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 59

Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity __________.when PCO2 levels are not affectedlowers plasma PCO2 to below-normal levelsdecreases plasma PO2 to below-normal levelsraises plasma PCO2 to above-normal levels

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Front 60

Sodium balance in the body is maintained by __________.the same hormones and receptors that regulate blood glucosea unique set of hormones and receptorsthe same hormones and receptors that regulate cell growththe same hormones and receptors that regulate blood volume

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Front 61

Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via __________.diffusion and active transportfacilitated diffusiondiffusionactive transport

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Front 62

Sodium levels are figured as a balance between __________.excretion at the kidney and other sitesabsorption of sodium across the digestive epitheliumboth absorption of sodium across the digestive epithelium and excretion at the kidney and other sitesexchange of gases across the respiratory epithelium

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Front 63

The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the __________.bonekidneysdigestive tractAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 64

The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if __________.intake is less than outflowintake exceeds outflowlosses exceed gainsoutflow exceeds intake

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Front 65

The buffering system in the ICF is made up of __________.carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffersprotein buffersphosphate buffersboth protein buffers and phosphate buffers

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Front 66

The concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion __________.in the nephron loopin the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephronalong the distal convoluted tubule of the nephronin the glomerulus

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Front 67

The concentration of potassium ions is higher in the ICF than in the ECF.True

Back 67

False

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Front 68

The elderly have an increased risk of respiratory acidosis because of __________.a reduction in the number of nephronsincreased insensible perspirationa decrease in ADH and aldosterone sensitivitya reduction in vital capacity

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Front 69

The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the __________.total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressurenet hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressuresfluid balance and acid–base balanceNone of the listed responses is correct.

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Front 70

The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when __________.hemoglobin production is increasingRBC production is decreasingthe plasma PCO2 is rising or falling

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Front 71

The kidney responds to conditions of alkalosis by increasing hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion secretions into the tubular fluid.True

Back 71

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Front 72

The kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis by __________.excreting hydrogen ionsdoing nothinggenerating bicarbonate ionsboth by excreting hydrogen ions and by generating bicarbonate ions

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Front 73

The lungs respond to metabolic alkalosis by __________.keeping the respiratory rate constantincreasing the respiratory ratedecreasing the respiratory rateNone of the listed responses is correct.

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Front 74

The major anion in the extracellular fluid compartment is __________, whereas the major intracellular anion is __________.sodium; potassiumchloride; biphosphatebiphosphate; chloridepotassium; sodium

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Front 75

The major cation in the extracellular fluid compartment is __________, whereas the major intracellular cation is __________.sodium; potassiumphosphate; chloridechloride; phosphatepotassium; sodium

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Front 76

The major causes of metabolic acidosis include which of the following?production of a large number of fixed or organic acidsimpaired ability to excrete H+ at the kidneysa severe bicarbonate lossAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 77

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by __________.an imbalance between sodium gains and lossesshifts of the bicarbonate ionan imbalance between chloride gains and lossesAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 78

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of __________.sodium ionspotassium ionscalcium ionschloride ions

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Front 79

The primary role of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system is to __________.prevent changes in pH caused by organic and fixed acids in the ECFbuffer the pH of the ICF and urinealter the rate of filtration at the glomerulusNone of the listed responses is correct.

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Front 80

The rate of tubular secretion of potassium ions changes in response to all EXCEPT which one of the following factors?alterations in the sodium ion concentration of the ICFalterations in the potassium ion concentration of the ECFaldosterone levelschanges in pH

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Front 81

The symptoms of low potassium (hypokalemia) include __________.thirstmuscle weaknesskidney stonesparalysis

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Front 82

Treatment for hyperkalemia includes the __________.use of appropriate diureticsadministration of buffers such as sodium bicarbonateinfusion of hypotonic solutionAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 83

Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the PCO2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for __________.a decrease in pulmonary ventilation ratesan increase in pulmonary ventilation ratesa decrease in the breathing ratebreathing into a small paper bag

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Front 84

What are the major contributors to the osmolarities of the ECF and the ICF?ADH and aldosteronechloride and bicarbonaterenin and angiotensinsodium and potassium

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Front 85

What are the most important buffers in the ECF?protein buffersphosphate buffersthe carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer systemboth protein buffers and phosphate buffers

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Front 86

What are the principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?phosphate, sulfate, and magnesiumsodium, chloride, and bicarbonatepotassium, magnesium, and phosphatepotassium, ammonium, and chloride

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Front 87

What are the two important effects of increased release of ADH?decrease in the plasma volume and elimination of the source of stimulationdecrease in plasma osmolarity and alteration of composition of tissue fluidreduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst centerincreased rate of sodium absorption and decreased thirst

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Front 88

What is the most frequent cause of metabolic alkalosis?chronic respiratory disordershypertensionsevere kidney damagepoorly controlled diabetes mellitusNone of the listed responses is correct.

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Front 89

What is the most frequent cause of respiratory acidosis?poorly controlled diabetes mellituschronic pulmonary disorderspersistent vomitingsevere kidney damage

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Front 90

What is the most frequent challenge to acid–base equilibrium?respiratory acidosismetabolic acidosismetabolic alkalosisrespiratory alkalosis

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Front 91

What is the normal pH of ECF?6.6–7.77.0–7.27.35–7.457.55–7.75

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Front 92

When a normal pulmonary response does NOT reverse respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respond by __________.increasing the loss of bicarbonate ionsincreasing the reabsorption of hydrogen ionsdecreasing the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrateincreasing the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate

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Front 93

When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes __________.in equilibrium with the ICFisotonic with respect to the ICFhypertonic with respect to the ICFhypotonic with respect to the ICF

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Front 94

When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in __________.fluid balanceacid–base balance

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Front 95

When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water __________.out of the ECF and into the ICF until isotonicity is reachedout of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reacheddirectly into the blood plasma until equilibrium is reachedback and forth between the ICF and the ECF

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Front 96

Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to __________.keep the sodium concentration constantdecrease the sodium concentrationalter the sodium concentrationincrease the sodium concentration

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Front 97

Which of the following body organs has the greatest measure of control over body fluid and composition levels?skinheartstomachkidneys

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Front 98

Which of the following conditions could cause muscle cramps or spasms?hyperkalemiahypernatremiahypocalcemiaboth hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia

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Front 99

Which of the following does NOT affect fluid levels in the blood?chloride shifthypoaldosteronismdiarrheafever

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Front 100

Which of the following does NOT cause hypokalemia?renal failurethe administration of diuretic drugsexcessive aldosterone secretionan increase in the pH of the ECF

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Front 101

Which of the following electrically charged substances (ions) are NOT primarily found in the intracellular fluid?magnesium ionsphosphate ionsnegatively charged proteinspotassium ions

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Front 102

Which of the following hormones play(s) a major role in mediating fluid AND electrolyte balance?aldosteroneatrial natriuretic peptideADHparathormone

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Front 103

Which of the following is a volatile acid and is produced from the combination of carbon dioxide and water?lactic acidcarbonic acidketone bodiessulfuric acid

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Front 104

Which of the following is NOT a basic concept of fluid and electrolyte balance?There are no receptors to monitor fluid or electrolyte balance.All homeostatic mechanisms respond to changes in the ICF.The body content of water and ions rises and falls with dietary intake and outflow.Cells cannot move water by active transport.

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Front 105

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system in the ECF or ICF?carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer systemprotein buffer systemsulfate buffer systemphosphate buffer system

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Front 106

Which of the following is NOT a fixed acid?carbonic acidphosphoric acidsulfuric acidAll of the listed responses are correct.

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Front 107

Which of the following is NOT a response to respiratory acidosis?inhibition of arterial and CSF chemoreceptorsincreased respiratory ratesecretion of hydrogen ions at the kidneygeneration of bicarbonate ions at the kidney

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Front 108

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic concepts pertaining to fluid and electrolyte regulation?Cells are able to move water by the process of active transport.There are no receptors that can directly monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.All homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, not the ICF.The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if intake exceeds outflow and fall if losses exceed gains.

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Front 109

Which of the following is NOT one of the major buffer systems of the body?protein buffer systemchloride buffer systemcarbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer systemphosphate buffer system

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Front 110

Which of the following might be a response to respiratory acidosis?decreased respiratory rateincreased respiratory raterelease of hydrogen ions by buffer systemsincreased bicarbonate secretion in the kidneys

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Front 111

Which of the following occurs when an individual loses body water?Plasma volume increases, and electrolyte concentrations decrease.Plasma volume increases, and electrolyte concentrations increase.Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise.Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations decrease.

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Front 112

Which of the following occurs when large amounts of pure water are consumed?Osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower.The ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.A fluid shift occurs, and the volume of the ICF decreases.The volume of the ECF decreases.

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Front 113

Which of the following will NOT cause metabolic acidosis?production of hydrochloric acid in the stomachlactic acidosis, the production of high levels of lactic acid after strenuous exerciseimpairment of the ability of the kidneys to excrete hydrogen ionsketoacidosis, the production of ketone bodies during the postabsorptive state of metabolism

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Front 114

Which of the following would NOT be associated with a sensation of increased thirst?increase in renin secretionincrease in the production of angiotensin IIdecrease in the production of ADHincrease in the production of ADH

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Front 115

Why must tubular fluid be buffered, keeping the pH above 4.5?At a lower pH, too many hydrogen ions are lost at the kidneys.At a pH below 4.5, too many bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed.At a pH below 4.5, the nephrons must use active transport to eliminate hydrogen ions.At a lower pH, less than 1 percent of the acid a body must eliminate can be removed.

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