Fluid And Electrolye Chapter 40 Pt 3 Regulation Of Acid Base Balance

Front 1

For Optimal functioning of the cells, metabolic processes maintain a steady balance between

Back 1

acids and bases

Front 2

What is inversely proportioned to the Hydrogen ion (H+)? ie, the greater the concentration, the more acidic the solution and the lower the PH; the lower the concentration, the more alkaline the solution and the higher the PH.

Back 2

Arterial PH

Front 3

What is the reflection of the balance between carbon dioxic (CO2), which is regulated by the lungs, and bicarbonate (HCO3-), a base regulated by the kidneys.

Back 3

PH

Front 4

What exist when the net rate at which the body produces acids or bases equals the rate at which ascids or bases are excreted?

Back 4

Acid-Base Balance

Front 5

This balance results in a stable concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids that is expressed as the PH value.

Back 5

Acid-Base Balance

Front 6

This is necessary to maintain cell membrane integrity and the speed of cellular enzymatic actions.

Back 6

Normal Hydrogen ion level

Front 7

The PH is a scale for measuring

Back 7

the acidity or alkalinity of a fliud.

Front 8

A Ph value of 7 is

Back 8

Neutral

Front 9

A ph value below 7 is

Back 9

Acid

Front 10

The ph value above 7 is

Back 10

Alkaline

Front 11

Normal values of arterial blood ranges from

Back 11

7.35-7.45

Front 12

The general acid-base regulators in the body are

Back 12

Chemical
Biological
Physiological buffering systems

Front 13

A substance or a group of substances that can absorb or release H+ to correct an acid-base imbalance is called a

Back 13

Buffer

Front 14

The largest chemical buffer in the ECF is the

Back 14

carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer system.

Front 15

Excretion of carbon dioxide resulting from metabolism is controlled primarily by the

Back 15

lungs.

Front 16

The excretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions is controlled by the

Back 16

kidneys.

Front 17

This type of buffering occurs when hydrogen ions are absorbed or released by cells. It occurs after chemical buffering and it takes 2 to 4 hours.

Back 17

Biological Regulation

Front 18

Hydrogen ion has a positive charge and mus be exchanged with another positively charged ion, frequently

Back 18

potassium (K+)

Front 19

In conditions with excess acid, a hydrogen ion enters the cell and a potassium ion leaves the cell and enters the ECF, thus causing and

Back 19

elevated serum potassium.
eg. the release of fatty acids that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis and starvation.

Front 20

In this type of of biological buffer carbon dioxide diffuses into the RBC and forms carbonic acid. The Carbonic Acid dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ions attach to hemoglobin, and the bicarbonate ion becomes available for buffering by exchanging with extracellular chloride.

Back 20

Hemoglobin-Oxyhemoglobin system

Front 21

In this type of biological buffer system when blood is oxygenated in the lungs, bicarbonate diffuses into the cells and cholride travels from the hemoglobin to the plasma to maintain electrical neutrality. the revers occurs when carbon dioxide moves into the red cells in tissue capillary beds. This process is a reciprocal exchange between these anions.

Back 21

The Chloride Shift buffering system

Front 22

what are the two physiological buffers in the body?

Back 22

The Lungs and the Kidneys

Front 23

In this type of physiological buffer these organs adapt rapidly to acid-base imbalance. They act to return the PH to normal before the action of the biological buffers. Ordinarily, increased levels of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide provide the stimulus for respiration. When the concentration of hydrogen ions is altered these organs react to correct the imbalance by altering the rate and depth of respiration.

Back 23

The Lungs. eg. When metabolic acidosis is present, respirations are increased, resulting in a greater amount of carbon dioxide being exhaled, which results in a decrease in the acidic level; when metabolic alkalosis is present the lungs retain carbon dioxide by decreasing respirations, thereby increasing the acidic level.

Front 24

These biological buffers take from a few hours to a few days to regulate acid base imbalance.

Back 24

The kidneys

Front 25

These biological buffers reabsorb bicarbonate in cases of acid excess and excrete it in cases of acid deficit. In addition they use phosphate ion (PO4 3-) to excrete hydrogen ions by forming phosphoric acid (H3PO4);sulfuric acid (H2SO4) may also be excreted.

Back 25

The Kidneys

Front 26

The Kidneys use thise mechanism to regulate acid-base balance. In this mechanism certain amino acids are chemically changed within the renal tubules into ammonia which in the presence of hydrogen ions forms ammonium and is excreted in the urine, hence releasing hydrogen ions from the body.

Back 26

Ammonia mechanism