Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the mediastinum?
|
the space in the chest where the heart lives
|
|
|
What kind of tissue is the heart made of?
|
cardiac muscle, which is striated and contains intercalated discs that allow nerve impulses to travel instantly throughout the cardiac muscle cells
|
|
|
What covers the heart and lines the walls of the mediastinum?
|
the pericardium
|
|
|
What are the layers of the pericardium, inner to outer?
|
visceral (innermost
parietal fibrous (anchors heart to body wall) |
|
|
Where is pericardial fluid found?
|
in the pericardial space, between the parietal and visceral layer
|
|
|
What are the three functional layers of the heart, inner to outer?
|
endocardium
myocardium epicardium (aka visceral pericardium) |
|
|
How many chambers are in the heart? What are they?
|
Four:
right atrium and ventricle left atrium and ventricle |
|
|
Where are the atrioventricular valves?
|
between the atria and the ventricles
|
|
|
Where are the semilunar valves?
|
between the ventricles and the arteries
|
|
|
What valves correspond to the "lubb-dubb" sounds of the heart?
|
lubb--AV valves closing
dubb-semilunar valves closing |
|
|
What is the right atrioventricular valve called?
|
tricuspid
|
|
|
What is the left atrioventricular valve called?
|
bicuspid or mitral valve
|
|
|
What is the right semilunar valve called?
|
pulmonary semilunar
|
|
|
What is the left semilunar valve called?
|
aortic semilunar
|
|
|
In what direction do arteries carry the blood?
|
away from the heart
|
|
|
In what direction do veins carry the blood?
|
toward the heart
|
|
|
What is the largest artery of the body?
|
aorta
|
|
|
Describe the aorta and what it does.
|
It leaves out of the left ventricle and supplies oxygenated blood to the body. It has three parts: ascending, arch and descending
|
|
|
Which artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
|
pulmonary artery--the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood
|
|
|
Which vein carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body (below the heart)?
|
inferior vena cava
|
|
|
Which vein carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the upper part of the body (above the heart)?
|
superior vena cava
|
|
|
Which vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
|
the pulmonary vein--the only vein in the body to carry oxygenated blood
|
|
|
What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
|
Pulmonary circulation is the route the blood takes from the heart to the vessels to the lungs and back to the heart.
Systemic circulation is the route the blood takes from heart to body tissues and back to the heart. |
|
|
Where does the conduction system of the heart begin?
|
at the sinoatrial node, which is embeddedin the right atrium near where the superior vena cava enters
|
|
|
Where does the nervous system connect with the heart?
|
sinoatrial node
|
|
|
What is the route of an electrical (nerve) impulse in the heart?
|
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node Bundle of HIS (AV bundle) purkinje fibers |
|
|
What is the contraction phase of a heartbeat called?
|
systole
|
|
|
What is the relaxation phase of a heartbeat called?
|
diastole
|
|
|
What blood vessels feed the capillaries?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
How is the flow of blood to the capillaries regulated?
|
by the precapillary sphincters
|
|
|
What is the only place that nutrients can leave the blood and enter the cells?
|
at the capillaries
|
|
|
What are the three layers of an artery, innermost to outer?
|
tunica interna
tunica media tunica externa |
|
|
Which layer of an artery is made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
|
tunica media
|
|
|
What is a venule?
|
a blood vessel that connects capillaries to veins
|
|
|
Which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure?
|
veins
|
|
|
What is cardiac output and how is it measured?
|
-the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles per minute
-stroke volume x heart rate |
|
|
What effect does stimulation of the heart by the vagus nerve have?
|
lowers the heart rate
|
|
|
What two hormones will stimulate heart rate?
|
epinephrine and thyroxine
|
|
|
What are the formed elements of blood?
|
erythrocytes
leukocytes (immune activity) thrombocytes (clotting activity) |
|
|
What is blood plasma made up of?
|
90% water and 10% solutes such as proteins, electrolytes, vitamins and wastes
|
|
|
Where does hemapoiesis take place?
|
in the red bone marrow
|
|
|
What is the most abundant formed element in blood?
|
erythrocytes (99%)
|
|
|
What do erythrocytes (RBCs) do?
|
carry hemoglobin and oxygen
|
|
|
Which blood cells are anuclear?
|
erythrocytes
|
|
|
Which blood cells are able to leave the blood and enter tissue?
|
leukocytes
|
|
|
What are the three types of granular leukocytes?
|
neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
|
|
Which leukocytes are first on the scene when tissue is damaged?
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
What is the rarest white blood cell?
|
basophils
|
|
|
What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?
|
lymphocytes
moncytes |
|
|
Which lymphocytes cannot re-enter the blood stream?
|
B-cells
|
|
|
What do B-cells do and where do they form?
|
-They are lymphocytes that fight bacteria and toxins
-in the bone marrow |
|
|
What do T-cells do and where are they formed?
|
They fight virus, fungus, cancer, transplant rejection and bacteria, and are formed in the thymus
|
|
|
What are monocytes?
|
The slowest phogocytes to the scene when tissue is injured, they orchestrate healing and make chemicals that induce sleep and put the body in a healing state
|
|
|
What are thrombocytes?
|
fragments of cells, involved in blood clotting
|
|
|
Which leukocytes can re-enter the bloodstream?
|
T-cells
|
|
|
Which blood type is the universal donor, and why?
|
Type O, because it has no antigens
|
|
|
Which blood type is a universal recipient?
|
AB, because it has no antibodies
|
|
|
What are the steps of blood clotting?
|
-vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
-platelet plug formation--platelets are attracted to the site, release seratonin that causes further vasoconstriction, and thromboplastin is released from damaged cells (reaction cascade) --thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot |
|
|
What do arterioles and venules have in common?
|
both attach to capillaries
|
|
|
Which vessel directly regulates the blood flow to the capillaries?
|
arterioles
|
|
|
The layer of a blood vessel that allows it to respond to nervous stimulation and either vasoconstrict or vasodilate is...?
|
tunica media
|
|
|
Which blood vessel allows oxygen to be released to the surrounding tissue?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
The second branch of the aortic arch is...?
|
left common carotid artery
|
|
|
The artery supplying blood directly to the gastocnemius muscle would be...?
|
popliteal
|
|
|
The blood vessel returning blood from the lower extremity and feeding into the common iliac vein would be...?
|
external iliac vein
|
|
|
The brain receives blood from two pairs of arteries called...?
|
basilar and vertebral
|
|
|
A blockage of blood flow from which artery would prevent nutrients from arriving to the right forearm?
|
brachiocephalic
|
|
|
Blood is returned from the face via...?
|
external jugular vein
|
|
|
The tunica media is which kind of muscle?
|
smooth
|
|
|
Oxygenated blood enters the heart via the...?
|
pulmonary vein
|
|
|
Which artery besides the ulnar artery passes through the wrist?
|
radial
|
|
|
What prevents backflow in veins?
|
one-way valves
|
|
|
How should massage be given for an area of local edema?
|
proximal, distal, proximal
|
|
|
Where does exhange of O2 and CO2 take place in the circulatory?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
The process by which neutrophils and monocytes engulf microbes is called...?
|
phagocytosis
|
|
|
What is the best stroke for overall circulation?
|
effleurage
|
|
|
What combination of massage strokes is best to treat edema?
|
effleurage and kneading
|
|
|
Which artery is found just lateral to the SCM?
|
subclavian
|
|
|
What is the final step in hemostasis?
|
fibrinogen becoming fibrin
|
|
|
Why is the left ventricle larger and more muscular than the right ventricle?
|
It pumps blood further than the right ventricle
|
|
|
What is the process of blood cell production called?
|
hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis)
|
|
|
Which formed element is actually pieces of a cell?
|
thrombocyte
|
|
|
Which component makes up 99% of the formed elements?
|
erythrocytes
|
|
|
Which blood cell is responsible for defending the body against foreign invaders?
|
leukocytes
|
|
|
When bleeding occurs, what begins the repair of ruptured blood vessel walls?
|
thrombocytes
|
|
|
What component is needed to begin a clotting cascade?
|
thrombocytes
|
|
|
What is the first step in the process of hemostasis?
|
formation of a platelet plug
|
|
|
What valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium?
|
bicuspid valve
|
|
|
The valve separating the left ventricle from its artery is the...?
|
aortic semilunar valve
|
|
|
Blood leaving the right ventricle will next enter the...?
|
pulmonary artery
|
|
|
The area of the heart responsible for starting the heartbeat is...?
|
sinoatrial node
|
|
|
The muscle responsible for keeping the bicuspid valve closed is the...?
|
papillary muscle
|
|
|
The amount of blood ejected from the ventricles with each contraction is called...?
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
The portion of the intrinsic conduction system located in the interventricular septum of the heart is...?
|
bundle of HIS
|
|
|
What is cardiac output directly dependent on?
|
the amount of blood returned to the heart
|
|
|
What artery would be most related to cold feet?
|
dorsalis pedis
|
|
|
What is the benefit of circulatory massage?
|
to tone the cardiovascular system
|
