Flowers And Inflorescences

Front 1

Flower

Back 1

reproductive structure of angiosperms, composed of a short axis or receptacle

Front 2

floral parts

Back 2

sepals, petals, stamens and pistils

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Strobilus

Back 3

is the analogous gymnosperm structure

Front 4

Floret

Back 4

a small individual flower of an inflorescence

Front 5

Inflorescence

Back 5

(noun) flower cluster, (verb) mode of flowering

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Function of flower

Back 6

is seed production for sexual reproduction

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complete flower

incomplete flower

Back 7

has a receptacle and all four floral parts

lacks one or more parts

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A perfect flower

imperfect flower

Back 8

bears functional stamens and pistils ( regardless of the presence. or absence of sepals and petals)

lacks functional stamens and/or pistils

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A pistillate flower

staminate flower

Back 9

has functional pistil(s) but lacks functional stamens\

has functional stamens but lacks a functional pistil

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Monoecious species

Dioecious

Back 10

bear pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant

(two houses) plants bear pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants

Front 11

Polygamous plants

Back 11

bear perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant (e.g. Some maples and ash)

Front 12

Receptacle

Back 12

the enlarged end of the stem which bears the floral parts

Front 13

Torus

Back 13

the greatly enlarged receptacle as in strawberry or raspberry

Front 14

Sepals

Calyx

Back 14

comprising the outermost whorl of floral parts, they enclose and protect the other parts in bud. They are usually small, green, leafy, eventually withering. In some cases they are showy, as in the Lily family

all the 'sepals considered collectively. Can be comprised of several discrete sepals or they may be united at their margins to forma disc, cone or tubular structure

Front 15

Polysepalous

Synsepalous

Back 15

flowers have separate sepals

flowers have united sepals

Front 16

Tepals

Petals

Back 16

sepals and petals that look similar,' as in tulip, lily, described jointly

comprising a whorl just inside the sepals, they are commonly showy and colorful to attract pollinators and serve as a landing platform and protect the sexual parts in bud

Front 17

Corolla

Back 17

the petals considered collectively. May be separate or joined at all or part of their margins to form a tubular, funnel, disc, or ligulate(strap shaped) structure

Front 18

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

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the flower is the same if cut in any direction like a pie

flower has only one mirror image direction

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Single flowers

Double flowers

Semi-double f lowers

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have a single compliment of petals. Three (3) for monocots, 4 or 5 f or dicots

have multiples of these numbers; typically you can't see the flower parts and sometimes they are missing

have about, twice the single number, so you can see the sexual parts

Front 20

Perianth

Anthesis

Back 20

the calyx + the corolla ( perianth means about anthers)

the period of unfolding or expansion of the perianth; may also refer to the full bloom stage of the flower.

Front 21

Stamens

Back 21

microsporophylls (leaves that make tiny spores) the pollen bearing (male) structures of the flower. Each is divided into an anther (=microsporangium) within which the pollen is produced and the filament or stalk which supports the anther

Front 22

staminoidia

petaloids

Back 22

Some stamens lack the filament.' Stamens may become modified into sterile, narrow, ribbon like structures

They may become further transformed into narrow petal like appendages

Front 23

Androecium

Back 23

the stamens considered collectively

Front 24

Pistil

carpel

Back 24

the center (female) portion of the flower, consisting of one or more ovule bearing floral leaves called carpels

may be considered a specialized folded leaf. The space inside the carpel is called the locule. The pistil develops into a fruit.

Front 25

placenta

Ovules

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is the surface or region at the margin of the carpel which bears the ovules

= megasporangia; following syngamy they may develop into seeds

Front 26

funiculus

Back 26

Ovules may be borne sessile or on a stalk

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pistil usually has three distinct regions

Back 27

stigma, 'style and ovary

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Stigma

Style

ovary

Back 28

at the top, is the surface on which pollen is deposited

is a tube through which the pollen tube must grow. If this is absent, the top is often wide and called a stigmatic surface.

is the basal portion in which the ovules are borne. This is the part that swells to become a fruit.

Front 29

Gynoecium

Back 29

all of a flowers's pistils ( may only be one) . An apocarpus gynoecium has several separate carpels on a single receptacle, as in a strawberry. A syncarpous gynoecium has several united carpels as in an orange.

Front 30

Hypogony

Back 30

the sepals, petals and stamens arise below a superior gynoecium; the pistil is free from the other f lower parts, ex. grape orange, tomato, bean, pansy, primrose

Front 31

Perigyny

Back 31

sepals, petals and stamens arise at the edge of a hollow or disc like floral cup around a superior gynoecium. The floral cup is composed of the united bases of the sepals, petals and stamens. Ex. rose, peach, plum, cherry, strawberry, raspberry.

Front 32

Epigyny

Back 32

the sepals, petals and stamens 'arise at the top of a floral cup which encloses and adheres to an inferior gynoecium. The edible portion of fruits which develop from this type of flower usually are composed of a succulent carpel wall and floral cup. Ex. banana, apple, sunflower, blueberry, currant, cucumber, squash, narcissus

Front 33

Bract

Back 33

a leaf which subtends a flower or floret; usually green, pointed, inconspicuous, it may be modified so it is large and colorful. Main function is usually to protect the flower or inflorescence in bud, but modified bracts attract and serve as a landing platform for pollinators or may even trap them until they collect pollen

Front 34

spathe

spadix

Back 34

Aroids have a large bract

spathe, which surrounds a columnar inflorescence

Front 35

Peduncle

Back 35

the stalk of a solitary f lower or the axis of an inflorescence. The edible part of a fig is a fleshy peduncle called asynconium

Front 36

Pedicel

Back 36

the stalk of an individual floret of an inflorescence and later of fruits

Front 37

Nectary

Back 37

nectar secreting gland of a f lower. Helps attract pollinators

Front 38

Racemose

Back 38

indeterminate in growth with the individual florets arising from axillary buds, opening from the bottom up.

Front 39

Spike

Back 39

racemose inflorescence in which the peduncle is elongated with the individual florets sessile. E.g.: corn, gladiolus

Front 40

Raceme

Back 40

similar to spike, but the florets are on pedicels. E.g. : hyacinth, snapdragon, delphinium

Front 41

Corymb

Back 41

racemose inflorescence with a relatively short peduncle and pedicels of older basal florets elongated, causing them to be arranged in a flat or rounded top cluster. E.g. : hawthorn, yarrow

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Umbel

Back 42

racemose inflorescence in which the peduncle is very short with pedicels of equal or variable lengths, appearing to arise at a common point, (looks like an umbrella) . E.g.: Queen Anne's Lace.

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Head

Back 43

capitulum globose or disc shaped racemose inflorescence with numerous small, sessile / epigynous florets on a cone or disc shaped peduncle

Front 44

Cymose

Back 44

determinate in growth, with the individual florets arising from the terminal buds, with the apical florets reaching anthesis first, thus preventing further development of the axis. Although cymes may, like racemes, be divided into categories, they are usually just called cymes

Front 45

lip

column

Back 45

two side petals are called petals, the central or lowest petal

a structure bearing both male and female sexual parts

Front 46

Pollination

Back 46

the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigmatic surface

Front 47

Anemophilous

Entomophilous

Back 47

pollination by wind

pollination by insects or other animals

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Cross pollination

Back 48

pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another sexually propagated plant of the same variety, species or closely related species.

Front 49

Self pollination

Back 49

transfer of pollen to the stigma of the same f lower, or to another f lower of the same plant, or a flower on another plant of a clone

Front 50

Syngamy

Back 50

=fertilization the union of the sperm nucleus of the pollen with the egg nucleus of the ovule. After this the seed develops. Self fertile plant will produce viable seeds as a result of self pollination and syngamy. A self sterile plant won't.

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Parthenocarpy

Back 51

fruits develop without syngamy. This occurs to some extent in most temperate fruit crops, but most common in apples, pears, grapes and naval oranges

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To avoid self pollination:

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Male and Female florets mature at different times

Unisexual flowers

Heterostyly

Self incompatibility
Pollen tube may not germinate
Pollen tube may not penetrate pistil or moves so slowly it is too late when it arrives