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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acid
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A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
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activation energy
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The energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in order to react.
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adhesion
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The tendency of different kinds of molecules to stick together.
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amino acid
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An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.
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atom
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The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
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base
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A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. See Alkaline.
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buffer
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A substance that consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
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carbohydrate
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A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).
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catalyst
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A substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction by forming a temporary association with the reacting molecules; as a result, the rate of the reaction is accelerated. Enzymes are catalysts.
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chemical reaction
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A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
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cohesion
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The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.
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compound
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A chemical combination, in a fixed ratio, of two or more elements.
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covalent bond
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A chemical bond formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
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electron
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A particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.
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element
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Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.
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enzyme
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A class of proteins serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
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ion
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An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
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ionic bond
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A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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isotope
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One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.
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lipid
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One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.
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molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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monomer
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The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
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monosaccharide
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A The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.
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nucleic acid
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A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.
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nucleotide
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The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
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nucleus
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(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
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pH scale
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A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to –log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
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polymer
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A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together.
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polysaccharide
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A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis.
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protein
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A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
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reactant
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A starting material in a chemical reaction.
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solute
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A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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solution
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A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.solvent The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.
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substrate
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(1) The substance on which an enzyme works. (2) The foundation to which an organism is attached.
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Van der Waals interactions
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Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations
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