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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subphylums of Arthropoda
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Subphylum Chelicerata - arachnids
Subphylum Crustacea – crustaceans Subphylum Myriapoda – centipedes, millipedes Subphylum Hexapoda - insects |
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Classes of Platyhelminthes
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Tubellaria (flatworms), Trematoda (vertebrate flukes) Monogenea (fish flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms
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Classes of Pisces
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Class Myxini – hagfish
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys Class Chondrichthyes - sharks, skates, rays Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned bony fishes Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned bony fishes |
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Classes of Cnidaria
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Hydrozoa (hydra), Scyphozoa (true jellyfish), Anthozoa (corals, sea anemones), Cubozoa (sea wasps)
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Classes of Annelida
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Class Polychaeta - paddle worms, Nereis
Class Oligochaeta - earthworms Class Hirudinea - leeches |
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Subphylums of Phylum Chordata
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Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets
Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates Subphylum Vertebrata – vertebrates |
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Classes of Tetrapoda
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Class Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders
Class Reptilia - turtles, snakes, crocodiles Class Aves - birds Class Mammalia - mammals |
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Classes of Echinodermata
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Class Crinoidea - sea lilies
Class Asteroidea - star fish Class Echinoidea - sea urchins, sand dollars Class Ophiuroidea - brittle stars Class Holothuridea - sea cucumbers |
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Superclasses of Subphylum Vertebrata
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Superclass Pisces - fish
Superclass Tetrapoda - four-limbed vertebrates |
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Classes of Mollusca
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Gastropoda (snails, slugs, conch, whelks, limpets), Cephalopod (octopus, squid, nautilus), Bivalvia (mussels, clams, oysters, scallops), Polyplacophora (chitons)
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Opisthokonta
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Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Choanoflagellata
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Choanoflagellata
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Usually placed in the Kingdom Protista,
Identical to Choanocytes |
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Characteristics of Animalia
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Heterotrophic
Diploid Eukaryotic Multicellular Motile (at some stage in life cycle) Able to respond to external stimuli Able to reproduce sexually Ingest/digest food in internal cavity |
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Parazoa
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Subkingdom of Animalia, includes Porifera.
Multicellular Primitive level of organization, or secondary loss of more advanced features? Lack symmetry Aquatic Sessile (motile larva) Colonial |
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Eumetazoa
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Subkingdom of Animalia:
Some kind of symmetry Organized cells into tissues and organs Share common pattern of development |
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Radiata
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Taxonomic rank directly below Eumetazoa, includes radially symmetric animals (Phylum Cnidaria)
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Bilateria
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Taxonomic rank directly below Eumetazoa, includes bilaterally symmetric animals (Phylums Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata)
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Protostomia
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Taxonomic rank directly below Bilateria, includes all animals wherein the fate of the blastopore is the mouth (anus forms second).
Phylums Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda. Also, Spiral cleavage in embryo Determinate cells – fate set early on Schizocoels – coelom forms as a split in the mesoderm |
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Deuterostomia
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Taxonomic rank directly below Bilateria, includes all animals wherein the fate of the blastopore is the anus (mouth forms second). Phylums Echinodermata and Chordata. Also,
Radial cleavage in embryo Indeterminate cells - fate not set early on Enterocoels - coelom forms by pouching off from digestive tract |
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Spiralia
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Taxonomic rank directly below Protostomia, includes all protostomes that do NOT molt.
Phylums Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca. |
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Ecdysozoa
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Taxonomic rank directly below Protostomia, includes all protostomes that molt.
Phylums Nematoda and Arthropoda |
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Platyzoa
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Taxonomic rank directly below Spiralia, includes all Spiralia that do not have trochophore larvae.
Phylums Platyhelminthes and Rotifera |
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Trochozoa
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Taxonomic rank directly below Spiralia, includes all Spiralia that have trocophore larvae.
Phylums Annelida and Mollusca |
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Class Hydrozoa
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Includes Hydra
One species thought to be immortal Sessile and motile forms Polyp is the dominant stage in the life cycle Polyp tentacles lined with cnidocytes |
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Class Scyphozoa
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Includes true jellyfish
Medusa is the dominant stage Medusae release gametes Zygote forms a planula larva Planula develops into small polyp, which buds off tiny medusae Prey consists of crustaceans, fish Bell can be contracted to swim through water |
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Class Anthozoa
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Includes corals and sea anemones
Occur only as polyps Most advanced cnidarians, complex body Symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates, so limited to shallow water Anemones are large solitary polyps Anemones feed on invertebrates and small fish |
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Class Cubozoa
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Includes sea wasps
Among the deadliest animals on Earth, Death occurs in 3-20 minutes |
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Class Tubellaria
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Includes flatworms
Named for the turbulence produced by their carpet of cilia Free-living Carnivorous Some capture prey with a sharpened penis Most are aquatic, marine Some marine species eat cnidarians, incorporate the cnidocytes in their own epidermis |
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Class Monogenea
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Includes flukes
Ectoparasites of fish Simple life cycles (no intermediate host) Attaches with hooks, suckers, spines, or clamps at anterior end |
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Class Trematoda
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Includes Chinese liver fluke and Schistosoma
Endoparasites of many vertebrates Complex life cycles with intermediate hosts Highly modified parasitic flatworms One or two large suckers to attach to host Extra tough epithelium to resist digestion by their host’s enzymes Intricate life cycles with multiple hosts |
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Class Cestoda
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Includes tapeworms, taenia
Highly modified head (scolex) with small barbs to hang on to intestinal walls of host Body consists of a series of segments called proglottids No mouth, no anus, no GVC No respiratory system Hermaphroditic Up to 30 feet long |
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Phylum Rotifera
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Very small
Pseudocoelomate - complete digestive tract Use crown of cilia (corona) to feed, draws particles into the mouth Muscular pharynx (mastax) grinds food Cephalized, with brain, one or more pairs of eye spots, sensory bristles Most are parthenogenetic Copulate by means of hypodermic injection |
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Class Polychaeta
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Includes paddle worms and Nereis
Most primitive annelids Mainly marine Common and abundant Highly cephalized Complex sensory organs Eyes with lens and retina Separate sexes External fertilization in water Each segment has a pair of paddle-like appendages called parapodia Parapodia are covered with setae |
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Class Oligochaeta
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Includes earthworms
Detritovores Important in aerating soil Lack parapodia Lack cephalization Lack eyes, but have light sensitive cells in some segments Complex circulatory system Reproduce asexually by transverse fission (like flatworms) Clitellum - series of segments swollen by large mucus glands Hermaphroditic, fertilize one another simultaneously Fertilized eggs released into mucus Mucus dries into protective cocoon |
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Class Hirudinea
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Includes leeches
Highly modified as parasites Anterior and posterior sucker, attach to host Suckers also help them crawl across the bottom Coelom is greatly reduced, not divided into compartments Strong swimmers Lack parapodia and cephalization Hermaphroditic, develop a clitellum to breed Lay eggs in a cocoon |
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Class Polyplacophora
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Includes chitons
Soft body protected by 8 overlapping plates Most primitive group of mollusks Dorsoventrally flattened (like flatworms) Typical eucoelomate body, tube-in-a-tube Highly adapted for adhering to rocks and other hard surfaces, create partial vacuum by using mantle cavity |
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Class Bivalvia
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Includes mussels, clams, oysters, scallops
Laterally flattened: great adaptation for burrowing in sand Two shells (“valves”) hinged together, closed by powerful adductor muscles Pair of siphons (tubes or openings) moves water in and out Cilia on gills moves water through the mantle cavity Sedentary filter feeders (lacks a radula) Incurrent siphon brings in oxygen, food Excurrent siphon carries off wastes, gametes (bivalves are hermaphrodites) Cilia move food to labial palps Labial palps move food to mouth Gills used in both feeding and respiration |
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Class Gastropoda
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Includes snails, slugs, limpets, whelks, conch, abalone
Single shell Highly mobile, waves of muscular contractions in the foot moves snail along Wide variety of feeding habits Comprise 80% of mollusks Torsion: visceral mass is rotated 180 degrees Feed with radula Mobile, so highly cephalized Pair of sensory tentacles Chemoreceptors for taste Statocysts for balance Some have eyes |
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Class Cephalopoda
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Includes octopus, squid and nautilus
Active marine predators Feed on fish, crustaceans, other mollusks Muscular foot becomes divided into tentacles, 8 in octopus, ten in squid Only mollusks with a closed circulatory system Modified tentacle used to carry sperm to female Large, complex brains, excellent senses Complex eyes Statocysts, many tactile and chemoreceptor cells on arms |
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Subphylum Chelicerata
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Includes horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs
First pair of appendages modified as chelicerae Chelicerae are modified for manipulating food - usually fangs or pincers Lack antennae (no antennae on spiders) |
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Class Merostomata
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Under Chelicerata,
Includes horseshoe crabs Nocturnal Feed on annelids and mollusks Swim on their backs Abundant, but live in deep water Important food source for migratory birds Source of lysate, which clots around dangerous bacteria - used to test equipment and drugs for infective bacteria - over one million lives saved so far! |
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Class Arachnida
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Under Chelicerata,
Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites Tagma: cephalothorax + abdomen 4 pair of walking legs (=8 legs) First pair of appendages are chelicerae Second pair are pedipalps, modified for sensory functions and manipulating prey Mostly carnivorous (mites are herbivores) |
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Subphylum Crustacea
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Includes crabs, shrimp, lobsters, brine shrimp, isopods, barnacles
Mostly marine Biramous appendages Legs on both abdomen and thorax First two pair of appendages modified as antennae Third pair of appendages are mandibles, for tough biting and chewing (other arthropods have mandibles) All crustaceans share a common larval form, the nauplius larva |
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Subphylum Myriapoda
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Includes centipedes and millipedes
Lots of legs |
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Class Chilopoda
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Under Myriapoda, includes centipedes
One pair of legs per segment Uniramous appendages Carnivorous, eat mostly insects |
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Class Diplopoda
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Under Myriapoda, includes millipedes
Mostly herbivorous, feed on decaying vegetation (detritivore = feed on detritus) Two pair of legs per segment (fusion) Curl up in a spiral to protect themselves, secrete a defensive fluid (cyanide gas) |
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Subphylum Hexapoda
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Includes insects
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Class Insecta
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Includes insects
Body consists of head, thorax, abdomen Uniramous appendages 3 pair of walking legs (= 6 legs) Communicate by scent and sound (pheromones) Compound eyes Terrestrial forms breathe via openings along the abdomen called spiracles Spiracles open into a network of tiny tubes called trachea Lose water vapor through trachea, many insects have valves to close spiracles Excrete by means of malphigian tubules, projections of the digestive tract Only invertebrates that fly Extremely elaborate mouthparts--chewing, sucking or piercing Undergo simple or complex metamorphosis (hemi or holometabolous) |
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Class Crinoidea
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Includes sea lilies
Living fossils, sessile forms are ancient species – modern forms are mainly motile Mouth and anus atop disk, disk may be attached to a stalk (primitive) Tube feet modified for filter feeding |
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Class Asteroidea
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Includes starfish
Important marine predators Most have five arms (some have up to 20!) Superficial radial symmetry (madreporite is off center) Small projections of skin stick out near the base of the spines These finger-like projections are called dermal gills Dermal gills aid in respiration and excretion (accomplished by diffusion) Numerous small stalks also project from the skin These stalks, called pedicillaria, bear tiny pincers Pedicillaria can be used to help capture tiny prey Pedicillaria can be also be used to repel boarders |
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Class Echinoidea
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Includes sea urchins, sand dollars
Lack arms Still show 5 part radial symmetry Well protected by sharp spines attached to the skeletal plates under the skin Spines are movable, help urchins creep about Many urchins are well defended with long sharp spines Modified tube feet constantly sense and probe the environment as the urchin moves along Feed by scraping algae off hard surfaces using sharp shelly “teeth” Ecologically important, can occur in large numbers and devastate kelp beds and coral reefs Economically important – harvested for their gonads for sushi Sand dollars are bilateral, sedentary Highly modified for burrowing in sand |
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Class Ophiuroidea
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Includes brittle stars
Lack an anus Small, fast moving Carnivores, scavengers, and filter feeders, most diverse group of echinoderms Can be very abundant at the sea floor |
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Class Holothuridea
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Includes sea cucumbers
Sedentary marine animals Superficial 5 part radial symmetry Skeletal plates under the skin reduced to a few scattered plates Tube feet modified for filter feeding on plankton Mouth surrounded by tentacles Tentacles coated with mucus Mucus traps tiny prey Brings tentacles into mouth to wipe off mucus Recoats tentacles and extends to feed again Several species scour the ocean floor like tiny vacuum cleaners Unique defensive mechanism - they evert sticky tubules out their anus when threatened Tubules are sticky or toxic, regenerate |
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Phylum Chaetognatha
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Includes arrow worms
Extremely abundant, but rarely noticed because they are small and transparent Most abundant carnivore in the ocean Tiny moveable hooks surround the mouth, hence “bristle jaw” Hooks capture prey Small and thin enough to rely on diffusion: No circulatory, respiratory, or excretory organs May not even be a deuterostome, but basal to ecdysozoa, relative of arthropods and nematodes |
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Phylum Hemichordata
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Includes acorn worms
Marine worms May be first deuterostomes on Earth Live in U-shaped burrows on the ocean floor Larvae look much like echinoderm larvae, adult more like a chordate Molecular analysis shows them closer to echinoderms that to chordates Gill slits in pharynx used for gas exchange and for feeding Dorsal hollow nerve cord and gill slits are 2 of the 3 basic traits of chordates (hence hemi) Appearance of notochord thought to be convergent in this group |
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Characteristics of Phylum Chordata
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Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord |
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
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Includes Lancelets
Very common in shallow water Hard to see, because they’re buried in the sand, with only their heads sticking out Filter feed by means of pharyngeal gill slits Sedentary, cephalization greatly reduced Segmented musculature (mesoderm) Independent evolution of segmentation Segmentation in chordates is probably an adaptation for burrowing (as in annelid worms) |
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Subphylum Urochordata
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Includes tunicates
Sessile marine organisms Covered with a cellulose cloak or tunic Use pharyngeal gill slits to exchange gases and feed Pharynx lined with cilia, draws water in through incurrent siphon, out through excurrent siphon Suspended organic particles stick to layer of mucus in the pharynx Vertebrates may have arisen from tunicates through neoteny |
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Characteristics of Vertebrata
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Have a vertebral column
Vertebral column consists of a linear series of vertebrae (backbones) Spinal cord runs through vertebrae Endoskeleton of bone or cartilage Closed circulatory system Separate sexes Pronounced sexual dimorphism Highly cephalized Very well developed sense organs Complex nervous system Brain enclosed in a bony skull (protection) |
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Class Myxini
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Includes hagfish
Jawless fish Skeleton of cartilage (bone without calcium) Both have bony skull, but hagfish lack vertebrae Lack paired fins Parasites, scavengers - ancestors were probably filter feeders |
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Class Cephalaspidomorphi
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Includes lampreys
Jawless fish Marine and fresh water Have bony skull and primitive vertebrae Lamprey larvae are so weird they were thought to be an entirely different animal Metamorphose after 5-7 years, as big a step as going form tadpole to frog Many lampreys are parasites on bony fishes |
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Includes sharks, skates, rays
Jaws to chew and manipulate food Lack bony skeleton, jaws made of cartilage Usually consider sharks primitive, but cartilaginous condition may be derived Lack gas bladder of bony fish - stop swimming and they sink Lateral line - sensory system in the skin Sensors can detect pressure waves in water, can sense approaching predators and struggling prey Skin covered with tooth-like denticles Very large liver, rich in vitamins Paired fins - pectoral fins, pelvic fins Paired fins are horizontal stabilizers, keep sharks on a steady keel - tail provides push Paired fins are a preadaptation for vertebrate forelimbs and hindlimbs Shark skin (shagreen) once sold as sandpaper, still used in boots, belts etc.. Shark livers once used as a source of commercial vitamins, before synthetic vitamins were invented |
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Class Actinopterygii
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Includes ray-finned bony fishes
Bony skeleton (lightweight, thin bones) Bony jaws Fins are webs of skin supported by horny or bony rays or spines Fins are moved by internal body muscles, no muscles in the fins themselves Protective scales (not = reptile scales) |
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Class Sarcopterygii
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Includes lobe-finned bony fishes
Lobe-finned fishes have fins that contain bone and muscle to move their fins Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish Lungfish can breathe air They can burrow into the mud during the dry season, slow their metabolism to 1/60th its normal rate |
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Class Amphibia
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Includes frogs, toads, salamanders
Gave rise to all higher vertebrates External fertilization in water Eggs have no shells, so must stay in water Larvae develop in water (like the tadpole) Primitive sprawling posture, legs held out to the side, belly drags on the ground Lungs very primitive Must breathe through skin to supplement Skin must stay moist to breathe Vulnerable to acid rain and UV radiation Currently undergoing widespread extinction |
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Class Reptilia
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Includes turtles, snakes, crocodiles, lizards, dinosaurs
First fully terrestrial animals Improved posture, limbs held out at an angle to the side, belly above the ground Efficient motion aided by stronger lungs Dry skin covered with scales can withstand arid or semi-arid habitats Expand and contract ribs to breathe, unlike “mouth pushing” amphibians Adaptations for life on land: Covered with scales, won’t dry out Internal fertilization Amniotic egg - egg develops a protective membrane and shell - analogous to the seed |
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Class Aves
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Includes birds
Bones lightweight, hollow, fused together for strength Forearms modified for flight Limbs covered by feathers Feathers evolved from reptilian scales Feathers are a preadaptation, evolved for insulation Birds are warm blooded (like mammals) Birds share fully improved posture with dinosaurs and mammals Most efficient metabolism and respiratory system of any vertebrate |
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Class Mammalia
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Includes humans, dogs, hippopotamus.
Nourish young with milk from mammary glands All have nipples Placental ones nourish fetus inside the body, attached by an umbilical cord to a placenta (hence the navel) Marsupials, like koalas and kangaroos, nourish young in an external pouch Monotremes, like the echidna and platypus, still lay eggs, like their reptilian ancestors Mammals are endothermic (warm blooded), like birds Bodies are covered with hair, unique invention of this class Hair is made of keratin, same protein makes fingernails, toenails, claws, hooves, horns! |
