Flashcard Set Two: Neuroanatomy & Nuerologic Exam

Front 1

Abnormalities in these four functions, calculatins, right-left confusion, finger agnosia, and agraphia is typical of what syndrome?

Back 1

Gerstmann's Syndrome

Hint 1

syndrome of the Parietal lobe

Front 2

Abnormality with calculations, right-left confusion, finger agnosia, and agraphia is usually localized in what lobe?

Back 2

Parietal Lobe

Hint 2

The lobe that is mostly responsible for motor and spatial functioning

Front 3

___________ is most common in lesions of the right (nondominant) parietal lobe, causing patients to neglect the left side.

Back 3

Hemineglect

Hint 3

Think of word for "half"

Front 4

Hemineglect can be tested using which test?

Back 4

Extinction on double simultaneous stimulation or construction task

Hint 4

Think of two things being tested at once or Elmo Only Dislikes Stinky Smells

Front 5

Which test ask for the patient to tap the table with a fist, open palm, and side of open hand and to continue this sequence repeatedly? What does it test for?

Back 5

Luria manual sequencing task; perseveration

Hint 5

from the word "to persevere"

Front 6

The _______ ___-___-___ ____ tests one's ability to suppress inappropriate behavior, in which the patient moves one finger to one tap on the table and keeps it still in response to two taps.

Back 6

Auditory Go-No-Go Test

Hint 6

relies on hearing and tests inhibition

Front 7

How might the administration of the motor exam be modified for patients with apraxia?

Back 7

first demonstrate the movement to the patient, or move their limbs through the desired motion before allowing them to continue on their own

Hint 7

practice tests

Front 8

Posturing reflexes depend on ___________ and ________ circuitry and can be seen in patients with damage to the descending ________ ________ _________ pathways.

Back 8

brainstem; spinal; upper motor neuron

Hint 8

the cauliflower stalk

Front 9

When administering the neurologic exam, you can distinguish between ___________ __________ and posturing reflexes by pinching the skin on the extensor and flexor sides of the limb and noting the direction of movement.

Back 9

purposeful withdrawal

Hint 9

movement will always be away from a painful stimulus

Front 10

Describe two methods commonly used in the neurologic exam to distinguish a true coma from a pseudocoma.

Back 10

hand-dropping test in pseudocoma: when a patient is truly in a coma and their hand is released directly above their face, their hand should strike their face on its way down; Saccadic eye movements in pseudcoma: saccades should not be present in a coma (unless the patient is experiencing sleep paralysis or has locked-in syndrome)

Hint 10

hand and eye

Front 11

What region of the cortex is hidden within the Sylvian Fissure and what structures cover it?

Back 11

Insular Cortex is covered by the frontal operculum and parietal operculum.

Hint 11

Insullation occurs with Fat and Puffy Comforters (operculum is latin for covering)

Front 12

What medial structure separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

Back 12

Parieto-occipital sulcus.

Front 13

The primary motor cortex is found in the ________ _________ of the _____ lobe, and the primary somatosensory cortex is found in the ________ _________ of the ______ lobe.

Back 13

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and postcentral gyros of the parietal lobe.

Hint 13

around the central sulcus

Front 14

How is graphesthesia tested?

Back 14

By asking patients to close their eyes and identify letters or numbers that are being traced onto their palm or the tip of their finger.

Hint 14

around the central sulcus pg. 71

Front 15

What condition caused by large lesions to the frontal lobes or their connections resembles a coma, but is in fact different?

Back 15

Akinesia

Hint 15

Eyes remain open pg 71

Front 16

What does the presence of papilledema during an ophthalmoscopic exam suggest?

Back 16

Elevated intracranial pressure

Hint 16

What does swelling do to pressure? pg. 75

Front 17

Asymetrical or bilateral dilated, unresponsive "blown" pupils indicate what?

Back 17

Transtentorial herniation or other disorders affecting the midbrain

Hint 17

the cranial nerves that control the pupils are in the midbrain pg 76

Front 18

What psychological disorder characterized by sensory motor deficits without a coresponding focal lesion in the nervous system mimics neurological illness?

Back 18

Conversion disorder

Hint 18

Classified under somatoform disorders pg. 78

Front 19

The cranial nerves arise from which brain structure?

Back 19

Brainstem

Hint 19

Most basic part of brain 38

Front 20

What extends throughout the central brainstem from medulla to midbrain?

Back 20

Reticular formaion

Hint 20

contains nuclei that control heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration 40

Front 21

Wernicke's aphasia is also called?

Back 21

receptive or sensory aphasia

Hint 21

input 43

Front 22

Broca's aphasia is also called?

Back 22

expressive or motor aphasia

Hint 22

output 43

Front 23

What's apraxia

Back 23

abnormalities in motor conceptualization, planning, and execution

Hint 23

caused by diffuse lesions to cortex 43

Front 24

The Amygdala is part of what system?

Back 24

limbic system

Hint 24

regulates emotions 42

Front 25

what are prosopagnosia and achromatopsia?

Back 25

inability to recognize faces and colors

Hint 25

inability to recognize… 44

Front 26

Where are Wernicke's and Broca's area located, and what is each area associated with?

Back 26

Broca's Area: Posterior, inferior region of the left frontal lobe. It is associated with Broca's aphasia: the inability to express language and speech. Wernicke's area: superior posterior of the temporal lobe. It is associated with the inability to comprehend or understand language and speech.

Hint 26

"Broca's broken boca" Z-16-18

Front 27

What is agnosia?

Back 27

Agnosia is the ability to recognize an object but the inability to name it.

Hint 27

agnosia="without knowledge" Z-18

Front 28

What is agnosognosia?

Back 28

The inability or refusal to acknowledge that a person has a disease or a disorder

Hint 28

agnosognosia="no knowledge of the disease Z-20

Front 29

What is equipotentiality?

Back 29

Equipotentiality is the idea that if enough cortical material is intact, the material that is there will take over the functions of the missing tissue.

Hint 29

"equal" "potential" Z-19

Front 30

What is pluripotentiality?

Back 30

Pluripotentiality is an extension of the localization theory which states that although a specific role may take place in a certain area of the brain, the brain is also multifunctional in that any given area of the brain can be associated with few or many behaviors.

Hint 30

Multifunctional Z-24

Front 31

Glutamate and Histamine are _________ while GABA and Glycine are _______.

Back 31

Excitatory, inhibitory

Hint 31

start, stop B-20

Front 32

Name nine principle neurotransmitters

Back 32

Glutamate, GABA, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, Glycine, Serotonin, Histamine, Dopamine, Peptides.

Hint 32

Good Grief, Neuroscientists And Graduate Students Have Delightful Personalities! B-20

Front 33

_______ amnesia is when a patient cannot remember events for a period of time immediately before the lesion onset while _______ amnesia is when a patient has difficulties rembering new facts and events that occurred after the lesion occurred.

Back 33

Retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia.

Hint 33

Think of Anterograde as being derived from the same root as Anterior which we know means "in front." So Anterograde amnesia is a problem with forming memories about events that occured "in front" of the time that the lesion happened.

Front 34

Anterograde amnesia is often caused by damage to the limbic memory structures in the _____ _____ lobes and in the _______ _______.

Back 34

Medial temporal lobes, medial diencephalon.

Hint 34

The amygdala and hippocampal formation are located in the Medial temporal lobes and these structures are often thought of as being involved in forming new memories. The thalamus, the central relay station, is part of the diencephalon so many connections involved in creating new memories likely pass through this region.

Front 35

Gerstmann's Syndrom is an impairment in what 4 functions?

Back 35

Calculations, Right-Left confusion, finger Agnosia, agraphia.

Hint 35

CALF : C=Calculations, A= Agraphia, L=Left-Right Confusion, F=Finger Agnosia

Front 36

Perseveration, motor impersistence, and abilia are all signs of damage to the _______ lobe.

Back 36

Frontal

Hint 36

These are all problems that arise from the ability to plan and make decisions which we know are functions of the frontal lobe.

Front 37

When a patient is unaware that they have a problem, such as paralysis, it is termed _______.

Back 37

Anosognosia.

Hint 37

Gnosia is the abliity to recognize objects so when you combine it with "no" (refusal/denial) you get "a refusal/denial of perceiving objects."

Front 38

_______ is the inability to follow motor commands not due to a primary motor or language impairment.

Back 38

Apraxia

Hint 38

When you have apraxia you cannot practice movements on command so think of it as a-practice-ia.

Front 39

When a patient is unable to perform tasks requiring logic and abstraction, such as the similarities subtest on the WAIS, this is an indication of damage to what area of the cortex?

Back 39

Higher-order association cortex.

Hint 39

These tasks, logic/metaphore/simili, are tasks that require a person to make "associations" which require the forebrain cortex present in more evolved or "Higer-Order" species.

Front 40

The hypothalamus is an important region for control of ______, ______, ______, and other circuits.

Back 40

autonomic; neuroendocrine; limbic

Hint 40

ANI--Annie's got a New Lamp 36

Front 41

about 85% of the fibers in the corticospinal tract cross over to control movement of the opposite side of the body called _____ _____.

Back 41

Pyramidal decussation

Hint 41

PD--Pyramids are in Deserts 32

Front 42

____ ____ ____ form synapses onto the ____ ____ ____, located in the anterior horns of the central gray matter.

Back 42

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN); Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)

Hint 42

UMNLMN-- U May Never Like Moody Neighbors 33

Front 43

Thalami are grey matter structures located deep within the cerebral white matter just above the ___ ___ and behind the ___ ___.

Back 43

Brainstem; Basal Ganglia

Hint 43

BBG--Brainy Boucy Geeks 35

Front 44

___ ___ detect the amount and rate of stretch in muscles, which is conveyed via the dorsal roots into the spinal gray matter

Back 44

Muscle spindles

Hint 44

**it works as an afferent fiber 37

Front 45

Where do most cranial nerves originate from?

Back 45

The Brainstem pg38

Hint 45

This structure is composed of the Midbrain, Pons, and medulla

Front 46

What is the name and function of CN I

Back 46

Olfactory Nerve and its function is olfaction (smell) pg40, 2.5

Hint 46

You should NO this Nerve is part of the five senses.

Front 47

Lesions on the brainstem can have devastating effects on these two functions?

Back 47

Sensory and Motor function pg 40

Hint 47

I Sense you want to Walk.

Front 48

The association cortex assists in what processes?

Back 48

Association cortex carry out higher-order information processing between primary and sensory areas. pg41

Hint 48

We use a memo at work to accomplish this process.

Front 49

This structure is arched shaped and connects the Hippocampal Formation to the Hypothalamus and Septal Nuclei.

Back 49

Fornix pg41

Hint 49

I cheer For the Nix!

Front 50

What memory process may be effected by a lesion in the Limbic System?

Back 50

Consolidation of immediate recall into long term memories. pg41

Hint 50

This is common with Dementia patients.

Front 51

What are Frontal Release signs? Evidence of these may be indicative of what in adulthood?

Back 51

Frontal lobe lesions and the reflexes of grasping, rooting, sucking, and snout pg44

Hint 51

These are considered primitive and are normal in infants.

Front 52

What do (Acomm) and (Pcomm) stand for?

Back 52

Anterior Communicating Artery and Posterior Communicating Artery pg45

Hint 52

Areas within the brain that allow blood to circulate.

Front 53

What arteries form the posterior blood supply to the brain?

Back 53

Vertebral arteries join together into a single Basilar artery. Pg44

Hint 53

Vertebrobasilar System

Front 54

_________are eye movements used to rapidly refixate from one object to another

Back 54

Saccades

Hint 54

think "soccer" the ball needs to move rapidly and also shares similar spelling with “saccades”

Front 55

_________is an abnormality in language production or comprehension.

Back 55

Aphasia

Hint 55

A is for Abnormal and Phasia in Greek is talk, speak, or say

Front 56

__________is an abnormal pronunciation of speech

Back 56

Dysarthria

Hint 56

The word looks difficult to pronounce

Front 57

__________ are reduced reflexes and __________ are increased reflexes.

Back 57

Hyporeflexia, hyperreflexia

Hint 57

Hypo= below normal and hyper=above normal

Front 58

Diplopia means________________

Back 58

Double vision

Hint 58

DI=2 (double)/Opia= (vision)

Front 59

The ________ -________ reflex is often the only way to test eye movements with patients in coma.

Back 59

Vestibulo-ocular

Hint 59

Vestibular=orientation in space/Ocular= vision

Front 60

What is the Sylvian Fissure?

Back 60

The deep sulcus that seperates the frontal lobes from the temporal lobes laterally and inferiorlly

Hint 60

Fissure is a divide pg. 24

Front 61

Put together, what do the following structures make: the rostrum, genu, body and splenium

Back 61

the corpus callosum

Hint 61

It connects the two hemispheres of the brain pg. 25

Front 62

Numbered 44 in Broadmann’s classification, this area is involved in speech and movement planning

Back 62

Broca’s area

Hint 62

Located in the inferior frontal gyrus ( frontal operculum) pg.31

Front 63

Which layer of the neocortex contains dendrites and axons from deeper layer?

Back 63

Layer 1

Hint 63

Also known as the molecular layer pg. 29

Front 64

Layers II and III of the neocortex, also known as the external granular layer and the external pyramidal layer, contain neurons that project where?

Back 64

Mainly to other area of the cortex

Hint 64

External layers= project externally pg. 29

Front 65

What subcortical structure do the layer V cells not project to?

Back 65

thalamus

Hint 65

Also known as Grand Central Station pg. 29

Front 66

Which layer of the neocortex receives the majority of the input from the thalamus

Back 66

Layer V also known as the internal granular layer

Hint 66

Internal= inputs pg.29

Front 67

The most important motor pathway in humans is the ______ tract. 32

Back 67

Corticospinal tract.

Hint 67

The majority of fibers in this tract cross over to control movement in the opposite side of the body.

Front 68

Upper motor neurons form synapses into the ______ ______ ______, which are located in the ______ ______ of the ______ ______ ______ of the spinal cord, or in brainstem motor nuclei. 33

Back 68

Upper motor neurons form synapses into the LOWER MOTOR NEURONS, which are located in the ANTERIOR HORNS of the CENTRAL GRAY MATTER of the spinal cord, or in brainstem motor nuclei.

Hint 68

Opposite of UMNs; a name of ventral gray matter; a type of matter

Front 69

The _____ ______ _______ convey proprioception, vibration sense, and fine, discriminating touch. 34

Back 69

Posterior column pathways

Hint 69

One of two main somatosensory pathways

Front 70

What is proprioception? 34

Back 70

Limb or joint position sense

Hint 70

Where are your arms and legs?

Front 71

The _________ ________ convey pain, temperature sense, and crude touch. 34

Back 71

Anterolateral pathways

Hint 71

The pathway in front and away from midline

Front 72

The ______ are gray matter structures located deep within the white matter structures just above the brainstem and behind the basal ganglia. 35

Back 72

Thalami

Hint 72

Appearance is similar to robins’ eggs

Front 73

If higher centers of their descending pathways are damaged, the stretch reflex may become _____ or ______. 38

Back 73

Hyperactive of hypoactive

Hint 73

Too much or too little activity

Front 74

1. anterior communicating artery (AComm)
2. anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
3. internal carotid artery (ICA)
4. posterior communicating artery (PComm)
5. posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
6. basilar artery (BA)
7. vertebral artery (VA)
8. posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
9. anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
10. superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
11. middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Back 74

label the following arteries

Hint 74

AComm, PComm, ICA, ACA, MCA, PCA, 2VA to 1BA, 3 cerebellar arteries: SCA, PICA, AICA , there are 11! (p. 45)