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87 Cards in this Set

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the somatosensory system includes ___ and ___ sensory stimulation
external and internal
can recognize sensation from either inside or outside our bodies, 178
The ____ _____ _____ carries sensory information related to pain and temperature.
ascending spinal-thalamic tract
transfers information from the spinal cord to the thalamus 181
The _______ carries information about touch and vibration.
dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
it is routed up the dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to a white matter tract termed the medial lemniscus 181
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
in the parietal lobe immediately posterior to the central sulcus on the post central gyrus
directly behind the primary motor cortex 182
Sensory information moves from the primary somatosensory cortex to the _______ where the individual properties of tactile stimuli such as shape, weight and texture are combined to form the perception of a single and whole percept.
secondary somatosensory cortex
the second one 183
Damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex can result in______
astereognosia
also known as tactile agnosia 183
Anosmia, Dysosmia, Phantosmia and Hyposmia are all disordes of what sense?
smell
total loss of the sense, the sense is distorted, hallucination or phanton experience of the sense, diminished taste sensation, 189
_______, which is the inability to recognize the form and/or function of objects and people occurs in every sensory domain. For example, ______ _______ is an inability to recognize objects by touch. Z.178
Agnosia; tactile agnosia
Failing to recognize a quarter or a pen held in the hand is an example of the second term.
__________ is a rare disorder in which sensory processing is "cross-wired." The most reported form is "audition coloree" or colored hearing. Z.179: Box 7.1
Synesthesia
Senses are abnormally synthesized.
What are the five types of somatosensory receptors, found on the skin and throughout the body, and what stimuli do they transduce? Z.180-1
Mechanical receptors = touch, vibration & the stretching/bending of tissues; Chemoreceptors = chemicals on skin surface & mucous membranes; Thermoreceptors = heat & cold; Nocioreceptors = damage or threat of damage; Proprioceptors = skeletal muscle movement for limb position.
Examples include sensing the breeze against the skin; levels of stomach acidity; heat/cold; exposure to noxious chemicals; and identifying shapes of objects via touch.
The ______ _______-_________ tract carries sensory information related to pain and temperature and runs parallel to the spinal cord. While the ______ _______ ________ ________ pathway which carries information related to touch and vibration via the dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to a white matter tract. Z.181-2
The ASCENDING SPINAL-THALAMIC TRACT carries pain and temperature information. The DORSAL COLUMN MEDIAL LEMNISCAL PATHWAY carries touch and vibration information.
Sensory information relating to pain and temperature can be life threatening, so it has a direct pathway from the spinal cord to the thalamus for quicker processing. Touch and vibration information makes an additional pit-stop to get to the thalamus.
Facial stimulation is transmitted via the _____ (cranial) nerve, not through the spinal cord. Z.182
Trigeminal nerve
CN 5
Tactile suppression is a somatosensory dysfunction in which _____-______ touch is suppressed when there is competing sensation from both sides of the body. Z.183
Left-sided touch is suppressed when there is competing sensation from both sides of the body.
Higher level somatosensory integration is processed in the right parietal lobe, so if damage occurs at this secondary cortex, dual stimulation cannot be integrated, but isolated touch to the left side can be processed using the primary cortex.
Sensory information of taste is transmitted via three cranial nerves to the medulla then the thalamus where it is distributed to the _______ ________ ______ to distinguish differences in taste or to the ________ which codes the pleasureability of food. Z.186
Primary gustatory cortex for distinguishing tastes and hypothalamus for pleasure.
Gustation = taste; The second structure responds to sweetness of food (pleasure)
Decreased ability to smell (______) is associated with aging, and that both loss and distortion of smell (_______) are associated with depression. Z.189
Hyposmia is the decreased ability to smell and dysosmia is the loss and distortion of smell
Diminution of olfactory ability is an early sign of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's and schizophrenics often have a distorted sense of smell.
The ______ pathways project to the parieto-occipital association cortex and answer the question “_____?”
Dorsal; where?
Opposite of ventral; analyzes motion and spatial relations. B p. 854
The _______ pathways project to the occipitotemporal association cortex and answer the question “_____?”
Ventral; what?
Opposite of dorsal; analyzes form. B p. 854
Cortical blindness, prosopagnosia, and Bliant’s syndrome are all disorders of _____-_____ ______ _______.
Higher-order visual processing
These all have to do with vision and are “up there.” B pp. 855-858
Unimodal association cortex receives input that is ______-______, meaning that input is received from a specific sensory modality and higher-order processing is performed for that modality.
Modality-specific
Unimodal=one mode. Think of a “unique mode.” B p. 825
Heteromodal association cortex has _______ connections with motor, sensory, and limbic cortex.
Bidrectional
“Two directions.” B p. 825
Common dominant (usually left/usually right) hemisphere functions include language and skilled motor formulation.
Usually left
This may be the opposite or bilateral for left-handed individuals. B p. 826
Common nondominant (usually left/usually right) hemisphere functions include prosody and visual-spatial analysis.
Usually right
Lesions to this hemisphere cause impairments in the overall gestalt, or big picture. B p. 826
The left hemisphere is _____ for language in over 95% of right-handers and in over 60% of left-handers.
Dominant
Dominant or nondominant. B. p. 827
The tendency of some functions to be lateralized to the left or right hemisphere results in _____ _____.
Hemispheric specialization
A theory for this specialization is that these asymmetries allow certain functions to be processed within one hemisphere, eliminating long delays. B p. 825
Neural representations for sounds are converted into words in _______ area, and neural representations for words are converted back into sounds in _______ area.
Wernicke's Area, Broca's Area
This connection happens via the arcuate fasciculus.
The best known connection between Broca's and Wernicke's area is a subcortical white matter pathway called the _______ _______.
Arcuate Fasciculus.
This transfer of information occures across the Sylvian fissure.
In what ways can damage to the nondominant language areas inpact language functions?
Difficulty judging the intended expression by tone of voice and difficulty producing emotionally appropriate expression in their own voice.
This deals with the emotional expression and comprehension of tone similar to the broca's and wernicke's expression and comprehension of language.
The most salient feature of Broca's aphasia is often problems in fluency. Some ways to detect this are _______, _______ words, and _______ words.
Phrase length, content words, and function words.
Phrase length of fewer than 5 words, content words (nouns) exceed function words (prepositions and articles). B831
What are common features associated with Broca's aphasia?
Dysarthria, frustration, depression, apraxia, and right hemiparesis.
Right Hemiparesis occurs following damage to the left MCA which makes sense since Broca's area is located in the left hemisphere. B831
What are common features associated with Wernicke's aphasia?
Contralateral Visua Field Cut, Apraxia, anosognosia, angry and paranoid behavior.
This disorder is sometimes confused with Schizophrenia because od the anger, paranoid behaviors, and abnormal speech. B833
A patient with impaired fluency, impaired comprehension, and impaired repetition has _______ aphasia.
Global Aphasia.
Global aphasia occures with large left MCA infarctions that include the superior and inferior divisions. B834
What is conduction aphasia?
Normal fluency and normal comprehension but impaired repitition.
This is caused by disruptions in the connections between Broca's areas and Wernicke's aphasia, e.g. arcuate fasciculus. B834
What are alexia and agraphia?
Alexia = impairment in reading. Agraphia = impairment in writing ability.
These deficits are caused by damage to the central language processing areas. B835
Broca's area connects with? B. 829
other regions of the frontal lobes, including prefrontal crotex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area
motor areas
The reciprocal connections made with Broca's area affect? B. 829
Syntax
Grammar
The reciprocal connections made with Wernicke's area contain? B. 829
Lexicon
meaning
Patients with decreased fluency have? B. 831
phrase length of fewer than five words and the number of content words exceeds the number of function words
FAS can be used for detection of decreased verbal fluency
Naming difficulties are called? B. 835
Anomia or dysnomia
patiens who have this have normal fluency, normal comprehension, and normal repition
In the eye, there are two types of photoreceptors. Name them. What are their functions? (B. Pg. 429).
Rods and Cones. Rods do not detect color and have poor spatial and temporal resolutions but are highly sensitive to light, whereas cones detect color and have high spatial and temporal resolutions.
These types of cells are named for their shapes. Rods are sensitive to light (need less light) and allows us to see in the moonlight so it's difficult to see color. If you didn't have cones, you wouldn't see the color of your ice cream.
Fibers from the left_______ of both eyes end up in the ___ ____ ____, while fibers in the ____ _____ end up in the ____ ____ ____. (B. Pg. 431).
1. hemiretinas 2. left optic tract 3. right hemiretinas 4. right optic tract.
"hemi" meaning half and retina is the thin layer of cells lining the back of the eye. Half of the visual field in both eyes cross over because of the optic chiasm.
These retinal ganglion cells have large receptive fields and respond best to gross stimulus features and movement. (B. Pg. 431)
M Cells
Project to magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
These retinal ganglion cells have smaller receptive fields, are more numerous, and sensitive to fine visual field detail and to colors. (B. Pg. 431)
P Cells
Project to parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
The axons of retinal ganglion cells in the optic tract forms synapses on neurons in which nucleus of the thalamus? (B. Pg. 432)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.
This nucleus projects information received from the optic tract to the primary visual cortex.
Lesions proximal to the chiasm generally produce ______ ______ _____ ______, meaning that the defect occurs in the same portion of the visual field for each eye. (B. Pg. 432)
Homonymous visual field defects
This type of visual defect occurs due to the visual information being crossed over by the optic chiasm.
The _____ ______ project to parieto-occipital association cortex. This pathway analyzes motion and spatial relationships between objects and between body and visual stimuli. (B. Pg. 436)
Dorsal Pathway
This pathway answers the question of "Where"
The _____ ______ project to occiptotemporal association cortex. This pathway analyzes form, with specific regions identifying colors, faces, letters, and other visual stimuli.(B. Pg. 436)
Ventral Pathway
This pathway answers the question of "What"
______ ______ _______, such as people, animals, or complex scenes, arise from the inferior temporo-occipital visual association cortex. (B. Pg. 440)
Formed visual hallicinations
The perception of something "visually" that is not present.
What are the three channels that undergo parallel processing in the visual system? (B. Pg. 435)
Motion, Form, and Color
When coding the rorschach, does the blot have "movement"? Does it "conform" to the object? Is it black, grey, green?
A lesion to the retina causes a _________ __________.
Monocular scotoma
(B.P.441)
Lesions to the optic nerve can also cause this.
Damage to the optic chiasm typically causes a ________ _________.
Bitemporal hemianopia
(B.P 441)
Can’t see what happens on the sides.
The retina receives its blood supply primarily from branches of the ___________ __________.
Ophthalmic artery
(B.P.443)
An artery involve in the optic field
The three main causes of impaired blood flow in the ophthalmic artery and its branches are: __________, _________, __________.
Emboli
Stenosis
Vasculitis
(B. P.443)
ESV
_________ is a circumscribed region of visual loss.
Scotoma
(B.P. 440)
Is an area of loss or impairment of visual acuity.
_________ are bright, unformed flashes, streaks, or balls of light.
Photopsias
(B.P. 440)
Associated with migraines with aura.
_________ are distortions or misinterpretations of visual perception.
Illusions
(B.P. 440)
Misinterpretation of a true sensation so it is perceived in a distorted manner.
When you see structures in one’s own eye.
Entopic phenomena
(B.P. 440)
These can also be called entopic phenomena.
Name a demyelinating d/o of the optic nerve?
Optic Neuritis
Related to multiple sclerosis B445
The occipital cortex, the _________ ___________ and the __________ ___________ process visual information.
temporal lobes, parietal lobes
Lobes of memory, lobes that integrate info from sensory areas Z.200
Eye movement and higher processing of visuospatial working memory are carried out by the _________ _____________.
frontal lobes
executive functioning occurs here Z. 200
3. The _____________ ___________ to the ____________ __________ is involved in spatial location.
dorsal pathway, parietal lobes
towards the back, lobes that integrate infor from sensory areas Z.200
3. Area V1, the striate cortex, is located in the most ____________ of the ______________ ____________ and extends into the medial portion of each hemisphere. Functionally, this area is the __________ __________ _______.
posterior, Occipital lobes, Primary Visual Cortex.
towards the back of the lobe known for vision, PVC Z. 203
3. Apperceptive visual agnosia is most commonly a result of damage to the ___________ ____________ of the ____________ _______________.
parieto-occipital area, right hemisphere
Z. 207-208
Lesions to area V5 results in what?
Akinetopsia
The inability to identify objects in motion Z.204
Damage to visual area 4 (V4) results in what?
Achromatopsia
without color Z.204
The secondary association, also known as the __________ ________ is continguous and corresponds to functional visual areas __ through __.
prestriate cortex, V2-V5
this cortex proceses visual information such as light wavelength, line orientation, shape. Z.203
The _______________ gyrus and the ___________ gyrus of the __________ _____________ are important to integrating verbal aspects of language with the visual symbolic components involved in reading.
Supramarginal, angular, parietal lobes
"above"+margin, having angle, lobes that are separeted from the temporal lobes by the lateral fissure. Z.219
When discussing visual processing, the terms "what" and "where" systems are referring to what pathways?
"What" is the ventral visual pathway in the temporal lobes.
"Where" is the dorsal pathway to the parietal lobes.
"What" is used to identify the stimulus being observed.
"where" giving clues as to where the "what" might be located. z200
What are the differences between apperceptive visual agnosia and associative visual agnosia?
Apperceptive visual agnosia is the inability to combine individual aspects of visual information such as line, shape, color, and form together to form a "whole".
Associative visual agnosia is the inability to link visual percepts and the semantic meaning. The individual can pick out an object but cannot name the object or explain what it is used for.
Apperceptive / damage may be in the parieto-occipital area of the right hemisphere; causes may be CO2 poisoning, Hg intoxication, cardiac arrest, and stroke.
Associative / may be lateralized left hemisphere parieto-occipital lesions.
z208
Temporary and reversible neglect may also occur in conjunction with _________, _______ _________, and _______ ________.
Seizures
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Wada testing.
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Shocking the brain.
Sodium Amytal injections.
z211
Wernicke's area is commonly known as what area and where is it located?
The secondary Auditory Processing Area.
Located in the posterior aspect of the superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke's area lies in the temporal lobe which is close to the ears. Repsonsible for language comprehension. z217
What are some different types of aphasia?
1. Broca's
2. Wernicke's
3. Conduction
4. Transcortical motor
5. Transcortical sensory
6. Anomic
7. Global
1. Agrammatical, confluent, misspelling with normal comprehension of speech.
2. Normal, word-salad, with poor comprehension of speech.
3. Normal fluency, phonemic errors, comprehension is relatively intact with abnormalities in reading and writing.
4. Halting (fluency / content), normal comprehension, with reading normal and writing impaired.
5. Only language impairments are speech comprehension poor, reading and writing inaccuracies.
6. Normal fluency with word-finding errors.
7. Language abnormalities across the board.
z219
List the cortical areas of the motor system involved in motor processing.
1. primary motor cortex 2. secondary motor cortex: made up of the supplementary motor area, premotor area, and the cingulate motor area 3. posterior parietal lobes 4. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
there are 4 areas Z. 190-192
The general stream of motor processing moves from _____________ and __________ motor areas to the ________ motor area to output; however, there are many reciprocal interconnections.
subcortical; secondary; primary
from lower to higher areas Z. 197
What is the role of the primary motor cortex?
manages the fine details required to preform movement
example: turning the page in a book Z. 190
Damage or disease of the motor cortex often results in _________.
Hemiplegia: loss of voluntary movement to the opposite side of the body
"one half" + "paralysis" Z.190
What are the primary functions of the three secondary cortical motor areas?
fine planning, sequencing, and motivational aspects of motor processing
ordering of movements Z. 197
Describe some examples of motor processing disorders of WHEN to act?
Akinesia: difficulty initiating and maintaining behavior, Motor Perseveration: an inability to stop a behavior or series of behaviors, Defective Response Inhibition: the inabilty to inhibit an inappropriate motor response
mneumonic: MAD Z.193
What is the main type of motor processing disorder associated with difficulty in HOW to act?
Apraxia: An inability or disability in performing voluntary actions despite an adequate degree of motor strength and control
"Absence of action" Z.193
List and describe the most common subtypes of apraxia.
LIMB-KINETIC APRAXIA: problems in executing precise, independent or coordinated finger movements, IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA: difficulties in the execution of the idea of a movement even though the knowledge of the action is preserved, CONCEPTUAL APRAXIA: knowledge of the action has been lost, DISSOCIATION APRAXIA: impairment in an action sequence
finger movements, idea of a movement, concept of a movement and sequence of movement Z.195
________ motor processing is largely concerned with voluntary, conscious movement, whereas ________ structures function in a more automatic manner to regulate movement.
cortical; subcortical
more primative structures function in a more automatic manner to regulate movement Z.195
The central fixation for each eye falls onto the ____, which is a region of the retina with the highest visual aquity. B428
FOVEA
it is small in size, this area is represented by half of the fibers in the optic nerve and half of the cells in the primary visual cortex
As light enters the eye and passes through the ___. It forms an image on the retina, that is ____ and ____. B428
LENS; INVERTED; REVERSED
eye glasses can also be refered to as this: and info from the upper visual space is projected onto the lower retina, and the lower visual space projects to the upper retina
The axons of the retinal ganglion cells in the optic tract form synapses on nueorns in the ____ _____ ____. B432
LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
LGN
_____ respond to light in their receptive fields and form excitation and inhibitory synpases onto ___ ___. B429
PHOTORECEPTORS; BIPOLAR CELLS
there are two types of these in the retina that are cones and rods; these cells synapse onto ganglion cells
Retinal ganglion cells can be further classified as ___ and ___. B431
M cells and P cells
one of these cells responds to gross stimulus features and movement; this other cells are more senitive to visual detail and color
A visual field defect in the same region for both eyes B440
HOMONYMOUS
caused by retrochiasmal lesions
___ ___ ___ such as lights, color, geometric shapes are caused by disturbances anywhere to the primary visual cortex. B439
SIMPLE VISUAL PHENOMENA
THESE ARE POSITIVE VISUAL PHENOMENA THAT MAY BE SIMPLE OR FORMED