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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Afrocentric perspective
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Emphasizes the customs of African Cultures and how they pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of Blacks in the U.S. and around the world
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Amalgamation
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The process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage
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Annexation
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2nd Pattern
An indigenous group is incorporated into another society |
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Assimilation
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The process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group
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Five Reasons Assimilation would take longer for some groups
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Differences between minority and majority are large
Majority is not receptive or minority retains its culture Minority group arrives over a short period of time Minority group residents are concentrated rather than dispersed Arrival is recent and the homeland is accessible The Pluralist Perspective |
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Bilingualism
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The use of two or more languages in places of work or education with each language being treated as equally legitimate
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Biological Race
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Idea of Biological Race is based on mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group
Genetic traits are continuous so it is impossible to state where one group begins and ends and another starts Within group, variations are greater than differences between groups Each trait is independent from the other Human species contain no subgroups |
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Blaming The Victim
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portraying the problems of racial and ethnic minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s responsibility
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Class
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People who share similar wealth, according to Weber’s definition
Upward mobility may be difficult for subordinate group members faced with lifelong prejudice and discrimination Ethnic and racial stratification The structure and process by which race and ethnicity determines life chances and access to socially desirable resources such as housing, justice, education, wealth, power, etc. |
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Colonialism
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3rd Pattern
The political, socio-cultural and economic domination of an indigenous population by a foreign power |
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Emigration
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Leaving your native country to settle in another.
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Fusion
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Occurs when a minority and majority group combine to form a new group
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Gender Groups
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such as women who are set apart on the basis of sex
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Genocide
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Systematic extermination of subordinate group at the hands of the dominant group
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Globalization
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increasing global connectivity, integration and interdependence
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Immigration
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1st Pattern
Immigration may be voluntary or it may be involuntary Populations usually migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors |
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In-Group
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within the same ethnicity, race or gender group
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Internal Colonialism
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inequalities between regions within a single society
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Labeling Theory
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Attempt to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior are not
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Majority Group
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group with most individuals, can be in terms of race, gender or ethnicity
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Melting Pot
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Diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new creation, a new cultural identity
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Migration
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1st Pattern
Immigration may be voluntary or it may be involuntary Populations usually migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors |
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Minority Group Characteristics
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Members experience a pattern of disadvantage or inequality
Share a visible trait or characteristic that differentiates them from other groups Self-Conscious social unit Membership determined at birth Marry within group |
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Stratification
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The structured ranking of entire groups that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society
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Panethnicity
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boundaries expand beyond
national origins to encompass a range of groups perceived to share some structural or cultural traits |
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Pluralism
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Implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without prejudice or hostility
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Pull and Push Factors
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negative and positive factors that compel someone or hinder them from moving
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Racial Formation
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process by which individuals are defined
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Racial Group
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are groups that are set apart on the basis of obvious physical differences within a society
What is obvious is relative to the group or society |
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Racism
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The feeling that certain groups or races are inherently superior to others
Stratification by Class and Gender |
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Secession
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A group ceases to be a subordinate group when it secedes to form a new nation or moves to an established nation, where it becomes dominant
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Segregation
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The physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions, generally imposed by the dominant group
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true
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World Systems Theory
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an approach to social analysis and social change, derived from two key intellectual sources, the neo-Marxist literature on development and the French Annales School
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All-Weather Bigot
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Prejudiced Discriminator
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All-Weather Liberal
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Unprejudiced Non-Discriminator
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Authoritarian Personality
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number of qualities that predict one's potential for fascist and antidemocratic leanings and behaviors
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Bogardus Scale
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measures people's willingness to participate in social contacts of varying degrees of closeness with members of diverse social groups
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Contact Hypothesis
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a way to create harmony among groups that are experiencing conflict
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Discrimination
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Behavior that deprives a group of certain rights or opportunities
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Ethnocentrism
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the viewpoint that “one’s own group is the center of everything,” against which all other groups are judged
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Ethnophaulism
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Ethnic slurs that include derisive nicknames and include speaking about or to members of a particular group in a condescending way
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Exploitation Theory
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Prejudice is rationally and economically motivated on the basis of self interests
The dominant group benefits from prejudice in that it is rooted within the exploitation of a group |
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Criticisms of Exploitation Theory
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Not all subordinate groups are exploited equally
Prejudice occurs for reasons other than economic Prejudice is not necessarily rational and may undermine dominant group interests |
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Intergroup Hostility
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Content and extent of prejudice and stereotypes between ethnic - racial groups
Members of oppressed groups have adopted the widely held beliefs of the dominant culture concerning oppressed groups |
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Labels
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Preconceived notions that we give to those that surround us
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LaPiere's study
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Exposed the relationship between racial attitudes and social conduct
Traveled with a Chinese couple across the United States Despite alleged intolerance, couple was treated courteously at hotels, motels, and restaurants |
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Merton's typology
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points out that people do not always act as they believe
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normative approach
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prejudice is patterned into the cultural norms and values of a group or society
Prejudice is a function of conforming to group norms of intolerance |
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prejudice
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Negative attitude that rejects an entire group
• Four theories: Scapegoating Authoritarian Personality Exploitation Normative |
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racial profiling
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Any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person’s behavior
Can be an explicit use of stereotypes |
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reluctant liberal
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unprejudiced, discriminator
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scapegoating theory
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occurs when an individual (group) projects and blames their own inadequacies or problems onto another group
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social distance
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The tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group
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stereotype
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Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account
Stereotypes are often exaggerated and negative images of a group Stereotypes come from a variety of sources a kernel of truth the media but power plays a role in their effect |
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timid bigot
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prejudiced nondiscriminator
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absolute deprivation
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Implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist
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affirmative action
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The positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
Today, has become a catchall term for racial preference programs and goals Lightning rod for opposition to any programs that suggest special consideration of women and racial minorities |
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Brown v. Board of Education
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separate but equal
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discrimination
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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons
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income
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Disparity in income between Black women and White men has remained unchanged for over fifty years
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dual labor market model
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According to this model, minorities have been relegated to the informal economy
Informal economy offers few safeguards against fraud or malpractice Few fringe benefits such as stability, wages, health insurance, and pension Criticized for promoting unfair and dangerous working conditions Workers are ill prepared to enter the regular economy permanently |
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glass ceiling
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Refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership
Barriers contribute to women not moving into ultimate decision-making positions in the nation’s corporate giants |
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glass escalator
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Refers to the male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women
Men who chose to enter female-dominated occupations are often rewarded with promotions and positions of responsibility coveted by their fellow female workers |
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glass wall
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Additionally, they face glass walls that block lateral moves to areas from which executives are promoted
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informal economy
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Consists of transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government
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institutional discrimination
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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
Institutional forms of discrimination are committed collectively against a group May be unconscious - in that it is not a function of awareness of discrimination |
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irregular or underground economy
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Consists of transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government
The regular labor market operates according to the principles of the conventional labor market |
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Irregular economy
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operates outside the boundaries of the regular economy as it relates to job stability, wages, working conditions or benefits
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redlining
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The pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods
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relative deprivation
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The conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
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reverse discrimination
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An emotional term because it conjures up the notion that somehow women and minorities will subject White men in the U.S. to the same treatment received by minorities during the last three centuries
Supporters of affirmative action As long as businesses rely on informal social networks, personal recommendations, and family ties, White men will have a distinct advantage built on generations of being in positions of power |
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total discrimination
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=past+current labor market
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wealth
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Past discrimination carries into the present and future
No inherited wealth is element of the past Less opportunity of Blacks to accumulate assets |
