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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What “enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society” according to C.W. Mills?
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Sociological Imagination
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During what decade did C. Wright Mills develop his theory about grasping the relationship between history and biography in society?
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1950
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How would you describe the practice of sociology?
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the interactions of people
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Which sociologist developed the theory of positivism?
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Auguste Comte
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Positivism is best defined as __________
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Sociology is like a physical science, therefore we can use the scientific method to best solve it
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According to Comte, positivism arose out of a need to make ____________ sense of the social order in a time of declining religious
authority. |
moral
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As a formal field, sociology is a relatively ____________ discipline.
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new
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Who was the author of the first methods book in the discipline of sociology?
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Harriet martineau
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Who are known as “the founding fathers of the sociological discipline”?
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Marx, Durkheim, and Weber
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As an ideology for society to follow, Marx said, “from each according to his abilities, to each _______________
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a according to his need
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Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior, and advocated sociological
analyses that allowed for multiple influences? |
henry brossman
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Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?
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Max Weber
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The author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism argued that sociologists should study social behavior from the perspective
of the people engaging in it. This is known as_____________ |
verstehen
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What is the study of social meanings that emphasizes subjectivity in understanding human behavior?
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psycology
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According to the theory of social solidarity, the division of labor in a society helps to determine _________
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social relations
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According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society.
This normlessness was called __________ |
anomie
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Who wrote Suicide in 1897?
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Emile Durkheim
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Which American university was the first to have a sociology department?
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University of Chicago
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The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This
is known as ___________ |
social ecology
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The Chicago School’s main laboratory for sociological research was _______
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Chicago
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Charles H. Cooley argued that the “self” emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He
calls this ________________ |
the looking glass self
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“If men define situations as real they are real in their consequences” is the theory of which Chicago School theorists?
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W.I Thomas
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Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University?
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W.E.B Dubouis
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Which modern sociological theories grew from Durkheim’s and others’ ideas that the best way to analyze society was to identify the roles
that different aspects or phenomena play in the overall structure of society? |
functionalism
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Which modern sociological theory examines how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender
differences? |
feminism
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Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to
individuals? |
social interactionism
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Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as
______________ |
Dramaturgy
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Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to
postmodernists, all “facts” are really ____________ |
debatable
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What do symbolic interactionists study?
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language as a symbol
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Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology?
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cultural anthropology
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Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions?
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microsociology
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Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?
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macrosociology
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The social science concept that means that a change in one factor results in a direct change in another factor is known as _________
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causality
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The two general categories of sociological research are known as _________
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qualitative and quantitative
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The research method that uses statistical analyses to describe the social world is called ______________
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quantitative method
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If Kate approaches sociological research with a theory, then forms a hypothesis and makes empirical observations, what method is she using?
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qualitative method
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The ____________ approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory.
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inductive
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The statement “people with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health” is an example of the association known in social
research as _________ |
correlation
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What is needed to establish causality?
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two variables have to be connected (empirical association), independent has to come before dependent, elimination of alternative explanation
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In social research, a false relationship or alternative explanation is known as ______-
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Spurious Relation
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Akila believes that the outcome of her research is affected by events or changes in the real world. This type of experiment is known as
______________ |
a natural experiment
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Martine is a sociologist who thinks that A is causing B, when in fact, B is causing A. She needs to be careful to not make the mistake
known as _____________ |
reverse causality
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The variable or outcome that a sociologist explains is known as the ________
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dependent
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The measured factors that a sociologist believes have a causal impact on another variable are known as the ____________
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independent
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A proposed relationship between two variables that a sociologist studies is known as a(n) ____________
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hypothesis
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When hypothesis testing, a researcher needs to be very specific when defining concepts and variables. This is known as _______________
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operationalization
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____________ means that a researcher is successful in measuring what he or she intends to measure.
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validity
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The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time she or he tests a hypothesis is
____________ |
reliability
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The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as
_______________ |
generalizability
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Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200
men comprise what researchers call a ______________ |
sample
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The subset of a population from which a researcher collects data is known as a ____________
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sample
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If a researcher collects data from an entire population, this is called _______
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cenus
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If a sociologist studies one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its Parent-Teacher Association, he or she is using which research
method? |
panel survey
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A researcher must be aware of how he or she affects the events being studied. This is known as _______
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“white coat” effects/ reflexivity
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Mitchell Duneier’s study of homeless men on New York City’s Sixth Avenue involved hanging out with his research subjects to collect
data. This type of methodology is known as _____________ |
field research
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An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from research respondents is known as _____________
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survey
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Lance is a sociologist who has mailed 10,000 surveys to possible respondents in a population he is studying. He hopes to get responses
from, and have a sample of, at least 5,000. This is known as ___________ |
response rate
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The main reason that achieving high response rates and limiting selection bias are so important is that they lead to _______________
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accurate results that can be generalized
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The General Social Survey (GSS) is replicated yearly with a new sample of 2,000 respondents. This is an example of
___________________ |
cross-sectional survey
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A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as __________
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longitutdal survey (panel survey)
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Researchers studying social movements often use methods, which involves collecting data from written reports and other artifacts that date
to a specific time period. This method is called _______________ |
secondary analysis
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The notion that our culture, lacking a history of feudalism, was uniquely individualistic and nonpaternalistic is known as
________________ |
american acceptionalism
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Rogers Brubaker (1992) studied the notions of citizen and statehood in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as
_______________ |
comparative research
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Perhaps the most difficult method to apply to the social sciences, as compared with laboratory-based natural sciences, is/are ____________
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experimental research
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LeeAnn is a graduate student in sociology who is studying media depictions of gun violence in popular films such as Rambo and Scarface.
Her choice of methods is known as ______________ |
research using secondary analysis
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In content analysis research, _____________ refers to what we can measure easily and is obvious
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manifest content
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In content analysis research ______________ refers to observations that are implied, but not easily observed.
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latent content
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What are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research? 72. Research subjects have a right to know that they
are participating in a study and what the study consists of. This is known as ____________- |
do no harm, informed consent, voluntary participants, confidentiality
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A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as ____________
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protected population
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A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as ____________
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protected populations
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Social research aimed to influence public policy and society as a whole is referred to as __________________
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ideology
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A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices that is the total of the social categories and concepts that people embrace is one definition of
__________ |
culture
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One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as ______________
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non-material culture
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Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of _________
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material culture
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Slang terms such as LOL, ROFL, and BRB are examples of _______
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low culture
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A type of nonmaterial culture known as ____________ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and
effect. |
ideology
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It is important to take into account differences across cultures without making value judgments. This is known as _________________
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cultural relativism
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Baseball in the United States and cockfighting in Bali are examples of __________
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high culture
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While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society that share some of the dominant
cultural values, but also have some of their own, unique material and nonmaterial or symbolic culture |
subcultures
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The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as heavy metal music and the goths, are examples of ______________
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subculture
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The experience of learning a culture’s norms, values, and so on is known as ____________
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socialization
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The theory that states that culture is a projection of the social structures and relationships into the public sphere is known as
______________ |
reflection theory
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One way to define ____________ is as any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information, such as books,
newspapers, and television. |
media
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Gramsci’s concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving
the approval and consent of the masses is known as ___________ |
hegemony
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Gramsci’s concept for getting people to do what you want them to do by force and sometimes violence is known as ___________
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dominance
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Similar to sociologists’ research, Herbert Gans (1979) studied television news outlets’ decisions on what to include (or not to include) in
the news. What did he find? |
racism in media
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Jean Kilbourne’s college lectures and film, Killing Us Softly (2010), examine which issue?
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sexism in media
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In the United States, six major companies, including Disney and Time-Warner, own what percentage of the media?
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90%
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The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as _________________
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consummerism
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The act of turning media against itself, such as the actions of Rockin’ Rollen and Adbusters, is called ____________
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culture jamming
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The lifelong process by which people learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become a functioning member of a
society is known as: |
psycological development or socialization
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The Turing Test is a popular test in which area of research?
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socialization
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The primary units of socialization for babies are ___________
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family
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Cooley’s theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is
known as ___________ |
looking glass self
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Concepts such as I, me, and generalized other are part of which theorist’s work?
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charles cooley
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Which theory uses game playing to understand the development of self?
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Meads role playing theory
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Which theorist extends his theory of socialization to span an entire lifetime, rather than just limiting it to explanations of childhood or
adolescence? |
erickson
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The four main categories of agents of socialization are ____________
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families, schools, mass media, institutions
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A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as ____________
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resocialization
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Terms such as status, roles, and role conflicts are part of role theory, which is the work of which theorist?
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R. Merton
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A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as “student” or “professor,” is known as a ___________
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achieved status
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The expectations and duties that come attached to a particular status are known as ________________
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role
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A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her role, such as dealing with sleep deprivation and spending quality time with
her children, may be experiencing ________________ |
role strain
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Most college students occupy many statuses at one time: student, employee, citizen, son or daughter, and so on. This list of statuses is
known as __________ |
status set
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Involuntary statuses that we are born into are called ____________
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ascribed status
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Voluntary statuses that we become over time are called ___________
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achieved status
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The expectations that Barbie dolls are for girls and G.I. Joe dolls are for boys are examples of _________
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gender roles
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Which theory contains concepts such as front stage and backstage, and has its roots in the work of William Shakespeare?
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dramaturgical theory
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According to Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe that they are
doing the same. He calls this ____ |
impression management
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Garfinkel’s method for critically acting upon and studying social interactions is called _____________
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ethnomethodology
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