First Semester Biology

Front 1

Photosynthesis is performed by ______, such as plants, algae, or Mrs. Cope

Back 1

autotrophs

Front 2

Autotrophs contain ____, the organelle that performs photosynthesis

Back 2

chloroplasts

Front 3

The ____ are membrane bound flattened sacs. ____, the photosynthetic pigment, resides in the thylakoids

Back 3

Thylakoids, chlorophyll

Front 4

The space inside a thylakoid is called that _____ ______

Back 4

thylakoid space

Front 5

A _____ is a stack of thylakoids in a column

Back 5

grana

Front 6

Singular grana is _____

Back 6

granum

Front 7

The thylakoids and grana are surrounded by a gel-like matrix called the _____

Back 7

stroma

Front 8

Photosynthetic prokaryotes lack chloroplasts but perform photosynthesis along their ____ _____

Back 8

cell membrane

Front 9

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts contain their own _____ and are thought to once be prokaryotes that were ingested by a larger cell and formed a mutualistic relationship with the larger cell

Back 9

DNA

Front 10

The balanced equation for photosynthesis is

Back 10

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 11

The actual equation for photosynthesis is

Back 11

6CO2 + 12H2O + Sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

Front 12

Why is the balanced equation more accurate

Back 12

the original equation implies that 12 water molecules are used in the light reactions and, therefore, 12 NADPH and 12 ATP molecules are transferred to the next step in photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle

Front 13

The Calvin cycle occurs in the _____ of the chloroplast

Back 13

stroma

Front 14

The stroma is ____

Back 14

the gel-like matrix around the grana stack. Floating in this gel-like matrix are the enzymes used in the Calvin Cycle

Front 15

The reactants in photosynthesis are _______, ________, and _______

Back 15

carbon dioxide, water, sunlight

Front 16

The products are ______ and ______

Back 16

glucose, oxygen

Front 17

Light is a form of _____ energy

Back 17

radiant

Front 18

The complete range of radiant energy in all its forms is called the _____ spectrum

Back 18

electromagnetic

Front 19

The main pigment in photosynthesis is _____

Back 19

chlorophyll

Front 20

Most plants contain 2 types of chlorophyll, ____ and ____

Back 20

a, b

Front 21

____ are the yellow and orange pigments in a plant (think carrots)

Back 21

carotenoids

Front 22

There are other pigments that give flowers and fruit their colors but are not involved in photosynthesis such as ________ (red and purple), _____ (yellow), and ______ (brown)

Back 22

anthocyanins, xanthophylls, tannins

Front 23

The pigments in photosynthesis are arranged in clusters in the thylakoids known as ____

Back 23

photosystems

Front 24

There is Photosystem I and Photosystem II, named in the order in which _____

Back 24

they were discovered

Front 25

If a photon of energy strikes anywhere in the photosystem, energy is transferred to chlorophyll ___, which is in the reaction center

Back 25

a

Front 26

Photosynthesis can be broken down chronologically into the 3 steps

Back 26

Photosystem II, Photosystem I, and Calvin Cycle

Front 27

Photosystems I and II are ______ on each other and are called the ______ reactions because they require sunlight to excite an electron in the chlorophyll molecule

Back 27

dependent, light

Front 28

The photosystems are a series of biochemical pathways which electrons jump from protein to protein known as an ____ ____ chain

Back 28

electron transport

Front 29

The photosystems occur along the _____ membrane and in the _____ space

Back 29

thylakoid, thylakoid

Front 30

Photosystem II captures light optimally at _____ nm

Back 30

680

Front 31

Photosystem I captures light optimally at _____ nm

Back 31

700

Front 32

Chlorophyll is green because

Back 32

there are two peaks in the absorption graph, so the most light energy is absorbed

Front 33

Why does photosynthesis require water

Back 33

water supplies electrons to the photosystems and replaces electrons that leave chlorophyll a when they are excited by a photon of light. This is the reason why plants need so much water - so they can perform photosynthesis and make glucose.

Front 34

Reactants used in Photosystem II

Back 34

H2O + Sunlight

Front 35

Products made in Photosystem II

Back 35

O2

Front 36

Reactants used in Photosystem I

Back 36

Sunlight

Front 37

Products made in Photosystem I

Back 37

none from equation

Front 38

How much ATP and NADPH is made from one water molecule

Back 38

1, 1

Front 39

How much oxygen is made from one water molecule

Back 39

1/2 O2

Front 40

The purpose of the Calvin cycle isto take the ____ (ATP and NADPH) made in the light reactions and "fix" carbon from the air into a simple sugar, _____

Back 40

energy, glucose

Front 41

For each turn of the Calvin Cycle, ____ CO2 molecules enter. To make 1 PGAL, ___ CO2 molecules are used and to make 1 glucose, ___ CO2 are used

Back 41

3, 3, 6

Front 42

____ is the enzyme used to bond the carbon in CO2 to the RuBP

Back 42

Rubisco

Front 43

To make 1 glucose molecule, the Calvin Cycle must turn ____. This means that ____ NADPH and 12 ATP are needed from the light reactions to make 1 ____ molecule.

Back 43

twice, 12, glucose

Front 44

If there is an abundance of glucose and the plant does not need the glucose right away for respiration, it will store the glucose molecules as ____. Many vegetables that we eat, such as carrots and potatoes are starch reserves of plants.

Back 44

starch

Front 45

The first phase of the Calvin Cycle is known as _____ fixation because carbon is taken out of _____ and placed into RuBP to make 3-PGA.

Back 45

Carbon, air

Front 46

At each step of the Calvin Cycle, enzymes are involved to-
1. oxidize NADPH and ____ the molecules involved in the Calvin cycle

Back 46

reduce

Front 47

2. Phosphorylate the molecules in the Calvin cycle and convert ____ into _____.

Back 47

ATP, ADP

Front 48

3. Rearrange molecules from _ carbon to _ carbon to _ carbon molecules

Back 48

6, 3, 5

Front 49

The _ ATP molecules that phosphorylate PGAL come from ______ ______, which occurs in the plant's mitochondria

Back 49

cellular respiration

Front 50

ATP Synthase uses ____ to produce ATP molecules

Back 50

chemiosmosis

Front 51

The _____ is used to store water in the plant cell

Back 51

vacuole

Front 52

The purpose of the photosystems is to provide ____ for the third step of photosynthesis in the form of ATP and NADPH (the full name of which is ____ ____ ___ ___)

Back 52

energy, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Front 53

The mission of the third step of photosynthesis is to extract carbon from the ____ and place them into an organic molecule (______)

Back 53

air, glucose

Front 54

Overview of Photosynthesis-
____ and ___, along with ___ and ____ from the previous step of Photosynthesis called the ____ _____, go into the ____ (plural of the first part of photosynthesis), which are collectively called the _____ ____, and this produces as a product ______, and sends ____ and ____ to the ____ ___. On the other side of Photosynthesis, ____ goes into the ___ ___ via ____ ____, and the _____ ____ takes in the ____ and ____ sent to it from the previous step. The products of the third part of photosynthesis, called the _____ ____, is most importantly _____, but also _____ and ____ are sent to the ______ (plural of the first part of photosynthesis)

Back 54

H2O and Sunlight, NADP+ and ADP, Calvin Cycle, Photosystems, Light Reactions, O2, NADPH and ATP, Calvin Cycle, CO2, Calvin Cycle, Carbon Fixation, Calvin Cycle, NADH and ATP, Calvin Cycle, Glucose, NADP+ and ADP, Photosystems

Front 55

What is an abiotic factor

Back 55

an event or thing that affects life

Front 56

What makes an organism heterotrophic

Back 56

ability to consume and digest other organisms

Front 57

On earth, the organic molecules that are the basis for many food chains are produced by

Back 57

photosynthesis

Front 58

Which of the following characteristics represent a good bioindicator species for a stream (easy to identify, easy affected by environmental change, easy to catch, cannot reproduce once exposed to change)

Back 58

easy to identify, easy to catch, easily affected by environmental change

Front 59

In food webs and food chains, what do the arrows connecting the organisms represent

Back 59

energy flow

Front 60

In a food chain consisting of phytoplankton -> zooplankton -> fish -> bacteria, the decomposers are

Back 60

bacteria

Front 61

What is an example of a scavenger

Back 61

vulture

Front 62

A tidal wave wipes out he entire population of mice living on an island. This is an example of

Back 62

a density-independent limiting factor

Front 63

Exponential vs boom & bust vs logistic definitions

Back 63

exponential is a J curve logarithmic, boom & bust is a J curve followed by an upside down J curve of sorts, logistic growth is logarithmic until something happens and then it plateaus, called carrying capacity

Front 64

Rabbits are 2o consumers, true or false

Back 64

false

Front 65

During succession the plant species generally

Back 65

change gradually until a climax community has been reached with a diverse community of plant life

Front 66

If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1000 individuals for a given species, and 2000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that population size will

Back 66

decrease

Front 67

If two closely related species occupy the same habitat and use the environment in similar ways, what will probably happen in the habitat where they overlap

Back 67

Competition will occur between the species

Front 68

What type of relationship do prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have with humans

Back 68

parasitic

Front 69

The difference between mutualism and commensalism is

Back 69

both organisms benefit in a mutualistic relationship while one benefits and the other is unharmed in a commensalistic relationship

Front 70

In a developing country, where will the bulge be in an age-structure diagram

Back 70

the bottom, the younger ages

Front 71

In twenty years, in that same developing country, where will the bulge be in an age-structure diagram

Back 71

the middle

Front 72

What is a density-dependent relationship

Back 72

each species depends on the other to be stable

Front 73

What is the term for rapid growth upwards

Back 73

exponential/j-curve

Front 74

When the number of a population of streptococci reaches into the millions, the growth rate slows down. Give an example of a limiting factor the streptococci would encounter in a Petri dish that causes them to slow their growth

Back 74

if there are too many strep., they would consume too much food, limiting their growth. They would encounter what is known as competition.

Front 75

What does natality mean, and what does mortality mean

Back 75

natality is the birth of infants, and mortality is the death of people

Front 76

Name 1 assumption the zoologist must make about the chipmunk population in order for the equation above to accurately estimate the population size

Back 76

The chipmunks have an equal number of being captured

Front 77

A biome with hot and humid conditions all year long with tall trees that create a canopy over the forest floor with many exotic animals; biome, climate zone

Back 77

Rainforest biome, Tropical climate zone

Front 78

A biome that has a very cold and dry climate with permafrost, few types of vegetation and cold weather animals, such as polar bears; biome, climate zone

Back 78

biome is tundra, climate zone is polar

Front 79

What is the biome and climate zone of Virgina

Back 79

biome is deciduous, climate zone is temperate

Front 80

Chesapeake aquatic ecosystem

Back 80

Estuary

Front 81

Atlantic Ocean aquatic ecosystem

Back 81

Marine

Front 82

James River ecosystem

Back 82

Freshwater

Front 83

Most fragile indicator species

Back 83

mayflies and caddisflies

Front 84

Mediumly fragile indicator species

Back 84

damselflies and dragonflies

Front 85

Tough indicator species

Back 85

midge, leeches

Front 86

What type of relationship is shown between absorption and concentration

Back 86

direct

Front 87

While looking through a compound microscope, Courtney looks at a paramecium swimming out of the field of view towards the left hand bottom corner. In what direction is the paramecium actually swimming

Back 87

right hand top corner

Front 88

Courtney looks at the same paramecium under the dissecting microscope. While looking through the microscope, the paramecium begins to swim out of the field of view towards the upper left hand corner. In what direction is the paramecium really swimming

Back 88

upper left hand corner

Front 89

Which law states that the amount of light transmitted is inversely proportional to the path distance through a substance

Back 89

Lambert's Law

Front 90

The eyepiece of a microscope has a magnification of 10x and the objective has a magnification of 35x. What is the total magnification

Back 90

350x

Front 91

What is the difference between resolution and magnification

Back 91

magnification refers to the size of the object and resolution refers to the clarity and definition of the object

Front 92

Light passing through a window is an example of light

Back 92

transmitting

Front 93

When changing from low power to high power, what must be adjusted on the microscope to have a clear image

Back 93

Fine adjustment, Diaphragm

Front 94

What occurs to a black object when it is placed in light

Back 94

It will absorb all of the colors and retain heat

Front 95

What part of the spectrophotometer separates white light into discrete wavelengths

Back 95

monochromator (prism)

Front 96

Jasmine wants to determine the absorbance of a bacteria sample. What type of glassware does she place the sample in before she places it in the spectrophotometer

Back 96

cuvette

Front 97

What term refers to focusing on different levels of an object to find what is on the top, middle, and bottom

Back 97

depth of focus

Front 98

Which of the properties of light are used in the spectrophotometer

Back 98

transmission and absorption

Front 99

The scanning objective has a field of view of 4000 um, the low objective has a field of view of 2000 um, the high objective has a field of view of 1000 um and the oil immersion has a field of view less than 800 um. The nucleus of a cell is 50 um wide. Which objective would be used to see the nucleus in the most detail

Back 99

oil immersion

Front 100

Match the magnification to each of the following objectives-
A. 4x, B. 10x, C. 40x, D. 100x
oil immersion objective

Back 100

100x

Front 101

low objective

Back 101

10x

Front 102

scanning objective

Back 102

4x

Front 103

high objective

Back 103

40x

Front 104

diaphragm

Back 104

controls the amount of light streaming through the microscope

Front 105

fine adjustment

Back 105

the adjustment used to clarify to clearly the resolution of an object under high power

Front 106

high objective

Back 106

produces a total magnification of 400x

Front 107

stage

Back 107

location where the slide is placed on the microscope

Front 108

eyepiece

Back 108

location where the experimenter looks through the microscope

Front 109

stage clips

Back 109

used to secure the slide to the microscope and help move the slide around the stage

Front 110

What power should you always start in when you first focus on an object

Back 110

scanning

Front 111

What are the two glass materials needed to make a wet mount of a specimen

Back 111

slide and coverslip

Front 112

What type of microscope produces a rightside-up image

Back 112

dissecting

Front 113

State why

Back 113

dissecting microscope produce an image that is rightside up

Front 114

Which type of microscope produces an image upside down

Back 114

compound

Front 115

State why

Back 115

compound microscopes produce an image that is upside down

Front 116

Match the microscope with the following situations (compound microscope, dissecting microscope, spectrophotometer)
The effects of salt water on plant cells

Back 116

compound

Front 117

The concentration of bacteria in 3 different solutions

Back 117

spectrophotometer

Front 118

The contractions of an earthworm's body

Back 118

dissecting

Front 119

To observe the width of a human eyelash

Back 119

compound

Front 120

To sex fruit flies

Back 120

dissecting microscope

Front 121

To identify the absorbance and transmittance of a solution

Back 121

spectrophotometer

Front 122

What color produces an absorption graph with two peaks

Back 122

green

Front 123

What is interpolation and extrapolation

Back 123

interpolation is drawing a conclusion from some data within the scope of the data, and extrapolation is drawing a conclusion from some data from beyond the data

Front 124

What assumptions must be made with extrapolations from graphs

Back 124

the most consequential and significant assumption that must be made is that if there is a trend on a particular graph, then that trend will continue

Front 125

What type of microscope would you use to observe the small intestines of a frog

Back 125

You would use a dissecting microscope in order to determine the overall macroscopic structure, so you would use a dissecting microscope to observe the small intestines of a frog

Front 126

What law states that the amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of a substance

Back 126

Beer's Law

Front 127

Jenny wants to make a serial dilution of a bacteria solution. In her starting solution, she places 2 mL of bacteria in a 100 mL volumetric and dilutes the bacteria with broth by filling the volumetric to the appropriate line.
A) What is Jenny's starting solution concentration percentage?
B) Jenny makes a serial dilution by taking 1 mL of the starting solution and placing it in a 10 mL volumetric and diluting it with the appropriate amount of broth. What is the concentration percentage of solution #2?
C) Jenny makes a third step by taking 2.5 mL of solution #2 and placing it in a 1000 mL volumetric and diluting it with the appropriate amount of broth. What is the concentration percentage of solution #3.

Back 127

A) 2%, B) 0.2%, C) 0.0005%

Front 128

Adam just received his license in September. To celebrate the occasion, he snuck off of the school premises and bought himself a huge lunch that included a bottle of apple juice. When he returned to school, he left everything in the car, including the sealed bottle of apple juice (which rolled under his set). It is now November and Adam starts to smell a peculiar odor in his car. He looks under the seat and finds the sealed bottle from 2 months ago. Being curious, Adam opens the bottle and finds a very pungent odor. The odor was caused by

Back 128

the reduction of pyruvates into ethanol

Front 129

What occurred to the fermented apple juice with regards to the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations over the 2 months that the juice sat in Adam's car

Back 129

the carbon dioxide levels increased and the oxygen levels decreased

Front 130

What is the name of the 3 carbon molecule that is an intermediate in glycolysis and will eventually produce 4 ATP and 2 NADH in glycolysis

Back 130

PGAL

Front 131

In Krebs' cycle, how is a 5 carbon molecule affected when a carbon dioxide molecule is released

Back 131

it becomes a 4 carbon molecule

Front 132

What is one of the most important electron carriers in cellular respiration and is responsible for the minority of the ATP produced in the electron transport chain

Back 132

FADH2

Front 133

When celullar respiration is working to its correct capacity, what is the total number of ATP molecules produced from the NADH made in the Krebs' Cycle

Back 133

24

Front 134

The net amount of ATP molecules made in glycolysis is __ because __ ATP molecules are used and a total (gross) of ___ ATP molecules are produced

Back 134

2; 2; 4

Front 135

Robert has discovered a bacteria that lives in volcanoes. The environment of the volcano consists of high temperatures, molten lava and the only gases present are CO2 and nitrogen. From this information, Robert can conclude that the bacteria is

Back 135

an anaerobic bacteria

Front 136

What type of enzyme is involved in phosphorylation in glycolysis

Back 136

kinase

Front 137

What type of enzyme is involved in reduction in glycolysis

Back 137

dehydrogenase

Front 138

The by-product of water in respiration is produced during

Back 138

the electron transport chain

Front 139

What is a biochemical pathway

Back 139

enzymes take something and make it something else, which then becomes the substrate for another enzyme

Front 140

What is released during anaerobic respiration in a plant cell

Back 140

alcohol, CO2, water

Front 141

A paramecium cell takes in 7 glucose molecules. How many times must the Krebs' cycle turn in order to break down these glucose molecules and how many carbon dioxide molecules will be produced

Back 141

14; 42

Front 142

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missed from muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that

Back 142

the muscles contain large amount of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

Front 143

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is

Back 143

the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

Front 144

To obtain energy from starch, the body must begin by

Back 144

performing hydrolysis on starch to produce glucose

Front 145

Glycolysis; Krebs cycle; Electron Transport Chain; Fermentation;
Only occurs in an aerobic environment

Back 145

Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Front 146

Occurs in an anaerobic environment

Back 146

gylcolysis, fermentation

Front 147

Produces the largest amount of NADH of all the processes

Back 147

Krebs cycle

Front 148

This process is involved in both fermentation and aerobic respiration

Back 148

glycolysis

Front 149

This process is involved in both fermentation and aerobic respiration

Back 149

glycolysis

Front 150

Coenzyme A is part of this process

Back 150

Krebs cycle

Front 151

During this process pyruvates are reduced by NADH molecules

Back 151

fermentation

Front 152

Contains 3 proton pumps and ATP Synthase

Back 152

Electron Transport Chain

Front 153

Produces the largest amount of ATP in respiration

Back 153

Electron Transport Chain

Front 154

Define oxidation

Back 154

making a molecule more positively charged

Front 155

Define reduction

Back 155

making a molecule more negatively charged

Front 156

NAD+ -> NADH, what molecule is reduced

Back 156

NAD+

Front 157

Which of the 3 steps in aerobic respiration would Malate-Oxaloacate be located in

Back 157

Krebs cycle

Front 158

What enzyme would cause a reaction like NAD+->NADH

Back 158

dehydrogenase

Front 159

Which of the 3 steps in respiration is PGAL->1,3-Biphosphoglycerate located

Back 159

Glycolysis

Front 160

Explain why 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of ATP are produced in
2NAD+ -> 2NADH + 2H+ 2 ADP -> 2ATP
PGAL-------------------->1,3-Biphosphoglycerate------------>3-Phosphoglycerate

Back 160

2 PGAL made from breakdown of glucose, so 2NAD+ and 2 ADP

Front 161

Define substrate

Back 161

the thing that an enzyme bonds with to do stuff to it, an active site is where it bonds

Front 162

Define allosteric site

Back 162

the place that a non-competitive inhibitor bonds

Front 163

What is the signal molecule in cellular respiration

Back 163

ATP

Front 164

Why is feedback inhibition present in glycolysis and Krebs cycle

Back 164

If too much ATP is being produced, ATP acts as an inhibitor of the process by bonding to the enzymes that starts respiration, closing the active site

Front 165

Brittany has bought herself an exotic fish from Sally's Exotic Fish Shop. Sally told Brittany that the fish needs plenty of oxygen and suggests that Brittany oxygenate water in in the fish tank. Why does a fish, or for that matter any organism, need a fair amount of oxygen? Refer to cellular respiration and be specific when referring to and explaining the role of oxygen in the process.

Back 165

Because oxygen is required in a major part of respiration, the electron transport chain, for the purpose of the final electron carrier. If oxygen isn't present, cellular respiration backs up and causes fermentation, which stalls death, but ultimately kills the fish. Without oxygen, only 4 atp are made from krebs and glycolysis.

Front 166

Dr. Courtney is studying a new organism and the way it respires. In the first half of glycolysis, the organisms functions as it normally would, but after the formation of PGAL, Courtney notices something odd. The organism produces three PGAL molecules, not two. How does this affect the organism's overall ATP production in an aerobic respiration

Back 166

51 ATP in ETC

Front 167

Why does cramping happen in untrained athletes

Back 167

They cramp because they haven't trained themselves to take in more oxygen, so when they get to a certain point, there isn't a final receptor, oxygen, for the electrons, so NADH takes the electron to PGAL and reduces PGAL, which becomes lactic acid, which causes cramping when let out in to the bloodstream.

Front 168

The pH of structure B increases during etc jumping of the electron during the ETC. During the phosphorylation of ADP involving ATP synthase, the pH of the matrix decreases. Explain this change in pH using the proper terminology

Back 168

Because pH is a system of measuring the amount of H+ ions, the pH goes up due to a rise in H+ due to the creation of a proton H+ gradient. In the ATP Synthase step, the H+ are used and pushed through, so the pH decreases.

Front 169

Which of the organelles contain a phospholipid bilayer (1. cell membrane, 2. cell wall, 3. chromatin, 4. mitochondria, 5. chloroplast)

Back 169

cell membrane, chloroplasts, mitochondria

Front 170

The plasma membrane is permeable to which of the molecules above (ions such as Na+, Large molecules such as glucose, Small molecules such as 02, Water)

Back 170

Small molecules such as O2 and Water

Front 171

A child dies following a series of bacterial infections. At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding:
A) A defect in the Golgi apparatus prevented the cells from processing and excreting the bacteria.
B) A defect in the mitochondria did not allow the cell to make enough energy to destroy the bacteria.
C) A defect in the cell membrane of the white blood cells permitted bacteria to enter the cells
D) A defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroyed the engulfed bacteria

Back 171

D

Front 172

Stomach cells produce a large amount of enzymes to digest food. What orgaelle do stomach cells have to perform their job

Back 172

ribosomes
The cells that produce hair contain a lot of __, while cells that produce the oils that coat hair contain a lot of ___.: rough endoplasmic reticulum...smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 173

Which of the following statements regarding plasmodesmata is false (plasmodesmata penetrate plant cell walls, plasmodesmata carry nutrients between plant cells, plasmodesmata carry chemical messages between plant cells, plasmodesmata are commonly found in prokaryotes)

Back 173

plasmodesmata are commonly found in prokaryotes

Front 174

Animal sperm must be motile and move to the egg to fertilize it. What organelle do sperm have to make them motile

Back 174

flagella

Front 175

Plants have the ability to capture the sunlight and convert it into usable energy and food. What organelle do plants have that give them the ability to make food

Back 175

chloroplasts

Front 176

Pancreatic cells produce the hormone insulin. After the protein-based hormone is made, it is transported throughout the cell and eventually expelled into the environment through vesicles. What organelles do pancreatic cells have to perform their job

Back 176

golgi body and rough ER

Front 177

When muscle cells divide, they do not form separate cells, but are just one big continuous cell with a lot of nuclei. If a muscle cell has a lot of nuclei, what else does it ave a lot of

Back 177

DNA

Front 178

Each of the following statements is true about bulk transport in cells EXCEPT (endocytosis brings materials into a cell by forming inward folds of the cell membrane, exocytosis is accomplished by placing material in a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane and expels its contents, phagocytosis can bring large amounts of substances into the cell through protein channels or vesicles)

Back 178

phagocytosis can bring large amounts of substances into the cell through protein channels or vesicles

Front 179

Which of the structures above are not made of proteins (centrioles, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton)

Back 179

none of the above

Front 180

A plant cell has a 4% salt concentration. Which of the solutions below should the plant be watered with to keep a high turgor pressure (10% salt solution, 1% salt solution, 4% salt solution, 15% salt solution)

Back 180

1% salt solution

Front 181

Termed the phrase "cells" after looking at cork under a microscope

Back 181

Hooke
A zoologist and a botanist that determined that animals and plants were made of cells: Schleiden and Schwann

Front 182

Some protists have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment

Back 182

is hypotonic to the protist

Front 183

Which process could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings

Back 183

active transport

Front 184

What is the term for a water loving head of a phospholipid

Back 184

hydrophilic

Front 185

What is the term for the water hating tail

Back 185

hydrophobic

Front 186

What type of protein is molecule D

Back 186

peripheral protein

Front 187

What type of cell transport is channel protein involved in

Back 187

facilitated diffusion

Front 188

______ _______ ____ describes the makeup of the cell membrane because it is flexible and made of different molecules.

Back 188

Fluid mosaic model

Front 189

Define pinocytosis

Back 189

The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

Front 190

Define exocytosis

Back 190

durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space

Front 191

Define phagocytosis

Back 191

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of large vesicles from the cell membrane

Front 192

Define facilitated diffusion

Back 192

a process of passive transport (as opposed to active transport), with this passive transport aided by integral membrane proteins

Front 193

Define osmosis

Back 193

diffusion of water

Front 194

Define diffusion

Back 194

process where substances are transported from one area to another without using energy

Front 195

Define active transport

Back 195

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Front 196

A white blood cell engulfs a bacteria, destroys it and then expels its waste. What two types of cell transport did the white blood cell just use - be specific

Back 196

phagocytosis and exocytosis

Front 197

Define lysis

Back 197

occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to move into the cell

Front 198

Define crenation

Back 198

process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface.

Front 199

Define nucleus and functions

Back 199

membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction

Front 200

Define cell wall and functions

Back 200

cell wall is made up mostly of cellulose, determines tissue texture, and often is crucial to cell function

Front 201

Define cell membrane and functions

Back 201

cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents, its function is to protect the cell from molecules that want to come within the cell

Front 202

Define nucleolus and functions

Back 202

a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Its function is to transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble it within the cell

Front 203

Define chloroplasts and functions

Back 203

They are the green organelles found only inside plant cells that provide the color and enable it to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

Front 204

Define ribosomes and functions

Back 204

Ribosomes are used by the cells, in RNA translation, for protein synthesis.

Front 205

Define rough ER and functions

Back 205

A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.

Front 206

Define mitochondria and functions

Back 206

The main function of the mitochondrion is the production of energy

Front 207

Define cilia and functions

Back 207

minute hairlike organelles, identical in structure to flagella, that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion to ciliate protozoans and moving liquids along internal epithelial tissue in animals.

Front 208

Define smooth ER and functions

Back 208

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum packages proteins for transport, synthesizes membrane phosolipids, and releases calcium. Other functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include transformation of bile pigments, glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen), and detoxification of many drugs and chemical agents

Front 209

Define chromatin and functions

Back 209

the DNA

Front 210

Define golgi body and functions

Back 210

an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

Front 211

Define lysosomes and functions

Back 211

Trashcan of cell

Front 212

Define cytoplasm and functions

Back 212

the gel-like matrix in which organelles are situated within a cell

Front 213

Define eukaryote

Back 213

A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.

Front 214

Define prokaryote

Back 214

An organism of the kingdom Monera (or Prokaryotae), comprising the bacteria and cyanobacteria, characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes. Also called moneran.

Front 215

Define cytoskeleton and functions

Back 215

gives cell shape

Front 216

Define microtubule and microfilaments

Back 216

make up the cytoskeleton

Front 217

Nickel has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of 59. Therefore a nickel must have

Back 217

28 electrons, 31 neutrons, and 28 protons

Front 218

A bond between atoms in which electrons are shared is known as a

Back 218

covalent bond

Front 219

What is the maximum number of bonds an element with an atomic number of 7 can make with a single hydrogen atom

Back 219

one

Front 220

What does pH measure

Back 220

hydrogen ions

Front 221

What organic molecules contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Back 221

enzymes

Front 222

Surface tension occurs due to

Back 222

the H bonds between water molecules creating cohesion

Front 223

Sue mixes two chemicals in a test tube, and she notices that the test tube becomes cold. She believes that energy has been absorbed in the reaction. The reaction Sue has just witnessed was

Back 223

exothermic

Front 224

Which of the following descriptions best fits the molecules known as nucleotides

Back 224

a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

Front 225

Fatty acids are

Back 225

composed of carbon chains that contain a carboxyl

Front 226

True or false - unsaturated fats contain more hydrogen atoms that a saturated fat

Back 226

true

Front 227

What type of reaction will join fructose molecules together

Back 227

dehydration synthesis

Front 228

How many water molecules must be removed to form a polysaccharide of 19 fructose molecules

Back 228

18

Front 229

What is the molecular formula for the polysaccharide

Back 229

C114-H192-O96

Front 230

What is an enzyme

Back 230

enzymes are catalysts that bond with chemicals and make chemical reactions hurry up

Front 231

What is the space where chemicals bond with enzymes

Back 231

active sites

Front 232

What goes into an active site

Back 232

substrate

Front 233

What is the space where chemicals bond with enzymes that prevent enzymes from bonding and change the active site shape

Back 233

allosteric site

Front 234

What goes into an allosteric site

Back 234

non-competitive inhibitor

Front 235

What is the object where an enzyme has bonded with its substrate

Back 235

enzyme-substrate

Front 236

What molecules when added to a reaction will always increase the rate of reaction if there are unlimited resources

Back 236

an enzyme

Front 237

How does an enzyme speed up a reaction rate

Back 237

An enzyme, when released, will go to a place where its substrates are and bond with them. Once bonded, it can make the substrates undergo reactions that would have happened at a slower rate had they been left to chance.

Front 238

A student has two solutions, solution 1 and 2, and knows that one is protein and the other is peptidase but is not sure which is which. When he places 10 mL of solution 1 in a test tube and continually adds 1 drop of solution 2 to the test tube, alanine and glycine are continually made. when he places 10 mL of solution 2 in a test tube and continually adds 1 drop of solution 1 to the test tube, alanine and glycine are made but then the production stops no matter how much of solution 1 he adds. Which solution is the enzyme

Back 238

Solution 1

Front 239

Which solution is the name of the enzyme

Back 239

peptidase

Front 240

Which solution is the substrate

Back 240

Solution 2

Front 241

What is the name of the substrate

Back 241

protein (damn that's dumb)

Front 242

What is the product of the protein and petidase reaction

Back 242

alanine and glycine

Front 243

What property of enzymes is illustrated in this example

Back 243

Reusability is the property illustrated

Front 244

The enzyme pepsin has an optimal pH of 1 and has a working range of 0-6. The enzyme chymotrypsin has an optimal pH of 8 and has a working range of 5-10. Which of the enzymes is found in the stomach

Back 244

pepsin

Front 245

What pH range would both pepsin and chymotrypsin work in

Back 245

5-6

Front 246

Enzyme A's optimal temperature is 30. Enzyme A is exposed to a temperature of 100, what happens

Back 246

The enzyme would denature due to being put for past its temperature max after denaturing it would most likely never function properly again

Front 247

Sulfuric acid has a pH of 1.2, Hydochloric acid as a pH of 1.0, pure water has a pH of 7.0, which is most acidic

Back 247

Hydrochloric acid

Front 248

What substance is neutral

Back 248

pure water

Front 249

A change of one unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold increase in the concentration of ions. If tomatoes have a pH of 4.2 and rainwater has a pH of 6.2, how much greater is the ion concentration in tomatoes than in rainwater

Back 249

1 X 10^2

Front 250

Why is mercury sulfide (HgS) not an acidic, basic, or neutral substance

Back 250

does not give off OH or H ions when dissolved in water

Front 251

When ribose is present, the reaction rate of fructase decreases and fructose is not broken down. Describe what is occurring using the correct terminology

Back 251

Ribose acts as an inhibitor, which changes the shape of the fructase enzyme, causing it to be unusable, as a result the reaction rate decreases.

Front 252

Characteristics of Life

Back 252

Heredity (Has DNA and is able to pass it on)
Cellular Organization (uni or multicellular)
Reproduction (Asexual or sexual)
Metabolism (Autotrophs or heterotrophs)
Homeostasis (Ecto, coldblooded, or endo, warmblooded, therm)
Response to Environment (Simple, complex, or evolution)