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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lord |
Gives land to vassal in exchange for military help |
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Vassal |
Gives military aid to lord in exchange for land |
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Homage/Fealty |
Oath of honor and respect from a vassal to a lord |
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Relic |
Religious artifact used in homage/fealty |
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Powers of Church |
1. Glue to feudalism 2. Owned 1/3 of the land 3. Power to excommunicate 4. Ability to collect indulgences 5. Trial by ideal |
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Trial by ideal |
Trials used by church (ex. thrown in holy water, if drown-not guilty, if not-guilty) |
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Serfs |
Worked on manners 6 days/week Payed lords to work for food No chance to move up in social ladder Not a slave, but tied to land |
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Cities in middle ages |
1% of population-merchants cramped, dark, dirty, no sewage system |
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Dowry |
Gift given from bride's family to husband's family |
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Black Death |
Started in Italy, trade center of middle ages, c. mid 1300s Spread throughout Europe, blamed on Jews Caused end of Feudalism and decline in Church's power |
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Great Schism |
1370-1470 Multiple popes were picked and each one said they were the only pope |
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Renaissance |
Starts in Italy after black plague c. 1400-1600 |
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Dante |
1300s "Divine Comedy" Virgil- Roman writer as Dante's guide Vernacular-more people could read it, common people grew more knowledgeable |
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Vernacular |
Writing in the spoken language of the people |
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Five biggest changes from Middle Ages to Renaissance |
1. Banking- more banks arose without church
2. Trade- global trade and exploration 3. Printing Press- increased literacy 4. Social & Cultural Changes- new ideas arose 5. Nobility- no longer just for military purposes |
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Usury |
loaning money on interest |
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Marco Polo |
Explorer- from Italy to China |
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Printing Press |
created in 1455 by Gutenberg able to mass produce books literacy rates go up reformation of church- people lose faith allowed ideas to spread |
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Secularism |
non-religious |
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Humanism |
man-centered |
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Individualism |
desire to become famous |
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Nobility in Renaissance |
"Book of Courtier"-Castiglione in 1507 characteristics of an ideal noble |
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James I |
c. early 1600s chosen by Queen Elizabeth to rule tries to become Absolute, causes turmoil |
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Charles I |
C. early-mid 1600s disbands parliament cannot collect taxes, re-establishes parliament Civil War vs Oliver Cromwell 1642-1648 killed in 1648 |
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Oliver Cromwell |
c. mid 1600s becomes military dictator/monarch Levellers- against Cromwell disbands parliament dies in 1658 |
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Charles II |
c. mid 1600s Ruler of Scotland, asked to rule England sympathetic to Catholics, worries protestant majority bad ruler, had no real power |
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James II |
c. mid-late 1600s Brother of Charles II very Catholic Daughter Mary & her husband William were favored to become monarchs Has another son Glorious Revolution of 1688-no fighting |
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William & Mary |
Must sign Bill of Rights to become monarchs Turns England into a constitutional monarchy |
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Bill of Rights |
1. Cannot create or repeal laws without consent of parliament 2. Cannot enforce laws with regal power 3. Cannot create religious courts 4. Cannot spend money without consent 5. People have a right to protest and cannot be prosecuted 6. Cannot keep a standing army within the kingdom in peace time 7. Protestants may be armed 8. Free election of parliament members 9. Freedom of speech and debate in parliament 10. No excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment 11. Jurors must not be biased 12. Fines and forfeitures cannot be imposed before a person is convicted 13. Parliament must be held frequently |
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Henry IV of France |
Religious turmoil- Catholics vs. Huguenots Passes Edict of Nantes without help of parliament Assassinated in 1610 |
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Edict of Nantes |
Religious tolerance for Huguenots |
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Louis XIII and Richelieu |
9 years old
Regent/adviser- Cardinal Richelieu Centralized power- removed weapons from Huguenots disbands nobles' militias only trusted people could collect taxes used spies to watch people, mainly nobles Dies in 1643 |
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Mazarin & Louis XIV |
5 years old Regent/adviser- Mazarin Fronde- try to dethrone Louis XIV known as Sun King Built Versailles Palace Parliament never met during reign Revokes Edict of Nantes- kills Huguenots and destroys churches Bankrupts France |
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Causes for Scientific Revolution |
1600-1700 1. Printing Press- more literacy and spread of ideas 2. Renaissance- revival of Greko, Roman period and scientific ideas 3. Black Death- advances in medicine to see cause of it 4. Trade- spread ideas 5. Age of Exploration, 1400-1600- need for ways to travel faster 6. War- one side tries to out do the other 7. Competition- drives excellence 8. Money- incentive to advance in many fields |
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Copernicus |
1520- Heliocentric- Sun is center of universe Published in 1543 |
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Galileo |
Used telescope "Starry Messenger" "The Dialogue Concerning the Two Principle Systems of the World" Excommunicated, forced to recant, and house arrest |
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Lippershy |
Invented telescope |
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DeCarte |
Believed science and math could prove God exists How could perfect laws exist without a perfect creator? |
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William Harvey |
Father of modern physiology- study of human body "On the Circulation of Blood" |
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Leeuwenhoek |
invents microscope |
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Anatomy Act |
1832 Enabled the English to study dead bodies |
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Francis Bacon |
Late 1600s Scientific method |
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Issac Newton |
Late 1600s "Principia" - calculus |
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Edward Jenner |
Late 1700s Vaccine for smallpox |
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Kant |
c. 1800 "Perpetual Peace"- create democratic nations True democracies will not fight each other |
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Enlightenment changes in 5 areas |
1600s- 1700s 1. Human Nature 2. Politics 3. Economics 4. Religion 5. Slavery |
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Hobbes |
"Leviathan"- people are naturally selfish and animalistic Wants absolute ruler |
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Locke |
Tabula Rasa- blank slate -people are born as blank slates, culture and personal experiences change them "Second Treatise on Government" |
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Montesquieu |
C. mid 1700s "Spirit of the Laws" - separation of powers French- influenced French Revolution |
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Paine |
1774 "Common Sense"- Quoted in Declaration of Independence |
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Rousseau |
1762 "Social Contract"- Gov. should be ruled by the majority, not representatives |
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Voltaire |
French play write Wrote about religious toleration |
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Deism |
Religious idea There is a God and he created everything, but he doesn't get involved after he is done creating |
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Baron D'Holbach |
Atheism- there is no God |
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Agnostic |
undecided- could be a God, or not |
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Adam Smith |
1776 "The Wealth of Nations"- Human nature is to always want to better ourselves |
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Colbert |
Laissez-Faire -Gov. does bare minimum Gov. should only provide military, police, and infrastructure Leads to Capitalism |
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Abolitionists |
Want to end slavery- Quakers come up with idea |
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Catherine the Great |
1762-1796 Legislative Commission- place where people can go to talk about issues in the country, issues sent to Catherine "Grand Instruction"- document that said people should be treated equally under the law Thought about ending serfdom |
