First Nations Peoples

Front 1

Bison

Back 1

Buffalo

Front 2

Subsistence

Back 2

Refers to diet of human foods, ways humans obtain food

Front 3

Hunting and Gathering

Back 3

Hunting animals and gathering plants and berries

Front 4

Agriculture

Back 4

Plants, but animals can be used by agricultural societies too

Front 5

Social Organization

Back 5

Organization of groups (societies) so group activities proceed smoothly

Front 6

Leadership and Government

Back 6

Some have no permanent leaders, larger societies always develop leadership

Front 7

Kinship

Back 7

How a person identifies his of her blood relatives

Front 8

Matrilocal

Back 8

When a man and woman marry, they go to live with the woman's extended family

Front 9

Patrilocal

Back 9

When a man and woman marry, they go to live with the man's extended family

Front 10

Patriarchal

Back 10

Status and power is controlled by men

Front 11

Patrilineal

Back 11

Descent from generation to generation is reckoned through the male line only

Front 12

Matrilineal

Back 12

Descent from generation to generation is reckoned through the female line only

Front 13

Bilateral

Back 13

Descent from generation to generation is reckoned through both the male and female lines

Front 14

To domesticate

Back 14

To adapt a plant or animal for human use

Front 15

Shamanism

Back 15

The belief that everything in the world has a spirit and that certain special people can communicat with the spirit world

Front 16

Ethnography

Back 16

An organized way of describing the characteristics of a culture

Front 17

Ancestry

Back 17

Heritage

Front 18

Insulating

Back 18

A warming barrier through which energy cannot escape

Front 19

Soapstone

Back 19

A soft stone that has a soapy feel

Front 20

Kayak

Back 20

An Inuit canoe consisting of a frame that is covered with the skins except for a small opening in the centre

Front 21

Umiak

Back 21

A larger boat covered with hides and propelled by broad paddles

Front 22

Migration

Back 22

Movement from one place to another to ensure survival

Front 23

Inukshuk

Back 23

Human figures serving as landmarks

Front 24

Sinew

Back 24

Connective tissue attached to muscles, used for making tough cord or thread

Front 25

Palisade

Back 25

A defensive fence

Front 26

Nuclear Family

Back 26

A mother, a father, and their children

Front 27

Cannibal

Back 27

One who eats human flesh

Front 28

Extended family

Back 28

The people related to the members of the nuclear family (ex. mother's sisteR)

Front 29

Archaeological excavation

Back 29

A dig to uncover evidence of former civilizations

Front 30

Hearth

Back 30

Fireplace

Front 31

Blind

Back 31

An enclosure used to conceal oneself from wildlife for the purpose of hunting

Front 32

Pound

Back 32

The pen in which animals were trapped and killed

Front 33

Corral

Back 33

A pen to trap the bison

Front 34

Pemmican

Back 34

Cake with three main ingredients: ground-up bison (dried), lard, and dried berries. Lasts for months, and is highly nutritious.

Front 35

Jump

Back 35

A cliff over which buffalo were enticed to jump

Front 36

To fast

Back 36

To abstain from food

Front 37

Initiation

Back 37

A ceremony during which one gains new status, such as membership in a select group

Front 38

Dugout

Back 38

Made by hollowing out a large log

Front 39

Pit House

Back 39

Home built partly underground

Front 40

Rafter

Back 40

Beam that supports the roof of a home

Front 41

Semi-subterranean

Back 41

Partially underground

Front 42

Edible

Back 42

Able to be eaten

Front 43

Landslide

Back 43

The Rapid downward movement of ladn on a slope

Front 44

To excavate

Back 44

To dig an archaeological site

Front 45

To disperse

Back 45

To catter across an area

Front 46

Rank

Back 46

Status, position in a group

Front 47

Stand

Back 47

Types of trees covering an area

Front 48

Potlatch

Back 48

A traditional ceremony practised by many aboriginal peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Potlatch is Chinook, meaning to give. The gifts of a potlatch are payments to those who witness a family ceremony, ex. a marriage.

Front 49

Totem pole

Back 49

A large red cedar log that is carved and depicts a family history using crests and designs owned by an individual family - primarily a Northwest Coast tradition

Front 50

Ceremonially

Back 50

With dignity, observing the occasion

Front 51

Habitation

Back 51

A place to stay

Front 52

Concentration

Back 52

The measure of how many people there are relative to the space they occupy

Front 53

Midden

Back 53

A heap of garbage, shells, or other debris

Front 54

Bilateral kinship

Back 54

Ancestry is reckoned through the mother's and father's families

Front 55

Largest ethnic group in Canada

Back 55

Inuit

Front 56

True or False: Inuit groups tend to be large (be able to back up your answer)

Back 56

False

Front 57

In winter, temperatures drop below how many degrees in the Arctic?

Back 57

Below -30 degrees celsius

Front 58

Inuit - Housing (summer and winter)

Back 58

Winter - igloos, Summer - tents (animal hides)

Front 59

How were igloos effective housing units?

Back 59

=Snow is a great insulator because it can be packed so tightly. Heat is trapped, and people stay warm.

Front 60

What was Inuit clothing primarily made of, and why?

Back 60

Caribou skin, because hair is hollow and forms insulating barrier

Front 61

Describe how Inuit would wear Caribou skin for maximum warmth

Back 61

Inner layer had hairs facing outward, outer layer had hairs facing inward

Front 62

How did the Inuit keep their faces warm?

Back 62

With low parka hoods lined with fur that nearly obscured the wearer's face. This trapped their breath near the face.

Front 63

What were Inuit boots made from?

Back 63

Seal skin and caribou hide

Front 64

What did the Inuit eat? (inland and coastal)

Back 64

Inland - caribou and musk-ox, coastal - sea mammals (seal, walrus, whales)

all Inuit ate fish

Front 65

Why did the Inuit have to rely on animals?

Back 65

Because few to no plants can thrive in the Arctic.

Front 66

Why was the seal especially important to the Inuit?

Back 66

Blubber. It provided both energy and protein.

Front 67

What provided a fuel source for the Inuit?

Back 67

Animal fat.

Front 68

What lamps did Inuit use?

Back 68

Soapstone lamps

Front 69

What were soapstone lamps used, and what were they ineffective for?

Back 69

Heat and light, ineffective for cooking (so most food was eaten raw)

Front 70

What source of water did the Inuit have?

Back 70

Snow. Would melt it over lamps and drink it

Front 71

Why was little travel possible during Winter in the Arctic?

Back 71

Days were too short to go hunting, or do anything really

Front 72

What was the kayak used for? What was the umiak used for?

Back 72

Kayak- hunting, umiak - transportation

Front 73

What were the inukshuk used for? Who used them?

Back 73

Herding caribou into collected areas where hunters could ambush them, the Inuit used them.

Front 74

Why were caribou so important to the Inuit?

Back 74

They were a major source of meat (could last through most of winter), source for winter clothing, sinew used for threat, antlers used for tools

Front 75

What was Inuit society based on?

Back 75

Hunting and trading partnerships

Front 76

True or false: the Inuit emphasized matrilineal bonds

Back 76

False, the Inuit emphasized patrilineal bonds, but the newlyweds would spend a year with the wife's family so the husband could work alongside the bride's father

Front 77

Inuit shared a belief in what?

Back 77

The spirit force of the universe nd the need to behave in a certain way in order to ensure existence with nature.

Front 78

To the Inuit, what was a sign of misconduct amongst the community?

Back 78

Illness or misfortune

Front 79

What region did the Iroquois and Huron inhabit?

Back 79

Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Lowland

Front 80

What guarded the towns belonging to the Iroquois?

Back 80

Large palisades of logs

Front 81

The Iroquois town was run by a town council which consisted of whom? When did the council meet?

Back 81

The chiefs from each family, when a decision about a town matter was needed

Front 82

What five nations were the Iroquois divided into?

Back 82

Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, the Mohawk

Front 83

True or false: the Iroquois were in a state of almost perpetual warfare

Back 83

True

Front 84

What alliance did the Iroquois nations make when they stopped fighting?

Back 84

The Confederacy of the Five Nations

Front 85

What's the difference between a legend and a myth?

Back 85

A myth explains something about the world, a legend describes the challenges and adventures of a heroic individual

Front 86

Who was the Peacemaker that united all the Iroquois nations?

Back 86

Dekanawida

Front 87

What shaman refused to cooperate with the other Iroquois nations?

Back 87

Thadodaho

Front 88

What cannibal was sent to convert the unpleasant shaman?

Back 88

Ayonhwathah

Front 89

Were Iroquois societies matrilineal or patrilineal?

Back 89

Matrilineal. Not only this, but they were matrilocal

Front 90

In Iroquois societies, what were women responsible for?

Back 90

Ensuring that crops were well-tended and harvested, and the fields

Front 91

In Iroquois society, at the local level each clan or extended family had how many leaders? What were these leaders?

Back 91

Two. The civil chief, who directed the normal activities of the clan, and the military chief, who was in charge of settling conflicts with other groups

Front 92

In Iroquois society, who chose the chiefs and had authority to remove the chief?

Back 92

The women elders.

Front 93

True or false: the Iroquois were largely democratic

Back 93

True

Front 94

When did the Iroquois get introduced to agriculture?

Back 94

Around 500 ce

Front 95

The discovery of agriculture led to what for the Iroquois society?

Back 95

A rapid increase in village sizes and population

Front 96

When was the early-agricultural period, and list the main identifying facts (Iroquois)

Back 96

500-1300 CE, relatively small villages (eight longhouses, 250 people), small fields, two families shared single hearth

Front 97

When was the middle-agricultural period, and list identifying facts (Iroquois)

Back 97

1300-1400, villages grew larger, new crops (bean, sunflower, squash, corn), dozen longhouses and 1000 people, larger longhouses

Front 98

When was the late-agricultural period and list the identifying facts

Back 98

1400-1600, four hectares or more (each with 2000 plus people), large fields

Front 99

What valuable trade item could the Iroquois exchange with the Huron for non-agricultural products?

Back 99

Tobacco

Front 100

Where did the Plains people live?

Back 100

Interior Plains

Front 101

What animal did the Plains people heavily rely on?

Back 101

The bison

Front 102

How was the Plains society organized?

Back 102

By the number of people required to operate a bison drive (50-100). This became the basic unit of social organization

Front 103

What did the plains people use bison for?

Back 103

Hide was tanned, then used for tipi coverings and robes, horns made into cups and bowls, intenstines made into strong cords (thread, bow strings, bindings), and meat used for food

Front 104

What did the Plains people make out of deer skins?

Back 104

Clothing (tunics, leggings, skirts, breechcloths, and moccasins) and used hides not stripped of their fur for winter cloaks and robes

Front 105

What were the two manners buffalo runs would end in?

Back 105

1 - buffalo pound (pen large enough to contain part of bison, and as they milled in and around it, hunters would kill them), 2 - buffalo jump (cliff where buffalo would be forced off the edge to their death, survivors were killed)

Front 106

What housing unit did the Plains people use? Why was it ideal?

Back 106

The tipi, because it could be set up and taken down quickly, which allowed for a quick chase at the sight of a buffalo herd

Front 107

What kind of wood is a tipi constructed from

Back 107

Three birch trunks

Front 108

What is the purpose of the Sun Dance? What's an alternative title for it?

Back 108

A ritual for young men to prove themselves as warriors, the "Thirsting Dance"

Front 109

When does the Sun Dance take place?

Back 109

Summer, right before the buffalo hunt begins

Front 110

What did the one undergoing the Sun Dance have to do?

Back 110

Fast for many days, and pierce their chests with bones carved into spears that were attached to strings leading to a pole. They would then lean back until the spear was torn from their chest.

There were also dancers, who would continue to dance until the sun dance was over (often for days) with no food or water

Front 111

What did the scar left from the Sun Dance symbolize?

Back 111

A badge for the ability to withstand pain

Front 112

What houses did the Plateau People inhabit in the winter? How were they constructed?

Back 112

Pit houses, a hole was dug in the ground (generally 6-8 m in diameter) and then rafters were placed overtop the hole and covered in soil and dirt with a hole in the center (for ventilation and as a door)

Front 113

Why were pit houses perfect for the Plateau People?

Back 113

Because they suited the environment (thick insulation) and kept all natural disaters or weather out

Front 114

Why did people leave pit houses when spring arrived?

Back 114

The houses were nice and warm, but they were also dark and a bit smoky. It was much more enjoyable to live in tents above ground when possible.

Front 115

True or false: Pit houses were discarded after use

Back 115

False. They were reused over several winters, but eventually abandoned when the rafters got too close to rotten or when the ground became infested with bugs, rodents, or rattlesnakes.

Front 116

What were staple items Plateau people relied on?

Back 116

Salmon, deer and plants (ex. berries, edible roots)

Front 117

How did Plateau People hunt deer?

Back 117

Building long fences that led deer into snares or lakes where they were murdered. Dogs were used to drive the deer in

Front 118

What did the wearing of moccasins indicate among the Interior Salish?

Back 118

Status

Front 119

True or False: Northwest people were deeply concerned with concepts of inherited rank and priviledge

Back 119

True

Front 120

To Northwest Peoples, what did families with higher ranks have the right to?

Back 120

Access to resource sites. Wealth relied on their ability to manage resources

Front 121

What did a clan hold the right to? (Northwest Coast)

Back 121

Rituals, dances, and certain crests

Front 122

What were potlatches used for

Back 122

The outward sign of a noble's status

Front 123

True or false: in Northwest Coast culture slaves were uncommon

Back 123

False.

Front 124

Compare Northwest Coast peoples and Coast Salish peoples

Back 124

Coast Salish people weren't rigid with social status, poor people could become people of significance, slavery was uncommon, and there were no real chiefs

Front 125

What did Northwest Coast peoples use western red cedar for?

Back 125

Totem poles, masks, canoes, houses

Front 126

What did totem poles represent?

Back 126

The origin and deeds of a clan

Front 127

Why were ritual dances important to the northwest coast peoples?

Back 127

They reminded people of the importance of each clan and communicated legends of each clan.

Front 128

True or false: Northwest Coast canoes weren't very sturdy

Back 128

False, they were extremely sturdy and could cross the stormy waters of the ocean. They could hold more than fifty persons or be for individuals only.

Front 129

What other purpose did potlatches serve?

Back 129

Redistribution of wealth and food

Front 130

Describe seasonal round (northwest coast peoples)

Back 130

Began in winter - people lived in large, permanent villages, little hunting and gathering, people prepared (tools, telling tales)

Early spring- food running out, families began to move around (establishing camps) to seek food

Early summer- peoples now scattered across region, collected foods (salmon, shellfish, birds, early-ripening plants)

Late summer-early fall - salmon run (fraser river) (enough to last people for most of winter)

Late autumn - collected indian potatoes and headed to winter villages

Front 131

True or false: although belonging to several different nations, the northwest coast peoples often cooperated with one another

Back 131

True

Front 132

Salish people belong to what kind of kinship?

Back 132

Bilateral

Front 133

True or false: Salish people cannot marry outside of their own group

Back 133

False, they could and could even spend winters in villages of relatives.