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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Zona glomerulosa produces
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outermost layer, mineralocorticoids aldosterone
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Zona fasciculata produces
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middle layer, glucocorticoids (cortisol)
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Zona reticularis produces
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inner layer (closest to medulla) adrenal androgens (primary source in females)
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Left adrenal vein drains into:
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left renal vein then IVC, right side goes to IVC directly same for gonads
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pnemonic for pituitary hormones:
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B(basophils) FLAT (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH)
Acidophils (GH and prolactin) PiG |
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Endocrine pancreas cell types:
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alpha- glucagon
beta- insulin delta- somatostatin |
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Effects of insulin:
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Anabolic:
increased glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose, increased glyocgen and tryglyceride synthesis and storage, increased Na+ retention and protein synthesis, increased celllular uptake of K and amino acids |
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Effects of glucagon
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secreted in respone to hypoglycemia- gylgoegenolysis, gluconeogeneis, lipolysis and ketone production, inhibition of insulin and further glucagon release
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17-alphahydroxylase deficiency causes:
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hyperaldosteronism, leading to HTN and hypokalemia, decreased cortisol and sex hromones
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21-hydroxylase deficiecny causes:
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increased sex hormones, cuases hypotentsion, hyperkalemia, masculinization, decreased cortiosl
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11B-hydroxylase deficiecny
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decreased aldosterone and cortisol, increased sex hromones and 11-deoxycorticosterone -> HTN and masculinization
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Enzymes needed for cortisol synthesis:
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17 alpha hydroxylase, 21- hydroxylase, 11B-hydroxylase deficit will lead to decreased cortisol and increase in other cortical hormones
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Cortisol functions
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mainatin BP, decrease bone formation, anfi-inflammatory, insuline resistance, gluconeogeneis
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PTH effect on osteoblasts
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increased production of M-CSF and Rank-ligand stimulates osteoclsasts (intermittent doses only activates osteoblasts)
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Magnesium effect on PTH secretion
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Magnesium decreases, PTH decreases
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Dexamethosone test on cortisol levels
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Normal- low dose causes drop
ACTH pituitary tumor- low dose increase, high dose decrease Ectopic ACTH producer- makes both go up |
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Conn Syndrome
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aldosterone secreting adrenal adenoma causing HTN, hypokalemia, LOW plasma renin, vs. secondary hyperaldosteronism which has HIGH plasma renin
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Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome
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acute primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal hemorrhage assoicated with Neisseria menigigitidis, septicemia, DIC and endotoxic shock
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Neuroblastoma
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most common tumor of adrenal medulla in children can occur anywhere in sympathetic chain, elevated homovanillic acid, less likely to develop HTN
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Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's)
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self-limited hypothyroidism post flu, increased ESR, jaw pain, inflammation, very tender thyorid, granulomatous inflammaiton
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Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
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most common, good prognosis, ground flass nuclei, incereased risk with irradiation
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Pseudohypoparathyroism
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Albright's heretidary osteodystrophy- Autsomal D, kidney unrespnsiveness to PTH, hypocalcemia, shortened digits and stature
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Prolactinoma
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most common pituitary tumor, amenorrhea, galactorea, infertility, can impine optic chiasm
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Acromegaly diagnosis
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presentation, plus impaired glucose tolerance, elevated IGF-1 failure to suppress GH following oral glucose
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Causes of hypopituitarisasm
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Nonsecretin adenoma, Sheehan;s syndrome, Empty sella syndrome, brain injury, hemorrhage, radiaiton
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diabetes insipidus
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low urine specific graviry, intense thurst and polyuria with low urine conenctrating ability, no ADH
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SIADH
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too much ADH, hyponateremia, urine osmolarity greater than serum
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Microscopic findings of diabetic nephropathy?
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, nodular sclerosis and progressive proteinuria lead to CRF
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Labs in DKA
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hyperglycemia, H+ increased, HCO3 decreased, anion gap metabolic acidosis, blood ketones increase, hyperkalemia, with depleted intracellular K d/t decreased insulin
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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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gastrin secreting tumor of pancreas or duodenum, rugal thickenedning and acid hypersecretion in stomach associated with MEN1
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carcinoid syndrome in pancreas
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diarrhea, cutaeous flushing, wheezng, vavlvular diease, most common tumor of appendix, Tx ocreotide
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MEN1 (werner's syndrome)
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Parathyroid, pituitary, pancreatinc endocrine (VIPomas etc>
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MEN2A (Sipple's)
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Thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, parathytoid tumors
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MEN 2B
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medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromcytoma, oral and intestinal ganglionneuromatosis
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Brain cyts/seizures undercooked pork
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taenia solium treat with praziquental
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B12 deficiency after eating raw fish
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diphllobothrium latum
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