First Aid Random Facts: Biochemistry

Front 1

Fat soluble Vitamins

Back 1

Vit. A, D, E, K
-Absorption dependent on ileum and pancreas

Front 2

Water soluble Vitamins

Back 2

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, Biotin, Folate

Front 3

What are the other names for the following vitamins:
B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C,

Back 3

B1- Thiamine: TPP
B2- Riboflavin: FAD, FMN
B3- Niacin: NAD
B5- Pantothenic Acid: CoA
B6- Pyridoxine:PLP
B12- Cobalamin
C- Ascorbic Acid

Front 4

Which test is used to detect the etiology of B12 deficiency?

Back 4

Schilling Test

Front 5

What three amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis?

Back 5

Glycine
Aspartate
Glutamate

Front 6

Orotic Aciduria

Back 6

Autosomal Recessive
Inability to convert orotic acid to UMP.
increased in urine, megaloblastic anemia, not fixed with b12 or folate.

Front 7

What do Floroquinolones inhibit?

Back 7

DNA gyrases (specific prokaryotic topoisomerases)

Front 8

What are the stop codons?

Back 8

UAA
UAG
UGA

Front 9

What do RNA polymerase I, II, and III make in eukaryotes?

Back 9

I rRNA
II mRNA
III tRNA

Front 10

How does UV damage DNA?

Back 10

It creates thymine dimers on the same strand.

Front 11

Where does the addition of mannose-6-phosphate to proteins occur?

Back 11

In the golgi body. This tags it as a lysosomal protein.

Front 12

What happens in I-cell disease?

Back 12

Failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosome proteins (enzymes are secreted outside the cell instead of in the lysosome). Fatal in childhood.

Front 13

What is the defect in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

Back 13

Microtubule polymerization defect resulting in decreased phagocytosis.

Front 14

Which syndrome presents with messed up dynein?

Back 14

Kartagener's.
Remember that gap junctions are important for cilia movement/coordination.

Front 15

Immunohistological Stains
Vimentin:
Desmin:
Cytokeratin:
Neurofilaments:

Back 15

Immunohistological Stains
Vimentin: Connective tissue
Desmin: Muscle
Cytokeratin: Epithelial cells
Neurofilaments: Neurons

Front 16

How does Ouabain work?

Back 16

It inhibits Na/K ATPase by binding to the K site.

Front 17

Collagen Types
I
II
III
IV

Back 17

I-Bone, tendon, skin, dentin
II- Cartilage, vitreous body
III-skin, blood vessels, uterus, granulation tissue
IV-Basement membrane or basal lamina

Front 18

What does vitamin C do in the synthesis of collagen?

Back 18

Hydroxylation of specific lysine and proline residues.

Front 19

Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis that loosens mucous plugs?

Back 19

N-Acetylcysteine.

Front 20

Fragile X

Back 20

CGG repeat disorder
Long face, big jaw, big ears, big testes, mitral valve prolapse

Front 21

Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

Back 21

Kwashiorkor- Protein deficiency
-Malnutrition, Edema (big belly), Anemia, Liver (fatty)
Marasmus- Malnutrition
-Muscle wasting

Front 22

What is metabolized in the following:
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Both M and C

Back 22

Mitochondria- Beta oxidation of fatty acids, acetyl CoA production, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Cytoplasm- Glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, HMP shunt, protein synthesis (RER), steroid synthesis (SER)
Both-Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis

Front 23

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Glycolysis

Back 23

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Front 24

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Gluconeogenesis

Back 24

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

Front 25

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
TCA cycle

Back 25

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 26

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Glycogen synthesis

Back 26

Glycogen Synthase

Front 27

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Glycogenolysis

Back 27

Glycogen phosphorylase

Front 28

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
HMP Shunt

Back 28

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Front 29

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
De Novo pyrimidine synthesis

Back 29

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

Front 30

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
De Nove purine synthesis

Back 30

Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase

Front 31

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Urea Cycle

Back 31

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

Front 32

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Fatty Acid synthesis

Back 32

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

Front 33

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Fatty Acid oxidation

Back 33

Carnitine acyltransferase I

Front 34

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Ketogenesis

Back 34

HMG-CoA synthase

Front 35

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Cholesterol synthesis

Back 35

HMG-CoA reductase

Front 36

What is the rate-determining enzyme for the following metabolic process:
Bile Acid synthesis

Back 36

7-alpha hydroxylase

Front 37

Glycloytic enzyme deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, why? Which enzyme is deficient?

Back 37

The inability to maintain activity an Na/K ATPase leads to RBC swelling and lysis.
RBC's depend solely on glycolysis, therefore the enzyme that is missing is pyruvate kinase.

Front 38

Which enzyme is deficient in fructose intolerance?
In essential fructosuria?

Back 38

Aldolase B (hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting)
Fructokinase (benign, does not enter cells)

Front 39

Which enzyme is deficient in classic galactosemia?

Back 39

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, infantile cataracts, mental retardation.

Front 40

What is accumulated if galactokinase is missing?

Back 40

Galactitol (cataracts)

Front 41

Which two amino acids are ketogenic (can be converted to ketones)?

Back 41

Lysine and Leucine

Front 42

What is excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?

Back 42

Orotic acid.

Front 43

What enzyme is deficient in PKU?

Back 43

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Front 44

What is caused when there is a congenital deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase?

Back 44

Alkaptonuria
-Dark connective tissue, pigmented sclera, urine turns black on standing, may have debilitating arthralgias.

Front 45

Melanin is converted from tyrosine. What happens in albinism?

Back 45

Decreased melanin due to decrease in tyrosinase or defective tyrosine transporters.

Front 46

What converts homocysteine to cystathione then to cysteine? What happens when homocysteine levels are increased?

Back 46

Cystathione synthase.
Homocysteinuria, which causes, tall stature, mental retardation, kyphosis, and lens subluxation.

Front 47

What happens in cystinuria? What is a possible complication?
How do you treat it?

Back 47

There is a defect in the transporter for cystine in the PCT of the kidneys. This causes an increase in the cystine in the urine which can lead to the precipitation of cystine kidney stones (cystine staghorn calculi).
Give acetazolamide (C.A. inhibitor) to alkalinize the urine.

Front 48

What is caused by blocked degradation of branched amino acids (Ile, Leu, Val)? What enzyme is deficient here?

Back 48

Maple syrup urine disease.
Decreased alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase.
MSUD causes CNS defects, mental retardation, and death.

Front 49

What is characterized by defective neutral amino acid transporter on renal and intestinal epithelial cells?

Back 49

Hartnups disease.
Causes tryptophan excretion in urine.
Since tryptophan is used to make Niacin, Hartnup's causes pellagra.

Front 50

What are the deficient enzymes in the following Glycogen storage diseases:
Von Gierke's (Type I)
Pompe's (Type II)
Cori's (Type III)
McArdle's (Type IV)

Back 50

Mnemonic: Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism
Type I- Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Type II- Lysosomal alpha1,4, glucosidase
Type III- Debranching enzyme
Type IV- skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase

Front 51

Niemann-Pick (red spot on macula, foam cells)

Back 51

Deficient enzyme: sphingmyelinase

Accumulated sphingomyelin
No Man Picks his nose with his Sphinger

Front 52

Major apolipoproteins
A1
B100
CII
B48
E

Back 52

A1- Activates LCAT
B100-Binds LDL receptor, mediates VLDL secretion
CII-Cofactor for LPL
B48-Mediates chylomicron secretion
E-Mediates Extra (remnant) uptake.