First Aid Pathology

Front 1

Apoptosis is characterized by what cell changes

Back 1

cell shrinkage, nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis), basophilia, membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), forming apoptotic bodies

Front 2

Apoptosis: Intrinsic pathway

Back 2

involved in tissue remodeling, embryogenesis. Growth factor is withdrawn from proliferating cells: ↑ Bax ↓ Bcl-2 -> Cytochrome C -> Cytosolic caspases

Front 3

Apoptosis: Extrinsic pathway (2 pathways)

Back 3

1) Fas-L binding Fas 2) Cytotoxic T cell releases Granzyme B & Perforin

Front 4

CD95 =

Back 4

Fas-Receptor

Front 5

Coagulative necrosis

Back 5

heart, liver, kidney

Front 6

Liquefactive necrosis

Back 6

brain, abscess, pleural effusion

Front 7

Caseous necrosis

Back 7

TB, systemic fungi

Front 8

Fatty necrosis

Back 8

saponification, peripancreatic fat

Front 9

Fibrinoid necrosis

Back 9

BVs

Front 10

Gangrenous necrosis 1) dry 2) wet

Back 10

1) dry ischemic coagulative 2) wet has bacteria. Limbs & GI tract

Front 11

Reversible cell injury

Back 11

↓ ATP, cellular swelling, nuclear chromatin clumping, ribosomal detachment, ↓glycogen, fatty change

Front 12

Irreversible cell injury

Back 12

Ca++ influx activates caspases, PM damage, Mitochondrial permeability, lysosome rupture, nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karryorhexis

Front 13

Hypoxia in brain

Back 13

ACA/MCA/PCA watershed

Front 14

Hypoxia in heart

Back 14

subendocardium of LV

Front 15

Hypoxia in kidney

Back 15

straight segment of PT (medulla), TAL (medulla)

Front 16

Hypoxia in Liver

Back 16

zone III (around central vein)

Front 17

Hypoxia in colon

Back 17

splenic flexure, rectum

Front 18

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy affects

Back 18

pyramidal cells of hippocampus & purkinje cells

Front 19

Red infarct

Back 19

hemorrhagic. Red = reperfusion injury. Loose tissues with collaterals. (liver, lung, intestine)

Front 20

Pale infarct

Back 20

ischemia: solid tissues with single blood supply: heart, kidney, spleen

Front 21

↑ TPR, low CO, cold, clammy patient = what kind of shock?

Back 21

hypovolemic

Front 22

↓ TPR, dilated arterioles, high VR, hot patient = what kind of shock?

Back 22

septic

Front 23

Acute inflammation

Back 23

neutrophils, eosinophils, antibodies. Rapid. Abscess.

Front 24

Chronic inflammation

Back 24

mononuclear cells: persistent destruction & repair. BV proliferation & fibrosis: Scar, amyloidosis

Front 25

Granuloma

Back 25

nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells.

Front 26

Leukocyte rolling

Back 26

E&P selectin + Sialyl Lewis

Front 27

Leukocyte tight binding

Back 27

ICAM-1 & integrin (LFA-1)

Front 28

Leukocyte diapedesis

Back 28

PECAM1

Front 29

Leukocyte migration

Back 29

C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein

Front 30

Mechanism of injury caused by carbon tetrachloride?

Back 30

Free radical injury -> necrosis & fatty change

Front 31

Free radical pathologies

Back 31

Retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, CCL4, Acetaminophen overdose, hemochromatosis, repurfusion after anoxia

Front 32

Free radicals eliminated by what enzymes

Back 32

superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase

Front 33

antioxidant vitamins

Back 33

A, C, E

Front 34

Wound healing: INFLAMMATORY STAGE

Back 34

Plts, NΦ, MΦs: Clot, vessel perm, NΦ migration, MΦ clear debris

Front 35

Wound healing: PROLIFERATIVE STAGE

Back 35

Day 2-3. Fibroblasts, myofbs, endoth cells, keratinocytes, MΦs. GT & Collagen, angiogenesis, epith cell proliferation, clot dissolution, WOUND CONTRACTION

Front 36

Wound healing: REMODELING STAGE

Back 36

FIBROBLASTS: Replace Type III collagen with Type I collagen for tensile strength

Front 37

wound contraction mediated by

Back 37

myofibroblasts

Front 38

Cells that mediate granuloma formation

Back 38

Th1 secrete gammaINF -> Macrophages -> TNFa

Front 39

Specific gravity of transudate vs exudate

Back 39

transudate < 1.012, exudate > 1.012

Front 40

cellularity & protein content of transudate vs exudate

Back 40

transudate: hypocellular, protein poor exudate: hypercellular, protein rich

Front 41

Transudate caused by:

Back 41

↑ hydrostatic P ↓ oncotic P, Na+ retention

Front 42

Exudate caused by:

Back 42

lymphatic obstruction & inflammation

Front 43

ESR

Back 43

when aggregated from products of inflammation coating RBCs, they fall at a faster rate in the test tube

Front 44

↑ESR

Back 44

infection, inflammation, cancer, pregnancy SLE

Front 45

↓ESR

Back 45

Sickle cell (altered shape), Polycythemia (too many), CHF (who the hell knows)

Front 46

Cell death by peroxidation of membrane lipids from poisoning by:

Back 46

Iron

Front 47

Waxy appearance due to beta pleated sheet structure aggregations:

Back 47

amyloidosis (oh ya and apple green birefringence)

Front 48

Primary amyloidosis due to what protein

Back 48

AL = Ig Light chain deposits. Plasma cell disorder or multiple myeloma

Front 49

Secondary amyloidosis due to what protein

Back 49

AA = Fibrils of serum Amyloid A. Chronic diseases like RA, IBD, spondyloarthropathy, chronic infections

Front 50

Dialysis related amyloidosis

Back 50

beta2microglobulin fibrils. Presents as carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 51

Heritable amyloidosis

Back 51

Transthyretin gene mutation -> ATTR neuro/cardiac amyloidosis

Front 52

Age related amyloidosis

Back 52

deposition of normal TTR in myocardium

Front 53

Organ specific amyloidosis

Back 53

ex: APP into amyloid beta in Alzheimers

Front 54

Metalloproteinases secreted by cancer cells indicate they are now:

Back 54

INVADING

Front 55

Metaplasia

Back 55

One adult cell type replaced by another

Front 56

Dysplasia

Back 56

abnormal growth with loss of orientation size and shape compared to normal tissue

Front 57

Anaplasia

Back 57

abnormal cells lacking differentiation: primitive cells of same tissue

Front 58

Neoplasia

Back 58

clonal proliferation of cells, excessive, uncontrolled

Front 59

desmoplasia

Back 59

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Front 60

Tumor Grade

Back 60

Degree of differentiation

Front 61

Tumor Stage

Back 61

Stage = Spread

Front 62

Cachexia mediated by

Back 62

TNFalpha, INFgamma, IL-6

Front 63

Tyrosine Kinase oncogenes:

Back 63

"though still ABLe, ERB was Tyred, so he RETired" abl, c-erbB2 (HER2neu), ret

Front 64

abl

Back 64

CML, tyrosine kinase

Front 65

HER2/neu

Back 65

breast, ovarian, gastric, tyrosine kinase

Front 66

Ret

Back 66

MEN 2A & 2B (Tyrosine kinase)

Front 67

Transcription factor oncogenes

Back 67

"mycs" c-myc, l-myc, n-myc

Front 68

c-myc

Back 68

burkitt's..duh. TF

Front 69

L-myc

Back 69

L=Lung tumor. TF

Front 70

N-myc

Back 70

N=Neuroblastoma. TF

Front 71

bcl2

Back 71

antiapoptotic oncogene, follicular lymphoma

Front 72

Ras

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oncogene: colon CA (GTPase)

Front 73

c-kit

Back 73

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), CytoKIe receptor oncogene

Front 74

Rb

Back 74

RetinoBlastoma, osteosarcoma. Rb = chrom 13. Inhibits E2F GI->S phase

Front 75

p53

Back 75

TSG. Li fraumeni syndrome (17p), TF for p21

Front 76

BRCA1, BRCA 2

Back 76

TSG: breast & ovarian cancer. DNA repair proteins [chrom 17, 13]

Front 77

p16 & BRAF

Back 77

melanoma

Front 78

APC

Back 78

TSG: coloectal cancer. Polyp = 5 letters, chrom 5

Front 79

WT1

Back 79

TSG: wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma)chrom 11

Front 80

NF1

Back 80

NF type 1, TSG, chrom 17. RAS GTPase activating protein

Front 81

NF2

Back 81

NF type 2, Chrom 22, merlin schwannomin protein

Front 82

DPC4

Back 82

TSG: "Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer"

Front 83

DCC

Back 83

TSG: "Deleted in Colon Cancer"

Front 84

CEA

Back 84

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen. Colorectal and pancreatic cancers

Front 85

alphaFP

Back 85

HCC, GCTs

Front 86

CA-125

Back 86

Ovarian cancer

Front 87

s100

Back 87

melanoma, neural, schwannomas

Front 88

alkaline phosphatase

Back 88

mets to bone, liver, paget's

Front 89

calcitonin

Back 89

medullary thyroid carcinoma

Front 90

keratin+

Back 90

epithelial surfaces

Front 91

Aflatoxin

Back 91

HCC

Front 92

vinyl chloride

Back 92

liver, angiosarcoma

Front 93

CCL4

Back 93

liver, fatty change, centrilobular necrosis

Front 94

Nitrosamines

Back 94

gastric cancer

Front 95

cigarette smoke LAWL

Back 95

SCC of larynx, lung, small cell, RCC, transitional cell, pancreatic

Front 96

Asbestos

Back 96

bronchogenic CA > mesothelioma!!!

Front 97

arsenic

Back 97

SCC skin Angiosarcoma of liver

Front 98

Naphthalene (aniline) dyes

Back 98

Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)

Front 99

aklylating agents

Back 99

leukemia

Front 100

PSaMMoma bodies

Back 100

papillary (thyroid) Serous (ovary) meningioma mesothelioma

Front 101

male cancer incidence

Back 101

prostate > lung > colon

Front 102

male cancer mortality

Back 102

lung > prostate

Front 103

female cancer incidence

Back 103

breast > lung > colon

Front 104

female cancer mortality

Back 104

lung > breast

Front 105

ACTH or ACTH like peptide Paraneoplastic syndrome

Back 105

cushing's syndrome effect. Small cell

Front 106

paraneoplastic syndrome: ADH

Back 106

SIADH effect from small cell lung carcinoma & intracranial neoplasms

Front 107

paraneoplastic syndrome: PTHrP

Back 107

hypercalcemia. Squamous cell lung CA, RCC, breast

Front 108

paraneoplastic syndrome: calcitriol

Back 108

hypercalcemia. Hodgkins

Front 109

paraneoplastic syndrome: EPO

Back 109

polycythemia effect from RCC, hemangioblastoma, HCC, pheochromocytoma

Front 110

paraneoplastic syndrome: antibodies against presynaptic Ca++

Back 110

lambert eaton syndrome, small cell