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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intrinsic pathway for apoptosis
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changes in the levels of anti and pro-apoptotic factors leading to increased permeability and release of cytochrome c
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extrinsic pathway for apoptosis
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ligand-receptor interactions (Fas) or T-cell mediated release of perforin and granzyme B
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what do both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways have in common
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both lead to activation of cytosolic caspases that mediate cellular breakdown
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pro-apoptotic vs. anti-apoptotic factors
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pro - BAX
anti - Bcl-2 |
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Fas receptor
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CD95
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cell associated with irreversible injury
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Ca influx --> caspase activation
plasma membrane damage mitchondrial permeability |
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differentiate red vs. pale infarct
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red - infarcts occur in loose tissues with collaterals (liver, lungs, intestine)
pale - occur in solid tissue with single blood supply |
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steps in leukocyte extravasation
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rolling
tight binding diapedesis migration |
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endothelial and leukocyte processes involved in: rolling and tight binding during leukocyte extravasation
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rolling - E-selectin (endo) and Sialyl Lewis-x (leukocyte)
tight binding - ICAM-1 (endo) and LFA-1 [integrin] (leukocyte) |
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how can free radicals damage cells
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1. lipid peroxidation
2. protein modification 3. DNA breakage |
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how are free radicals eliminated
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enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathion peroxidase)
antioxidants (vitamins A,C,E) |
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antioxidant vitamins
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A,C,E
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formation of granulomas
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Th1 cells secrete y-IFN that activate macrophages. TNF-a from macrophages induce and maintain granuloma formation
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granulomatous diseases (8)
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1. TB
2. fungal infection 3. syphilis 4. leprosy 5. cat scratch fever 6. sarcoidosis 7. Crohn's disease 8. berylliosis |
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two causes of exudate
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lymphatic obstruction
inflammation |
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what causes increased ESR
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aggregated RBCs due to products of inflammation coating RBCs, fall at a faster rate within the test tube
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causes of increased ESR
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1. infections
2. inflammation 3. cancer 4. pregnancy 5. SLE |
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causes of decreased ESR
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1. sickle cell
2. polycythemia 3. CHF |
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one of the leading causes of fatality from toxicologic agents in children
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iron poisoning
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cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids; associated with gastric bleeding
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iron poisoning
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amyloidosis associated with AL
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MM
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amyloidosis associated with AA
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chronic inflammatory disease
*AA is derived from serum amyloid-associated protein |
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amyloidosis associated with transthyretin
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senile cardiac
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amyloidosis associated with amylin
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DM type 2
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amyloidosis associated with calcitonin
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medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
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amyloidosis associated with B-amyloid
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Alzheimer's disease
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amyloidosis associated with B2-microglobulin
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diaslysis-associated
*derived from MHC class I proteins |
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what happens to cadherin, laminin, and integrin receptors in metastasis
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decreased cadherin
increased laminin and integrin receptors |
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desmoplasia
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fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
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clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive
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neoplasia
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abnormal cells lacking differentiaton with little or no resemblance to tissue of origin
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anaplasia
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what determines grade and stage of a tumor
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grade - number of mitosis
stage - spread |
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neoplasm associated with Down syndrome
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ALL
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what is associated with facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation, astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma
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tuberous sclerosis
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neoplasm associated with actinic keratosis
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SCC of skin
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neoplasm associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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SCC of esophagus
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neoplasm associated with paget's disease of bone
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secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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neoplasm associated with AIDS
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kaposi's sarcoma
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neoplasms associated with acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)
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visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
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neoplasms associated with radiation exposure
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sarcoma
papillary thyroid cancer |
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gene product of abl
mutation causes which tumor |
tyrosine kinase
CML |
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gene product of c-myc, l-myc, n-myc
mutation causes which tumor |
transcription factor
c-myc - Burkitt's lymphoma l-myc - lung tumor n-myc - neuroblastoma |
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gene product of bcl-2
mutation causes which tumor |
anti-apoptotic molecule
follicular lymphoma |
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gene product of erb-B2
mutation causes which tumor |
tyrosine kinase
breast and ovarian carcinoma |
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gene product of RAS
mutation causes which tumor |
GTPase
colon carcinoma |
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gene product of ret
mutation causes which tumor |
tyrosine kinase
MEN II |
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gene product of c-kit
mutation causes which tumor |
cytokine receptor
GIST |
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two gene products that block G1 --> S phase of cell cycle
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Rb
p53 |
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deletion of gene DPC results in what
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pancreatic cancer
deleted in pancreatic cancer (DPC) |
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deletion of gene DCC results in what
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colon cancer
deleted in colon cancer (DCC) |
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deletion of gene p16 results in what
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melanoma
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deletion of Rb results in what
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retinoblastoma
osteosarcoma |
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both tumor suppressor alleles must be lost for expression of disease
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Rb, p53, BRCA, APC....
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what three things can elevated PSA
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prostate carcinoma
BPH prostatitis |
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tumor marker CEA
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colorectal and pancreatic cancers
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tumor marker AFP
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hepatocellular carcinoma
yolk sac tumor |
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tumor marker B-hCG
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hydatidiform moles
choriocarcinoma |
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tumor marker CA-125
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ovarian tumors
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tumor marker S-100
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malanoma
neural tumor astrocytoma |
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tumor marker ALP
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metastases to bone
obstructive biliary disease Paget's disease of bone |
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tumor marker bombesin
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neuroblastoma
lung and gastric cancer |
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tumor marker TRAP
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hairy cell leukemia
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tumor marker CA 19-9
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pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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tumor marker calcitonin
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thyroid medullary carcinoma
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infection associated with primary CNS lymphoma
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HIV
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infection associated with SCC of transitional epithlium of the bladder
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schistosoma
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associated with aflotoxin (produced by aspergillus)
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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associated with vinyl chloride
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angiosarcoma of liver
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associated with CCl4
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centrilobular necrosis and fatty change of the liver
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associated with nitrosamines
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adenocarcinoma of the stomach
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associated with asbestos
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bronchogenic carcinoma (#1)
mesothelioma |
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associated with arsenic
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SCC of skin
angiosarcoma of the liver |
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associated with naphthalene (analine) dyes
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transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
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associated with alkylating agents
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leukemia
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what can result from excess nucleic acid turnover due to cytotoxic therapy in leukemias/lymphomas
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gout or urate nephropathy due to hyperuricemia
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4 neoplasms associated with psammoma bodies
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1. papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
2. serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary 3. meningioma 4. malignant mesothelioma |
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incidence of cancers in males
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1. prostate
2. lung 3. colorectal |
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incidence of cancers in females
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1. breast
2. lung 3. colorectal |
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mortality in cancer in male vs. female
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male - lung, prostate
female - lung, breast |
