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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alzheimer's Disease
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most commonc cause of dementia in the eldery. Associated with senile plaques (B-amyloid core) and neurofibrillary tangles (abnormally phosphorylated tau)
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Familial Alzheimers Dz
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10% incidence
associated with genes on chromosomes 1, 14, 19 (APOE4 allele), and 21 (p-App gene) |
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What is Picks Dz?
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associated with Pick bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies) and is specific for the frontal and temporal lobes
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What is Huntington's disease?
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dz of basal ganglia and brain stem
autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by chorea and dementia; due to atrophy of the caudate nucleus (loss of GABAergic neurons) |
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What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's dz?
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autosomal dominant
Chromosome 4 - expansion of CAG repeats CAG - Caudate loses ACh and GABA |
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What is Parkinson's Disease?
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dz associated with Lewy's bodies and depigmentation of the substantia nigra (loss of dopaminergic neurons)
Rare cases have been linked to MPTP a contaminant in illicit street drugs |
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What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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TRAP
Tremor at rest cogwheel Rigidity Akinesia Postural instability you are trapped in your body |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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Degeneration of spinocerebellar motorneurons
associated with BOTH LMN and UMN comonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease |
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Werdnig-Hoffmann disease
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Degeneration of spinocerebellar motorneurons
presents at birth as a "floppy baby"; tongue fasciculations |
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Polio
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Degeneration of spinocerebellar motorneurons
presents with LMN signs |
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Epidural Hematoma
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rupture of middle meningeal artery, often 2ndary to fracture of temporal bone
Lucid interval; CT shows "biconcave disk" not crossing suture lines |
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Subdural hematoma
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Rupture of bridging veins; venous bleeding (less pressure) with delayed onset of symptoms. Seen in elderly individuals, alcoholics, and blunt trauma.
CT shows crescent shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines |
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Subarachnoid hemorrrhage
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Rupture of an aneurysm (usually a Berry aneurysm) or an AVM. Patienst complain of the "worst headache of my life." Bloody or xanthochromic spinal tap.
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Parenchymal Hematoma
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Caused by hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, Diabetes mellitus, and tumor.
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Berry Aneurysms
What are the most common... 1. site of occurence? 2. complication? |
occur at the bifurcations of the circle of willis. associated with adult polycystic kidney disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan's Syndrome
MC site is the bifructaion of the anterior communicating artery MC complication is rupture |
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what is Multiple sclerosis(MS)?
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demyelinating dz characterized by periventricular plaques, preservation of axons, loss of oligodendricytes, reactive astrocytic gliosis; increased protien/IgG in the CSF
increased prevelance with distance from the equator; most often affects women in their 20s and 30s |
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What is the presentation and course of MS?
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many patients have relapsing-remitting course.
Pts can present with optic neuritis (sudden loss of vision), MLF syndrome (intranuclear opthalmoplegia),hemiparesis, hemisensory symptoms, or bladder/bowel incontinence |
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What is the classic triad of MS?
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SIN
Scanning speech Intention tremor Nystagmus |
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Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
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associated with JC virus and seen in 2-4% of AIDS patients, is a reactivation of a latent viral infection
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Postinfectious encephalomyelitis, Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Guillian-Barre syndrome are all examples of what type of disease?
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Demyelinating/dysmyelinating diseases
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What is Guillian Barres Syndrome (Acute Idiopathic polyneuritis)?
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inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor fibers of ventral roots (sensory effect less severe than motor), causing symmetric ascending muscle weakness beginning in distal lower extremities. Facial dysplegia occurs in 50% of cases.
Autonomic function may be severly affected (cardiac irregularities, HT, or hypotension) associated with infections, inoculations, and stress, but no definitive link to pathogens |
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What are the findings assoc with Guillian Barre Syndrome?
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elevated CSF protein with normal cell count (albumino-cytologic dissociation); elevated protien --> papilledema
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What is poliomyelitis?
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infection caused by the poliovirus, which is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Replicates in the oropharynx and small intestine before spreading through the bloodstream to the CNS, where it leads to the destruction of cells in the anterior horn of the soinal cord, leading in turn to LMN destruction.
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What are the symptoms of poliomyelitis and LMN lesions?
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malaise, headahce, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, sore throat
LMN lesions - muscle weakness and atrophy, fasciculations, fibrillation, and hyporeflexia |
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What are the findings associated with Poliomyelitis?
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CSF with lymphocytic pleocytosis with slight elevation of protein
virus recovered from stool or throat |
