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85 Cards in this Set

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Branching filamentous gram positives
Actinomyces, Nocardia
Gram positive cocci
Staph, strep
Gram negative cocci
Neisseria (diplococci)
Gram positive rod
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Bacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium (acid-fast)
Gram negative rods
LOTS

Enterics: E Coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Serratia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides

Haemophilus, Legionella, Bordetella, Francisella, Brucella, Pasteurella, Bartonella, Gardnerella
The enterics
All are gram negative rods.

E Coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Serratia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides
Pleomorphic gram negatives
Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae
Spirochetes
Leptospira, borrelia, Treponema
Bacteria with unusual cell membranes/walls
Mycoplasma(no cell wall)
Mycobacteria (cell wall of mycolic acid)
Identified by dark field microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining
Treponemes
Giemsa stain used for what?
Borrelia; Plasmodium; trypanosomes; Chlamydia
India Ink stain used for what?
crytococcus neoforms (can also use mucicarmine)
mucicarmine stains crytococcus neoforms what color?
red
Special culture requirements: Neisseria
VPN
Contains Vancomycin (inhibit gram +); Polymixin (inhibit gram -); Nystatin (inhibit fungi)
Special culture requirements: B. pertussis
Need bordet-gengou (potato) agar
Special culture requirements: C. diptheriae
Need Loffler's media; Tellurite plate
Special culture requirements: M tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen agar
Special culture requirements: M pneumoniae
Eaton agar
Special culture requirements: Legionella
Charcoal yeast extract buffered with cysteine
Special culture requirements: Fungi
Sabouraud's agar
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Identifies obligate aerobes:

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus
Where TB is most likely to reactivate
apices of the lungs (has highest Po2)
Burn wounds, nosocomial pneumonia, and CF pneumonia: what bug?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Can't Breathe Air
Obligate anaerobes

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
Obligate intracellular
chlamydia, rickettsia
Facultative intracellular
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella.
Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies
Refers to which bacteria are encapsulated.

Strep pneumoniae;
Klebsiella;
Haemophilus;
Neisseria meningitidis;
Salmonella;
group B strep
A polysaccharide antigen alone would result in what?
Only IgM antibodies
Urease positive bugs
Particular Kinds Have Urease

Proteus;
Klebsiella,
H pylori,
Ureaplasma
Israel has Yellow sand
Actinomyces ISRAELII has YELLOW "sulfur" granules: mass of filaments, formed in pus
S. aureus produces _______ pigment
yellow
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces __________ pigment
blue-green
AERUGula is green
Bacterial virulence factors: protein A. What does it do?
S. aureus.
Binds Fc region of Ig, preventing opsonization and phagocytosis
Bacterial virulence factors: IgA Protease. What does it do?
Cleaves IgA
Bacterial virulence factors: IgA Protease. What bacteria use it?
S. pneumoniae, H influenzae type B, Neisseria

Helps colonize respiratory mucosa
Bacterial virulence factors: M protein. What secretes it and what does it do?
Group A Strep.

Prevents phagocytosis
What is generally more toxic - exo or endotoxins?
Exo
Which is more antigenic - exo or endotoxins?
Exo
Which bugs have superantigen exotoxins?
S. aureus, S. pyogenes
Which bugs have ADP-ribosylating exotoxins?
C. diphtheriae; Vibrio cholerae; E coli; Bordetella pertussis
Exotoxin of C. perfringens
α toxin, a lecithinase that acts as phospholipase and cleaves cell membranes, causes gas gangrene; get double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Exotoxin of C. tetani
Blocks release of GABA and glycine in CNS --> lockjaw
Exotoxin of C botulinum
Blacks release of ACh --> CNS paralysis. Floppy paralysis
Exotoxin of anthrax
edema factor is an adenylate cyclase
Exotoxin of Shigella
Shiga toxin (also produced by EHEC) cleaves host cell rRNA and enhances cytokine release ---> hemolytic uremic syndrome
Exotoxin of S. pyogenes
Streptolysin O (hemolysin); antigen for ASO antibody used to dx rheumatic fever
Which bacteria increase cAMP? (4)
1) vibrio cholerae
2) pertussis
3) E coli (ETEC) - heat labile
4) Bacillus anthracis - edema factor

1-3 work thru ADP ribosylation.
4 itself is an adenylate cyclase.
What part of endotoxin is most toxic?
lipid A
Which part of the bacterial growth curve is most rapid?
Log phase
Difference between Generalized and Specialized Transduction
Generalized: Packaging of bacterial chromosomal DNA into viral capsid.

Specialized: Excision of lysogenic phage can result in viral DNA incorporated into bacterial chromosome.
ABCDE: genes for the 5 following bacterial toxins encoded in lysogenic phage:
shigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diptheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S pyogenes
Difference between Staph saprophyticus and Strep Epidermidis: novobiocin
Saprophyticus: resistant
Epidermidis: sensitive
What is optochin used to determine?
Different types of strep

OVRPS:
Optochin
Viridans: Resistant
Pneumoniae: Sensitive
Strep Pneumoniae: what is MOPS?
MOPS: Most OPtochin Sensitive

Causes:

Meningitis
Otitis media (peds)
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Diseases that enterococci (group D strep) cause
UTI, subacute endocarditis
SNAP: Actinomyces and Nocardia
Sulfa for Nocardia, Actinomyces use Penicillin
Takes _______ weeks for PPD to become positive after TB infection
3-8
Lactose-fermenting Enterics: MacConKEE'S agar
C: Citrobacter
K: Klebsiella
E: E coli
E: Enterobacter
S: Serratia
T/F Gram - bacteria are resistant to PCN
T
WHat diseaes does Haemophilus cause?
haEMOPhilus

Epiglottitis
Meningitis
Otitis Media
Pneumonia
Which E coli produces Shiga-like toxin?
EIEC
Which E coli causes Travelers diarrhea?
ETEC (watery, no inflammation or invasion)
Which E coli produces hemolytic uremia syndrome, and dysentery?
EHEC
How to distinguish EHEC from other E coli?
EHEC does NOT ferment sorbitol
Red currant jelly sputum associated with
Klebsiella pneumonia
Differentiating salmonella from shigella
Salmon(ella) swim - motile and disseminate bc have flagella. produce H2S.

Shigella is more virulent.
Causes mesenteric adenitis that can mimic appendicitis. Outbreaks happen at day cares
Yersinia enterocolitica
Leprecaun peeing on a mat.
Leptospirosis transmitted thru urine, IDd thru micro-agglutination test
weil's disease
caused by leptospira interogans, Severe form of leptospirosis with jaundice, azotemia, hemorrhage, anemia
Why is coxsiella atypical for rickettsia?
It is transmitted by aerosol (most rickettsias are thru arthropod vector) and it causes pneumonia
How do the Rickettsia and Typhus rash differ?
Rickettsia on the wRists (starts on hands and feet)

Typhus on the Trunk (starts centrally and spreads out)
Why is Q fever Queer?
It has NO rash, no vector, negative Weil-Felix, and its causative organism can survive outside for a long time, also doesnt have rickettsia as genus name.
Weil Felix reaction
patients with rickettsial infection have antibodies against rickettsiea. Mixing patient serum with Proteus antigens, these antibodies cross rect and AGGLUTINATE.

BUT it's negative in Coxiella infection.
What three things cause a Palm and Sole rash? (CARS)
Coxsackie A; Rocky mountain spotted fever; Syphilis
Coccidiomycosis is a __________ in tissue
spherule (not yeast)
Fluconazole/ketoconazole is used for _______ infection to treat mycoses while Ampho B is used for ______ infection
local; systemic
T/F Histoplasmosis is found in macrophages
T
Malassezia furfur causes ___________
tinea versicolor
Which DNA virus is NOT double stranded?
Parvovirus
Which RNA virus is NOT single stranded?
Reovirus
What are the positive stranded RNA viruses?
I went to a POSI (positive) RETRO (retroviridae) TOGA (togaviridae) party where I drank FLAVored (flavivirus) CORONA (coronavirus) and at HIPPY (hepevirus) CALIfornia (calicivirus) PICkles (picovirus)
What are the DNA viruses?
HHAPPPPy viruses

Herpes
Hepadna
Adenovirus
Pox
Papilloma
Polyoma
Tzanck test: what for?
HSV identification. Smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells.

Assay HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV.
What kind of inclusions do herpes viruses show?
Cowdry A
What is the Monospot test?
Heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs.

Used to detect EBV.